SpaceAppsChallenge Problems

PROBLEMSTOBESOLVED
FOREACHOFTHE
CHALLENGECATEGORIES
March,22nd2016
25problems
Difficultylevels
o Easy>9
o Intermediate>10
o Advanced>6
SpaceAppsBuenosAires2016
Problems
Contents
Challenge#1:Technology.............................................................................................................3
JetSetMars...............................................................................................................................3
PrintMyRocket.........................................................................................................................5
BackfillMyModel......................................................................................................................6
OrigamiSpaceRecycled............................................................................................................6
Challenge#2:Aeronautics.............................................................................................................8
DontCrashMyDrone...............................................................................................................8
CloudsorContrails....................................................................................................................9
ClearforTakeOff....................................................................................................................10
LowBoom................................................................................................................................11
Challenge#3:SpaceStation........................................................................................................12
Launch:AGlobalExperience...................................................................................................12
RockITSpaceFashionandDesign..........................................................................................13
Astrocize..................................................................................................................................14
VirtualAuroras........................................................................................................................15
Challenge#4:SolarSystem&Beyond........................................................................................17
BookittotheMoon................................................................................................................17
NearEarthObjectsMachineLearning....................................................................................18
AsteroidMining.......................................................................................................................19
VestaRevealed........................................................................................................................20
OpenWorldGenerationusingNASAMarsandVestaData....................................................21
Challenge#5:Earth.....................................................................................................................22
SeaIceApp..............................................................................................................................22
GeotaggingSpaceandAviation...............................................................................................23
eMobilePastoralism................................................................................................................24
Aircheck...................................................................................................................................25
EarthLive.................................................................................................................................26
Challenge#6:JourneytoMars....................................................................................................28
SpaceRecreation.....................................................................................................................28
SimSpace.................................................................................................................................29
SpaceRoute66........................................................................................................................31
Challenge#1:Technology
pg.2
Problems
TechnologyDrivesExploration.
#Techsploration
WebHomeofTechnologyChallenges
Jet Set Mars
#Techsploration
#ESA
#JetSetMars
#Journey2Mars
Difficulty: Intermediate
Contact: jetsetmars@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Techsploration
#ESA
#JetSetMars
#Journey2Mars
Description
Have you ever wanted a rocket pack to soar amongst the sky? Now you can on
Mars Gravity is less, atmospheric density is less, and the vistas are breathtaking. So
come to Mars...
Buck Rogers aside, Mars is an interesting environment for out-of-this-world mobility
options for an explorer. This challenge asks for the definition of a conceptual mobility
solution to allow an astronaut to easily and rapidly explore Mars including overcoming
obstacles such as cliffs, ravines and other difficult terrain. The solution should be
person-portable and any means or source of propulsion be locally produced.
pg.3
Problems
This challenge can be answered by:
producing an app to simulate your adventures in building your jet pack and
flying around Mars;
produce an app that provides the local gravity, atmospheric conditions (density,
weather, anything-else-of-interest) to help decide what is needed for your jet
pack design;
perform a feasibility/conceptual study of an actual jet pack design that could use
potential Mars fuel sources; or Design and Demonstrate a model scale jet pack
using hardware.
Background
The various missions to Mars have given us a wealth of data to understand the
conditions on the planet including its atmosphere. How can we take advantage of the
lower gravity on Mars to assist with the manned exploration of the planet, specifically,
traversing the surface. Some form of mobility solution is needed that is portable enough
for a person to carry on Mars but also provides a means to jump either vertical or
horizontal distances, or even to fly.
Considerations
Jet packs are one solution but there are other options, e.g. an exo-skeleton suit that
allows jumping, or a para glider that allows a person to fly down from a cliff. The key
to this challenge is mobility of the explorer but also of the equipment itself a person
needs to easily carry it and deploy it, so it should be possible to assemble and wear it by
the user without assistance.
Producing propellant in-situ on Mars has been the focus of many studies. Research the
various options and decide which is the best suited for your application. Note that you
can consider all fuel/power sources so solar power is also an option.
The app could be designed as a game allowing the user to build a mobility solution from
various options and then use/fly it. Alternatively, an app that incorporates gravity,
density, atmosphere conditions and any other options for your current location on Mars
could enable virtual prototyping.
A feasibility study could try to cover all of the elements for generating the fuel or power
source for the mobility solution and/or the design of the equipment including how it
would be assembled and used.
It is recommended that the hardware demonstrator is a small scale solution to allow a
30cm (12 inch) model figure to travel under remote (or autonomous) control. Please
remember to scale the weight of the user appropriately for Mars.
Targets for the jet pack or other mobility solution; travel horizontally (0.5-6 miles) in
one action; travel vertically (0.5-6 miles) in one action; flight duration (30 minutes) or
usable lifetime between recharging/refueling (1 day). These are guidelines, only,
intended to give you a goal to aim for, or hopefully exceed!
pg.4
Problems
Print My Rocket
#Techsploration
#PrintedRocket
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: printmyrocket@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Techsploration
#PrintedRocket
Description
Design a rocket that could be built in place inside one of the four bays of the Vehicle
Assembly Building (VAB) at Kennedy Space Center, which is 525 ft (160 m) tall.
Utilize additive manufacturing (aka 3D printing) where possible, considering which
materials might be able to be used and which ones may have to be brought in already
manufactured.
Background
The Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is one of the
largest buildings by volume in the world. It was built in the 1960s for the Saturn V (aka
Moon rocket), was used to assembly the Space Shuttle together prior to launch, and will
be used to process the upcoming Space Launch System (SLS). The vehicles were built
in factories across the United States and then transported to KSC. The vehicles were
assembled on the mobile launch platform (MLP) within the high bays and then a
crawler drove underneath the platform to "pick them up" and take them to the launch
pad.
Considerations
The Saturn V, measuring 363 ft (111 m) and SLS in cargo configuration at 383 ft ( 117
m) will be NASA's tallest rockets, but they do not reach the full height of the 4 high
bays. With the MPL and crawler heights beneath, these rockets are near, but not at, the
limits of height of the facility.
With additive and other manufacturing technologies advancing, rocket engines are
incorporating elements like 3D printed parts. Innovations can start to be considered in
how to build a rocket near the launch pad with transport from its "factory" directly to
the launch pad.
the space that the equipment needs to move around in developing the rocket
the rocket exiting the bay to go to the launch pad (the doors only open to 456 ft
high)
how the rocket will be transported to the launch pad
the people that will be present throughout the processing and will need access to
work on the vehicle or inspect it
pg.5
Problems
which materials can be 3D printed versus which ones will need to be

