r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

k for 90 deflection correction

r/d
deg.
angle
factor
1.8 2.105556
0.140
33
0.5
1.8 1.116667
0.230
23
0.4
1.8 0.961111
0.300
33
0.5
1.8 3.666667
0.100
10
0.2
1.8 0.644444
0.400
26
0.4
1.8 1.027778
0.230
30
0.5
1.8 2.744444
0.140
2
0
1.8 0.838889
0.300
26
0.4
1.8 0.916667
0.300
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.8 1.188889
1.8 2.038889
1.8 1.422222
1.8
1.2

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

0.230
0.140
0.200
0.200

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.07
0.092
0.15
0.02
0.16
0.115
0
0.12
0.222

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.115
0.112
0.128
0.128
1.432

4.43 m/s
1.432357635 m

r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

k for 90 deflection correction

r/d
deg.
angle
factor
1.6 2.36875
0.140
33
0.5
1.6 1.25625
0.200
23
0.4
1.6 1.08125
0.230
33
0.5
1.6
4.125
0.085
10
0.2
1.6
0.725
0.400
26
0.4
1.6 1.15625
0.230
30
0.5
1.6
3.0875
0.100
2
0
1.6 0.94375
0.300
26
0.4
1.6 1.03125
0.230
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

1.3375
2.29375
1.6
1.35

0.200
0.140
0.160
0.200

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.07
0.08
0.115
0.017
0.16
0.115
0
0.12
0.1702

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.1
0.112
0.1024
0.128
1.2896

3.63 m/s
0.866102459 m

r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

k for 90 deflection correction

deg.
angle
factor
2.5266666667
0.140
33
0.5
1.34
0.200
23
0.4
1.1533333333
0.230
33
0.5
4.4
0.085
10
0.2
0.7733333333
0.400
26
0.4
1.2333333333
0.200
30
0.5
3.2933333333
0.100
2
0
1.0066666667
0.230
26
0.4
1.1
0.230
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5

1.4266666667
2.4466666667
1.7066666667
1.44

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

r/d

0.200
0.140
0.160
0.200

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

1.50
3.43
6.06

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.07
0.08
0.115
0.017
0.16
0.1
0
0.092
0.1702

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.1
0.112
0.1024
0.128
1.2466

3.43 m/s
0.747943889 m

r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

k for 90 deflection correction

deg.
angle
factor
2.7071428571
0.140
33
0.5
1.4357142857
0.200
23
0.4
1.2357142857
0.200
33
0.5
4.7142857143
0.085
10
0.2
0.8285714286
0.300
26
0.4
1.3214285714
0.200
30
0.5
3.5285714286
0.100
2
0
1.0785714286
0.230
26
0.4
1.1785714286
0.230
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

1.5285714286
2.6214285714
1.8285714286
1.5428571429

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

r/d

0.160
0.140
0.160
0.160

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

1.40
3.31
5.09

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.07
0.08
0.1
0.017
0.12
0.1
0
0.092
0.1702

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.08
0.112
0.1024
0.1024
1.146

3.31 m/s
0.639248508 m

r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

k for 90 deflection correction

deg.
angle
factor
2.9153846154
0.140
33
0.5
1.5461538462
0.160
23
0.4
1.3307692308
0.200
33
0.5
5.0769230769
0.080
10
0.2
0.8923076923
0.300
26
0.4
1.4230769231
0.200
30
0.5
3.8
0.100
2
0
1.1615384615
0.230
26
0.4
1.2692307692
0.200
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3

1.6461538462
2.8230769231
1.9692307692
1.6615384615

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

r/d

0.160
0.140
0.160
0.160

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

1.30
3.27
4.34

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.07
0.064
0.1
0.016
0.12
0.1
0
0.092
0.148

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.08
0.112
0.1024
0.1024
1.1068

3.27 m/s
0.603721835 m

r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25

k for 90 deflection correction

deg.
angle
factor
3.032
0.100
33
0.5
1.608
0.160
23
0.4
1.384
0.200
33
0.5
5.28
0.080
10
0.2
0.928
0.300
26
0.4
1.48
0.200
30
0.5
3.952
0.100
2
0
1.208
0.200
26
0.4
1.32
0.200
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25

1.712
2.936
2.048
1.728

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

r/d

0.160
0.140
0.140
0.160

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

1.25
3.11
3.82

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.05
0.064
0.1
0.016
0.12
0.1
0
0.08
0.148

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.08
0.112
0.0896
0.1024
1.062

3.11 m/s
0.525016405 m

r/d

deflection
angle

k
0.5
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.5
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.23
0.2
0.16
0.14
0.1
0.085
0.08
0.075
0.07
0.07
0.07

reduction
factor

0
0
5
0.1
10
0.2
16
0.3
20
0.36
23
0.4
30
0.5
37
0.6
40
0.64
47
0.7
50
0.74
58
0.8
60
0.82
70
0.89
72
0.9
80
0.95
90
1
100
1.05
110
1.09
(source: L. Daffinn and co., Hydraulic Design , Norwegian University of Science and Technology )

3.79
2.01
1.73
6.6
1.16
1.85
4.94
1.51
1.65

1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2

k for 90 deflection correction

deg.
angle
factor
3.1583333333
0.100
33
0.5
1.675
0.160
23
0.4
1.4416666667
0.200
33
0.5
5.5
0.080
10
0.2
0.9666666667
0.300
26
0.4
1.5416666667
0.160
30
0.5
4.1166666667
0.085
2
0
1.2583333333
0.200
26
0.4
1.375
0.200
50
0.74

2.14
3.67
2.56
2.16

1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2

1.7833333333
3.0583333333
2.1333333333
1.8

Vertical
Bend

Horizontal
Bend

ence and Technology )

r/d

0.160
0.100
0.140
0.160

36
58
45
45

0.5
0.8
0.64
0.64
Total k

1.20
3.03
3.43

velocity in pipe
head loss in bend

corrected k
0.05
0.064
0.1
0.016
0.12
0.08
0
0.08
0.148

ocity in pipe
d loss in bend

0.08
0.08
0.0896
0.1024
1.01

3.03 m/s
0.473965045 m

velocity
exceedence
in
bend loss (m)
percentage design discharge opt. dia penstock in penstock
35
10.04
1.8
3.95
1.432
40
7.37
1.6
3.67
0.866
45
6.06
1.5
3.43
0.748
50
5.09
1.4
3.31
0.639
55
4.34
1.3
3.27
0.604
60
3.82
1.25
3.11
0.525
65
3.43
1.2
3.03
0.474