Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Design
Aim: To determine the moles of water of
crystallization in oxalic acid.
Hypothesis: If NaOH is added to Hydrated Oxalic
acid, then the hydrogen ions from the acid will
react with hydroxide ions from NaOH to produce
water. The rest forms a colorless salt.
In this experiment, the moles of water of
crystallization is calculated using titration. An
indicator is used to show when the titration has
ended. Since two moles of NaOH react with one
mole of oxalic acid, we can find out the moles of
oxalic acid used, then using the mass of the
crystals taken, find the mass of water present in
the crystals which will give the molecules of water
of crystallization in oxalic acid.
Variables:
Independent :
o Volume of NaOH used- since 25cm^3 of
NaOH is taken for all trials
Dependent:
o Volume of oxalic acid solution used-the
volume of oxalic acid solution used would
Burette (50ml)
Pipette (10ml)
NaOH
Oxalic acid crystals
Balance
o Phenolphthalein
o Conical flask
o Volumetric flask
(250ml)
o Pipette filler
Procedure:
1. Weigh out accurately 1.5 g of oxalic crystals using a
digital balance (check for zero error before weighing
the crystals).
2. Put the crystals in the volumetric flask using a
funnel. Make sure that the crystals dont fall out.
3. Pour water into the volumetric flask and fill it up to
the 250 c m mark.
3
sodium hydroxide
DCP
Table1: raw data of volume of oxalic acid used
Volume of oxalic
acid used ( 0.12ml )
Observation:
Trial
1
21.5
Trial
2
23.0
Trial
3
17.6
Trial
4
18.9
Trial
5
24.5
( aq)
(aq) H 2 O
+ (aq) +2 OH
2H
Precision
Accuracy
Range/ Standa Error/m %
mL
rd
L
error
deviati
on
24.5
27.9
23.4
25.64
4.5
24.9
27.5
Table 3: calculation
Processing
1.96
0.05
uncertainty
2 NaOH + (COOH )2 . x H 2 O Na2 C 2 O 4 + y H 2 O
0.19
Moles of NaOH:
25 0.1
=2.5 103
1000
%uncertainty=
0.12
100= 0.46
25.64
Uncertainty in volumetric
flask
=0.012
0.12
=125
0.012
%uncertainty=
0.1
100=6.66
1.5
6.66+0.46=7.12
125 8.90
(COOH )2 .2 H 2 O
CE
Conclusion and evaluation
21.9
100=5
2
End point
Using contaminated
solutions
Amount of
phenolphthalein used
Improvements:
Use pure water
Parallax error
Random errors
Pipette use