manufactured elsewhere and incorporated into the rocket
Backfill My Model
#Techsploration
#3DBackfill
Difficulty: Advanced
Contact: backfillmymodel@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Techsploration
#3DBackfill
Description
Create a tool that will accept a very thin (scaled down), or "surface only" (tessellated
model) and "fill in" behind the surface to a sufficient depth to allow printing on a 3-D
printer.
Background
When a 3-D printer produces an object that is scaled down, the 3D printer often has
surfaces and components that are just too small or thin to print. For example, a full scale
1/16
Considerations
Multiple tools ranging from concept-oriented tools, computer aided design (CAD) tools
or full blown simulation tools are used across a systems lifecycle to communicate
system features and help integrate design. One of the more effective ways to preserve
and share design information through 3-D surface models.
Options developers might consider include user selected features such as:
minimum part thickness

minimum feature size to suppress or delete
to preserve or delete texture or UV Map data
Origami Space Recycled
#Techsploration
#SpaceOrigami
Contact: origamispacerecycled@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
pg.6
Problems
#Techsploration
#SpaceOrigami
Description
Design and model (virtually, with paper or 3D printed) the packaging of key mission
components for size constrained spacecraft to minimize stowed volume, but maximize
capabilities.
Background
There is only so much volume a rocket can carry into space. Solar Arrays, parachutes,
habitats, storage tanks, inflatable aeroshells all could be packaged more effectively to
enable more cargo on any given launch, or perhaps even reduce the number of launches
needed to deliver goods to space.
Considerations
Spacecraft: Consider how to stow a spacecraft for launch within size constraints (i.e.
cubesats or EELV Secondary Payload Adapter (ESPA) class payload), then deploy to a
desired shape to maximize mission capabilities.
Habitats:
Folding frames that support an inflatable habitat placed inside. Typically inflated
habitats want to be spherical, and it is an added complexity to make them
different. However, what if the habitat had an external "skeleton" to keep the
inflatable habitat in a desired shape.
Design various configurations inside the habitat, separating work and living
spaces, creating "beds" or other private spaces for the astronauts etc.
Spacecraft components: folding materials such as parachutes, antenna, trusses or solar

