2.

Consider the cogeneration plant shown blew. Steam enters the turbine
at 7 MPa and 500 oC. Some steam is extracted from the turbine at 500
kpa for process heating. The remaining steam continues to expand to
5kpa. Steam is then condensed at constant pressure and pumped to the
boiler pressure of 7Mpa. At times of high demand for process heat,
some steam leaving the boiler is throttled to 500 kpa and is routed to
the process heater. The extraction fractions are adjusted so that steam
leaves the process heater as a saturated liquid at 500 kpa. It is
subsequently pumped to 7 Mpa. The mass flow rate of steam through
the boiler is 15kg/s. Disregarding any pressure drops and heat losses in
the piping and assuming the turbine and the pump to be isentropic,
determine: (a) The maximum rate at which process heat can be
supplied, (b) The power produced and the utilization factor when no
process heat is supplied, and (c) The rate of process heat supply when
10 percent of the steam is extracted before it enters the turbine and
70percent of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 500kpa for
process heating.

Schematic and T-S Diagram

Solution:
The schematic of the cogeneration plant and the T-s diagram of the cycle
are shown blew the work input to the pumps and the enthalpies various
states are as follows:
Wpumpl,in.= 8(P9-P8)=(0.001005m3/kg)[(7000-5)kpa] = 7.03kj/kg
Wpumpl,in.= 8(P9-P8)=(0.001005m3/kg)[(7000-5)kpa] = 7.03kj/kg
1

Wpumpll,in=7(P10 - P7)=(0.001095m3/kg)[(7000-500)kpa] = 7.12kj/kg

h1=h2=h3=h4=3410.3kj/kg
h5=2738.2 kj/kg (x5=0.995)
h6=2071.9kj/kg (x6=0.798)
h7=hf 500kPa=640.23 kj/kg
h8= hf 5kPa=137.82 kj/kg
h9=h8+wpumpl.in=(137.82+7.03)kj/kg=144.85kj/kg
h10=h7+Wpumplt.in=(640.23+7.12)kj/kg=647.35kj/kg
(a) The maximum rate of process heat is achieved when all the steam
leaving the boiler is throttled and sent to the process heater and none
is sent to the turbine (that is, m`4=m`1=15 kg/s and m`3=m`5=m`6=0).
Thus
Qp,max=m`1(h7-h4)=(15kg/s) [(3410.3-640.23)kj/kg]=41.551kw
The utilization factor is 100 percent in this case since no heat is
rejected in the condenser and heat losses from the piping and other
components are assumed to be negligible.
(b) when no process heat is supplied, all the steam leaving the boiler will
pass through the turbine and will expand to the condenser pressure of
5 kpa(that is, m`3=m`6=m`=15kg/s and m`=m`=m`=0) maximum
power will be produced in the mode, which is determined to be
W`turb.out=m`1(h3-h6)=(15kg/s)[(3410.3-2071.9)kj/kg]=20.076 kw
Wpump.in=W`pumpl.in+W`pumpll.in=m`1Wpumpt.in
=(15 kg/s)(7.03kj/kg)=105kw
W`net.out=W`turb.out-Wpumpl.in=(20.076-105)kw=19.971kw
Q`in=m`1(h1-h11)=(15kg/s)[(3410.3-144.85)kj/kg]=48.982kw

`
W
Q
(19.971 0)kj/kg
net
p
Thus,

0.408(or40.8%)

u
48.982kj/kg
Q
in

That is, 40.8 percent of the energy is utilized for a useful purpose. Notice
that the utilization factor is equivalent to the thermal efficiency in this
case.
(c) Neglecting any kinetic and potential energy changes, an energy
balance on the process heater yields.
W
h m
h
Q
m
e e
i i
m
h m
h m
h
Q
7 7
4 4
5 5

Where m`4=(0.1)(15kg/s)=1.5kg/s
M`5=(0.7)(15kg/s)=10.5kg/s
Thus, Q`=(12kg/s)(640.23kj/kg)-(1.5kg/s)(3410.3 kj/kg)
-(10.5 kg/s)(2738.2kj/kg) = -26.184 kw
or

Q`p=26.184kw

That is, 26,184 kw of the heat transferred will be utilized in the process
heater. We could show that 10.299 kw of power is produced in this case,
and the rate of heat input in the boiler is 42.951kW. Thus the utilization
factor is 84.9 percent.