sails so they deploy efficiently without affecting the performance of the material.
Other: Self-assembling or self-propelling robots that self-organize or use kinetic energy
to perform a function. Disassemble objects and repurpose in a different shape and
configuration (modify it into a useful shape). For example, using packaging material
from the single-use crew transfer bags (made out of flame-resistant meta-aramid
material and heavy foam filling) for other purposes.
pg.7
Problems
Challenge#2:Aeronautics
NASAiswithyouwhenyoufly.
#FlyNASA
WebHomeofSpaceStationChallenges
Dont Crash My Drone
#Aeronautics
#DroneHome
Contact: dontcrashmydrone@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Aeronautics
#DroneHome
Description
Create an app that will enable small drone operators to know more about specific
weather parameters, local terrain and no fly zones within a five-mile radius of their GPS
location.
Background
Thousands of small drone owners crash their vehicles due to wind, water, ice, or objects
in the air. Often the vehicles are damaged beyond repair. At times, drones have
accidentally flown into No-Fly Zones or restricted airspace. Currently small UAS
owners can consult their local weather sources and they can visually inspect airspace for
objects and air traffic; however, their line of sight may not extend far enough to avoid
crashes. Unless they know the FAA rules about restricted airspace, they would not
know about restricted areas that may be nearby.
pg.8
Problems
Considerations
The new application should be developed in an easy to understand format, and could
potentially be integrated into the controller systems of a variety of aircraft so the
operator will receive warnings before and during flight should the flight parameters of
their vehicle be exceeded.
The app should represent current conditions within a five-mile radius of the operator
location:
Weather parameters of wind speed and direction, gust speed potential, dew
point, temperature and visibility.
Zoom-capable Imagery of vegetation, buildings, poles and wires,
communication towers; bodies of water
Known No-Fly Zones or Restricted airspace within a five-mile radius.
Clouds or Contrails
#Aeronautics
#CloudsOrContrails
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: cloudorcontrails@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Aeronautics
#CloudsOrContrails
Description
On clear or partly sunny days, people might look up at the sky and see straight lines of
what appear to be clouds or white smoke. These lines are not smoke or natural clouds;
they are contrails produced by aircraft. Contrails form because water vapor from jet
engine exhaust passes through a cold and humid part of the air at high altitudes.
Sometimes the jet that created the contrails is not visible overhead because winds aloft
have blown the vapor trail into the observed area after the jet has passed. Naturally
occurring high thin cirrus clouds do not form straight lines, they are more diffuse and
irregular in shape than a contrail. Can an app be developed to help a ground observer
determine the probability that an aircraft made the thin lines of white 'clouds' overhead?
Background
Contrails may appear on clear or partly cloudy days because of jet engine exhaust that
contains water vapor. The water vapor condenses at high altitudes where a layer of air is
cold and contains moisture. The condensation is visible from the ground, appearing to
look like pencil thin lines of 'cloud.' Altitudes where contrails can form from jet exhaust
range from 25,000-35,000 ft, depending on the moisture content of the air layer. Two
major types of contrails can be observed, those that are persistent (can last for hours or
days) and those that are short-lived (appear for a few minutes before dissipating).
Persistent contrails can spread over thousands of square kilometers and eventually join
pg.9
Problems
the high thin cirrus clouds that naturally occur. With global air traffic on the rise,
climate scientists are concerned about the additional 'clouds' produced by jets. An app
that can reliably tell a contrail from a natural cirrus cloud could help scientists quantify
the presence of human-induced cloud cover.
Considerations
The contrail app should give the approximate location of the user on the ground and the
approximate location of the possible contrail above. Using flight-tracking information
available from various sources in the US, the app should be able to match the location
on the ground with the approximate commercial flight location. Note: This app will
only use commercial air traffic data. Private or military jets are not included in this
challenge. If a flight path reasonably matches the ground location, the ground observer
can infer that the white lines are contrails.
Clear for Take Off
#Aeronautics
#ClearForTakeOff
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: clearfortakeoff@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Aeronautics
#ClearForTakeOff
Description
To comply with security and airline protocol, air travelers should arrive at the airport
well in advance of their flight. Without realizing the probability of adverse conditions at
the time of the scheduled departure, they may experience inconvenient delays at the
airport. Delays can be short and relatively easy to manage, or they can cause long hours
of waiting in crowded airports. Flight delays can even cause forced overnight stays at
local hotels or inside the terminal. Travelers could benefit from knowing the likelihood
of a delay as it could help them prepare for the wait time. Can an app be developed that
predicts the impact of weather on airplane departure times?
Background
Air travelers pay close attention to the local weather because weather may cause flight
delays. However, delays can occur when the local airport has great weather, leaving the
traveler stranded for hours and/or missing a connecting flight. A departing flight can be
delayed because of weather at the destination airport, or a delay could occur if the flight
has to be re-routed to avoid hazardous conditions along the traditional flight path.
Changing local conditions at airports may also cause delays (examples: wind gusts,
wind shear, icing, fog, etc.). All of these variables can be examined with a practical app
that combines the various probabilities and gives the user advance warning that a delay
is likely.
pg.10
Problems
Considerations
Using the locator on the mobile device and various airport locations, the app should
convey the expected weather conditions to the nearest possible time of departure. Based
on flight safety rules, the app should predict whether the flight will take off on time or
be delayed.
Low Boom
#Aeronautics
#FlyNASA
#LowBoom
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: lowboom@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Aeronautics
#FlyNASA
#LowBoom
Description
Using data generated by actual flight tests conducted at NASA Armstrong Flight
Research Center and data collected from NASA noise laboratories, app developers
should construct a visualization of low boom as it compares to normal sonic boom.
Currently noise data is either illustrated with contours around airport runways and
surrounding areas or presented numerically in decibels. Can an app be developed that
allows people to see the difference between low boom and normal sonic boom over
their geographical area? Such an app would help visual learners to grasp the difference
more rapidly than traditional data displays.
Background
Supersonic flights over land have been banned for decades due to the unpleasant sonic
boom that shakes the ground, rattles the windows, and hurts the ears. Yet business
travel, medical emergencies, and family crises warrant reaching destinations as soon as
possible. This need for speed has prompted researchers at NASA to find ways to lower
the boom using new supersonic aircraft designs. The new technology effectively
reduces the level of noise produced by the aircraft. Testing of new designs has begun,
not only with actual aircraft, but also with noise simulators in research laboratories.
Communities near airports and those along the future supersonic jet flight paths will
want to know ahead of time what to expect from a low boom aircraft.
Considerations
The app should give an accurate visual representation of the level of low boom noise
compared to the level of normal sonic boom noise. Ideally, the app would use a US map
to compare the low-boom as it would be heard and felt on the ground by an aircraft
cruising at Mach 1.5 at an altitude of 40,000 ft. between New York and San Francisco
with a normal sonic boom over the same flight path.
pg.11
Problems
Challenge#3:SpaceStation
OfftheEarthfortheEarth.
#BeAnAstronaut
WebHomeofSpaceStationChallenges
Launch: A Global Experience
#321Liftoff
#BeAnAstronaut
Difficulty: Advanced
Contact: launchaglobalexperience@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#321Liftoff
#BeAnAstronaut
Description
Using multimedia resources found online, develop a virtual experience that would allow
someone to experience a past or upcoming rocket launch as if they were observing it
from a few miles away (i.e. a close, but safe distance from the launch pad). If possible,
convey the impact that local/global/space weather has on a launch.
Background
For those viewing a launch online around the world, it is most often conveyed through
several close-up video angles with audio focusing on launch commentary. This is very
different from viewing a launch in-person.
Experiencing a launch in person involves many senses; notably, the immense sound and
vibration that comes from a time lag from when the rocket is seen to liftoff.
Additionally, viewing from a single location gives awareness to the rocket starting on
pg.12
Problems
the ground, lifting off, and then departing away from your position. Around you, other
people and nature react to the event. Virtual reality, audio, and pressure imparting
technology are among a few of the technologies that may be utilized to convey these
experiences.
Considerations
The platform is up to the developer. The experience can be absorptive, interactive,
and/or collaborative. The developer can choose the platform that best suits the project
and is within their teams abilities/time.
There are many different experiences. Below are among the many kinds of options that
could be integrated. Choose one, several, or all to portray in your experience:
Different launch violations might occur within the experience (weather,

technical, etc)
Different launch sites: Cape Canaveral, Florida (CCAFS); Vandenberg,
California (VAFB); Wallops, Virginia; Kwajalein Atoll (Pacific); Kodiak,
Alaska; Kourou, French Guiana (Europe); Tanegashima Space Center (Japan);
Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan)
Different locations relative to the launch pad
Track probable launch sequences or even follow an actual launch day
experience(s) as it is occurring
Rock-IT Space Fashion and Design
#BeAnAstronaut
#Rock-ITDesign
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: spacedatafashiondesign@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#BeAnAstronaut
#Rock-ITDesign
Description
Out-of-this-world fashion with function: clothing or accessories for earth or space wear!
Every space traveler even the robotic ones should feel? their very best during the
journey, infused with the very best data and technology available. Earthlings can follow
suit. Design a space data-tech-fashion wearable in the form of clothing or accessories
that will collect or distribute data and technology in the following categories:
Design for Interconnectivity (staying more connected to team, community, and tools)
enhance the work/life experience of humans and/or capabilities of robots
pg.13
Problems
Design for Health (biometrics, physical and emotional health, and/or environmental
alerts)
maintain or improve the health and well-being of the human

provide early warning for unhealthy environmental factors (air quality, radiation,
outgassing, temperature)
Design for Entertainment (sights, sounds, music, activity)
enhance the human experience whether during work or play
Background
Advanced electronics are a problem in space due to the density of the chips. The more
circuitry in smaller electronic components, the greater the susceptibility to cosmic
radiation. The best solution is radiation-hardened processers that are not affected by
fluctuations in radiation levels to bring space-usable tech up to par with cool Earth tech.
Wearables help astronauts onboard the International Space Station monitor heart rates
and breathing patterns, and collects data to investigate whether changes in heart activity
are related to a problem, such as poor sleep quality. Fabrics can be infused with
technology to provide perspective on multiple investigations, such as respiration, body
acceleration, skin temperature, and more.
For example, NASA is using wearables to monitor personal Carbon Dioxide (CO2) on
orbit. Excessive CO2 causes headaches, dizziness, and blood pressure spikes. Even with
scrubbing technology on Station, pockets of CO2 can go undetected in the space
environment. The personal CO2 monitors an astronauts immediate surroundings.
Considerations
Have fun with the possibilities. Create fashion to sport your version of spacey data-tech
receivers/transmitters, and fashion your own data dashboard to analyze/visualize the
output. Design for connectivity, health, entertainment or all three. Wear your solution to
ensure your inner space geek has an external expression.
Astrocize
#ISS
#BeAnAstronaut
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: astrocize@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#ISS
#BeAnAstronaut
Description
pg.14
Problems
Find a way to adapt common gym tools for a reduced gravity environment and design a
workout routine that can minimize bone and muscular loss while being fun and easy to
use during a long term mission. In doing so consider constraints regarding weight
(equipment should weigh less than 500kg) and dimensions. Consider incorporating
virtual reality to simulate a jog through an astronauts favorite Earth destinations or
incorporate gaming to motivate users.
Background
Exercise is an important part of the daily routine for astronauts aboard the International
Space Station to prevent bone and muscle loss. On average, astronauts exercise two
hours per day. The equipment they use is different from what we use on Earth. Lifting
200 pounds on Earth may be a lot of work. But lifting that same object in space would
be much easier. Because of microgravity, it would weigh much less than 200 pounds
there. That means exercise equipment needs to be specially designed for use in space so
astronauts will receive the workout needed, based on resistance training. This
equipment can be heavy and burdensome.
Considerations
On the ISS, multiple systems to counteract bone and muscle loss are being studied.
Weight lifting in space can be achieved through aRES. Tvis and Combined Operational
Load Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (COLBERT) provide a treadmill that
works in 0g. The treadmills are used to simulate walking and running in normal gravity.
The cycle can be used to exercise arms or legs. The resistive exercise device is rather
like weightlifting on Earth. It allows the user to complete a series of physical exercises
while restrained by elastic bungee cords.
Solutions could also be applicable to the Moon or Mars taking into account the specific
conditions in each location.
Virtual Auroras
#ISS
#EARTH
#SolarSystem
#ISSAurora
Contact: Virtualaurora@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#ISS
#EARTH
#SolarSystem
#ISSAurora
Description
pg.15
Problems
Develop virtual reality viewers using International Space Station video feeds,
Aurorasaurus or other camera data that features views of the northern lights, or gives
users other virtual experiences of viewing the Earth from the International Space
Station.
Background
The aurora represents a great visual tool for scientists to use in the study of the space
environment. Surveying auroral emissions is a bit like looking at a giant television
screen; the picture can help scientists figure out what is happening with energetic
particles, and electromagnetic fields, from just above the Earth to far out in surrounding
space.
Considerations
Combine resources such as ISS video feeds, Aurorasaurus and EarthKam to do

star field recognition on auroral images from the Space Station to make latitude
longitude maps of where the aurora are being seen.
Maps could be used for comparison to other Heliophysics applications, i.e.
comparison to Defense Meteorological Satellite Program auroral data,
comparison to auroral models, utilization with the Aurorasaurus citizen science
platform.
Aurorasaurus is a NASA citizen science project that gathers real-time data about
aurora sightings and sends out notifications to users when the Northern Lights
are likely visible in their area. Aurorasaurus improves forecasting of the aurora
using citizen science reports and crowd-sourced ground truth observations of
aurora.
EarthKam is an image collection and accompanying activities are extraordinary
resources to engage students in Earth and space science, geography, social
studies, mathematics, communications, and art.
pg.16
Problems
Challenge#4:SolarSystem&Beyond
We'reOutThere.
#OutThere
WebHomeofSolarSystemandBeyond
Book it to the Moon
#LunaBook
#SolarSystem
Difficulty:Easy
Contact:Bookittothemoon@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#LunaBook
#SolarSystem
Description
Develop an interactive app for children that uses smart phone and tablet sensory to
locate the Moon (any time of the day, even below horizon), which unlocks current lunar
data (phase, distance, etc), and then presents the user options for reading a "Moon"
related story, view space agency photos and videos, and/or fun facts about the Moon.
The goal of this challenge is edutainment and raising awareness about lunar missions
around the world.
Background
pg.17
Problems
The Moon has been a central part of our culture as human beings and we continue to
unlock scientific evidence of how the Earth formed. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter,
brings us spectacular views and new science data from our nearest celestial neighbor.
The LRO instruments return global data, such as day-night temperature maps, a global
geodetic grid, high resolution color imaging and the moon's UV albedo.
Considerations
A few good story examples should be included. There are resources for publicly
available stories on the Internet.
The application could allow users to mark content as "favorite" examples include: save
favorite photo to gallery; save favorite video to library; save favorite book to bookshelf;
and save favorite fun facts.
The application could have an ability to share content (email, text, social media, etc).
Since this app is designed for children, there may need to be parental controls for these
options.
This application could have follow-on updates for other planetary bodies such as Mars,
the Sun, Europa, Enceladus, the Orion Nebula, zodiac constellations, and many more.
Near Earth Objects Machine Learning
#MaverickLabNeo
#WereOutThere
#SolarSystem
Difficulty:Advanced
Contact:NEOMachineLearning@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#MaverickLabNeo
#WereOutThere
#SolarSystem
Description
For this challenge, we invite you to become "virtual contributors" to the Asteroid Grand
Challenge and develop a hypothetical method, concept note or simple prototype that
demonstrates how Machine Learning could be used to help us avoid the same fate as the
dinosaurs.
Background
There are millions of yet undiscovered Near Earth Objects (NEOs) which could pose a
threat to Planet Earth. These Asteroids require space-based hardware to locate and track,
however once their position is identified, follow-up observations can be made with
radar or optical telescopes gathering light curve data - enabling estimates of
pg.18
Problems
composition, reflectivity, rotation and other characteristics that inform mitigation

strategies to deflect objects before they impact with Earth. Presently, only a handful of
hazardous NEOs have been detected prior to entering our atmosphere. The immense
task of asteroid hunting is further complicated by the high number of false positives and
long duration between observations - where some NEOs have orbits of many decades.
Presented with these challenges, the space community has begun to look towards
"machine learning" to both mechanize and accelerate the speed of detection and
characterization.
Considerations
Sample Areas to Explore:
MachineLearningtoolcouldbeusedtoremoveknownfalsepositives
Alignastrometryofnewlyobservedobjectsandalreadytaggedobjectsfromarchived
surveys
Machinevisionanddronescouldradicallyincreasethenumberoffoundmeteorite
falls
Theoreticalapproaches,simulationsanddemoswillbeaccepted
Tip: The Minor Planet Center currently acts as the central clearinghouse for asteroid
observations taken as data from professional and amateur telescopes, and space-based
observatories such as NASAs NEOWISE. This astrometric data allows the calculation
of orbits for the asteroids so both professionals and amateurs may conduct follow-up
observations from the ground.
Asteroid Mining
#BringMeARock
#SolarSystem
Difficulty:Advanced
Contact:asteroidmining@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#BringMeARock
#SolarSystem
Description
Develop an approach for characterizing the composition of asteroid for mining potential
and a process for mining different compositions. Explore a possible division of labor
involving different types of vehicles (e.g. sensor units, drilling units, power gathering
and distribution, extracted resources handling and transferring). Consider solutions for
moving said asteroids between different orbits and/or consequently make periodical
adjustments to keep them in place. Analyze how your idea would cope in some of the
given scenarios or outline a scheme of your own.
Background
pg.19
Problems
Asteroids could one day be a vast new source of scarce material if the financial and
technological obstacles can be overcome. Asteroids are lumps of metals, rock and dust,
sometimes laced with ices and tar, which are the cosmic "leftovers" from the solar
system's formation about 4.5 billion years ago. There are hundreds of thousands of
them, ranging in size from a few yards to hundreds of miles across. Small asteroids are
much more numerous than large ones, but even a little, house-sized asteroid should
contain useful materials.
Considerations
A good way to determine an asteroid's composition from a distance is to analyze its

light. All materials reflect, emit, and absorb light at specific colors or frequencies
depending on the properties of the material. The make-up of a material can be identified
using special instruments called spectrometers which measure the intensity of light at
different frequencies.
Vesta Revealed
#WereOutThere
#VestaRevealed
#SolarSystem
Difficulty:Intermediate
Contact:vestarevealed@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#WereOutThere
#VestaRevealed
#SolarSystem
Description
Create a generic digital online tool to build Constant-Scale Natural Boundary (CSNB)
maps of Vesta utilizing the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) found through Vesta Trek.
Background
Why Vesta? Vesta is the only differentiated asteroid studied close-up to date, resulting
in the availability of a digital elevation map for the object. It is relatively large, and
somewhat less irregular than most asteroids. The Vesta Trek web portal provides
visualization and analysis tools for exploration of the asteroid.
Considerations
Constant-Scale Natural Boundary (CSNB) mapping is a revolutionary approach to

visualization that produces maps markedly different from, and yet complementary to,
those produced by conventional 2D cartographic and 3D modeling techniques.
Conventional maps are built on predetermined grids or formulae that can distort features
on both regular and irregular objects, such as asteroids. CSNB maps begin with those
pg.20
Problems
natural features as well-defined boundaries. To date, these maps are created using laborintensive, and thus expensive, manual processes.
The Digital Elevation Model found in Vesta Trek can be used to develop or select and
test linear feature recognition filters, applying them to find topographic/topological
boundaries for Vesta.
Tip: Identify natural segments along constant scale boundaries, maintaining
proportionality within segments. To create a 3D map, first create a 2D map and
reconnect 2D segments into a 3D visualization model.
Major axes proportionally accurate to within 5%

Proportionally, surface area of actual object matches surface area of CSNB map
to within 10%
Major features (asymmetries in hemispheres, large impacts, linear ridges and
troughs) are represented in the 2D map as distinct "facets" or "segments"
Open World Generation using NASA Mars and Vesta

Data
#openworldgeneration
Difficulty:Advanced
Contact:openworldgeneration@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#openworldgeneration
Description
Create a custom world map generator module using a gaming framework or engine of
your choice that leverages altimeter, terrain and imagery data to render realistic
worlds. This will involve the use of a World Map Tile Service client to leverage over 1
TB of Mars and Vesta data for use in world generation.
Background
Do you love building new worlds? Wouldnt you like to build something that is "outof-this-world"? Even though open world/sandbox games can generate worlds of various
types, wouldnt it be great if these worlds can actually contain real-life extraterrestrial
terrains, rovers, robots and points-of-interest that exist in our celestial bodies? Well,
NASA would love to challenge our international community to do something great
using NASA data. Datasets are available for Mars and Vesta that can be integrated with
open world/sandbox games to bring an out-of-this-world learning experience to players.
Considerations
Consider popular world-based games. Leverage existing customizations and implement

as a plugin or mod.
pg.21
Problems
Challenge#5:Earth
YourPlanetisChanging.We'reOnIt.
#EarthRightNow
WebHomeofEarthChallenges
Sea Ice App
#EarthRightNow
#SeaIceAlaska
Contact:seaiceapp@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#EarthRightNow
#SeaIceAlaska
Description
To develop app that enables these hunters to make scientifically informed decisions that
reduce their vulnerability to environmental hazards. This tool will:
Createalocalrecordofclimatechange;
Drawattentiontoproblemsinthecommunityrelatedtoclimatechange;
Increasecrossculturalcommunicationamongscientistsandthecommunity;and
Supporteffortsoflanguagerevitalizationandtransferofintergenerationalknowledge.
Background
Traditional Alaskan hunting cultures rely in part on their tradition of hunting and
gathering for their sustenance, often trekking over vast areas of sea-ice, where they are
exposed to potential dangers. These hunters must remain constantly vigilant for changes
in ice, weather, and ocean currents. Visibility can be very poor and change within
Challenge#5:Earth
pg.22
Problems
seconds. Even experienced hunters can get disorientated out on the ice. Pressure ridges,
cracks, and holes in the ice create hazards.
Considerations
Distractions from utilizing a mobile device can limit the capability of hunters to follow
a safe path and to be aware of surrounding dangers. They must be able to quickly and
correctly recognize and interpret visualizations to avoid distractions from their primary
task. Furthermore, extreme cold weather poses significant challenges to motor skills,
limiting finger-based interactions on mobile phones. The data collection should be
simplified with intuitive and responsive user interfaces.
Possible Features:
Add a GPS location + photo + audio recording;

Cross-platform
View and customize your own map;
Download all observations;
Scales and zooms with ease;
Intuitive and user-friendly.
Data storage:
Due to unreliable internet connectivity, the app should not require mobile network
access for data collection. It could use the phones GPS to collect entries with the
phones camera or microphone. The data could then be synchronized when the user is
connected to a wireless or mobile network.
Recommended data to be displayed:
Sea-Ice Radar
Sea-surface temperature
Sea-ice fraction
Coordinates
Wind speed/direction
Velocity of currents (if available)
Location of user
Geotagging Space and Aviation
#GeoNASA
#EarthRightNow
Difficulty:Easy
Contact:geotaggingspaceandaviation@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#GeoNASA
#EarthRightNow
Challenge#5:Earth
pg.23
Problems
Description
Collect and develop geotagged information about local ties to space and aviation to
incorporate within geo-based games/web applications/tools. Many apps and programs
exist that allow users to input information about a location that corresponds to the real
world. Public information and historical space events could be added to the location
within the program. While exploring a new region, users can learning new facts about
how the community played a role in new scientific discoveries or innovations in
aviation or spaceflight.
Background
Exploration is a human endeavor and its history can be found all over the globe. While
NASA and other similar agencies document moments in history, it is often kept in
books, museums and visitors centers. What if you could learn about the aerospace in
your place?
Considerations
Sample Areas to Explore:
Developlocationbasedtools/gamesthatunlockinformation/challengesetc.oncea
userisphysicallyinaspecificlocation
Includehistoricalevents,connectionswithfamousresearchers,people,and
partnershipslinkingtospaceandaviationexploration.Ifpossible,includemediasuch
asphotos,videos,orlinkstomoreinformation.
Theprogramscouldbeone(s)thatrequiretheusertobephysicallynearthelocation
orthatallowtheusertoexplorelocationsfromtheirhomecomputer
Therearemanymanylocationswithtiestospaceandaviation,alongwithapps.
Considerpickingafocus,inthetypeofinformation,era,orlocation(s).
eMobile Pastoralism
#EarthRightNow
#ESA
Contact:emobilepastoralism@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#EarthRightNow
#ESA
Description
Help pastoralist communities around the world preserve their livelihood, by providing
them access to information and resources (e.g grass land, water, safe routes) to prepare
and support their migration journey.
Challenge#5:Earth
pg.24
Problems
The objective of the project is to design a working prototype for a mobile application
which provides pastoralists community with information on land monitoring: water
availability, grassland, and assist communities in networking.
Background
Mobile pastoralism is a socio-cultural and economic way of living that is reliant on the
rearing of livestock and sustained through regional migration. For centuries, mobile
pastoralists have managed and preserved common rangelands in a sustainable way that
supported livelihoods while fostering co-dependence and intricate economies with other
communities (e.g., manure-for-grazing agreements with farmers; wool-for-cloth
arrangements with weavers). The pastoralists of Asia continue to manage rangelands
through elaborate systems of governance based on customary rules and regulations, the
authority of customary institutions and sustainable animal rearing practices.
Considerations
In which way might a mobile application be helpful for pastoralist?
Mobileapplicationswouldconnecttoresourcesandsupportnetworksastheyarrivein
unfamiliarcommunities.
Includeimportantinformationrelatedtotheirlivestock,naturaldisasters,accessto
emergencymanagement(police,medical,etc),andweather.
What kind of information could be provided by this application?

Two sets of information are considered useful:
Informationongrassland,waterpoints,safestroutestofollowformigrationjourney
(obstaclestoavoid:e.gencroachment),marketpoints,weatherinformation.
Informationrelatedtolandrightsandinformationonlawsofcommonland,laws
affecting/relatedtopastoralistorlegalissues,informationrelatedtodiseases,feed
breeding,valueaddedproducts.
What are the constraints one has to take into account in the project:
Appsshouldbeintuitive,perhapssymbolorpicturebasedtomakeaccessibletothe
widestpossibleaudience.
Unreliableinternet/dataconnectivity:simplicityandlowdatauserecommended.
Availabilityofsmartphonesmaybelimited.
Aircheck
#EarthRightNow
#Aircheck
Contact:aircheck@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
Challenge#5:Earth
pg.25
Problems
#EarthRightNow
#Aircheck
Description
Develop an app or platform to crowd-source information for comparing changes in

environmental factors, such as temperature, relative humidity, air pollution, with
occurrence of symptoms of allergies and respiratory diseases. Create tools for public
entry and grading of symptoms, including but not limited to cough, shortness of breath,
wheezing, sneezing, nasal obstruction, itchy eyes; and geographic mapping of symptom
frequency and intensity. Create a platform for comparison of symptom map with NASA
provided data, with visualization options for web and/or smart phone.
Background
NASA's EOSDIS provides the capability to interactively browse global, full-resolution

satellite imagery and then download the underlying data. Most of the 100+ available
products are updated within three hours of observation, essentially showing the entire
Earth as it looks
Considerations
Users could incorporate Worldview data from following categories:
AirQuality,AshPlumes,DustStorms,Fires,SmokePlume
Other:RelativeHumidity
Worldview uses the Global Imagery Browse Services (GIBS) to rapidly retrieve its
imagery for an interactive browsing experience. While Worldvew uses OpenLayers as
its mapping library, GIBS imagery can also be accessed from NASA World Wind, and
several other mapping clients. We encourage interested developers to build their own
clients or integrate NASA imagery into their existing ones using these services.
Earth Live
#EarthLive
#EarthRightNow
Contact:earthlive@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#EarthLive
#EarthRightNow
Description
Challenge#5:Earth
pg.26
Problems
Develop a web tool, mobile device app or add-on for existing apps or websites that
leverages NASA imagery and climate data to illustrate the impacts of our changing
Earth in areas of interest to you. Some ideas to explore include:
UseNASAEarthobservationsdata,socialmedia,smartphones,andShortMessage
Service(SMS)textphonestocollectEarthobservationsandconnectpublicinlocal,
regional,andnationalnetworkstocommunicateaboutourchangingplanet.
ExaminecurrentnaturaleventscuratedbyNASAsEONET(EarthObservatoryNatural
EventTracker)bybrowsingglobalhistoricalandnearrealtimeimageryfromspace.
Uploadimagesorotherdatapointsdemonstratingvisibleobservationsandhowthey
comparetosatellitedata.Forexample,generatingearlywarningalertsorvalidating
precipitationratesreportedfromNASAsGlobalPrecipitationMeasurementMission.
IntegrateNASAimagerywithamobileassistanttoallowfordynamicimagegeneration
basedonabasicrequeststructure.
Background
NASA has a variety of Earth observations that are publically available which could
enable citizen science to enhance existing weather or mapping applications.
Considerations
The following NASA websites have useful information which could contribute to your
design:
TheNASAGlobalImageryBrowseServices(GIBS)projectprovideshistoricalandnear
realtimedailyglobalimagestakenfromspacethroughstandardprotocols.These
imageryproductsshowtruecolorpicturesandrepresentationsofremotelysensed
scienceparameters(e.g.SeaSurfaceTemperature,SeaIceConcentration,etc.)
TheEarthObservatoryNaturalEventTracker(EONET)isaprototypewebservicethat
providescuratednaturaleventmetadatalinkingtowebserviceenabledimagesources
TheGlobalPrecipitationMeasurement(GPM)missionprovidesthemostaccurateand
comprehensivecollectionofrainandsnowfalleverassembled.Thepubliccanutilize
thisdataforclimatestudies,weatheranalysis,andotherapplications
LeverageNASAslandsurfacedatafoundinMODIS
ClimateSERVisatoolthatallowsdevelopmentpractitioners,scientists/researchers,
andgovernmentdecisionmakerstovisualizeanddownloadhistoricalrainfalldata,
vegetationconditiondata,and180dayforecastsofrainfallandtemperatureto
improveunderstandingof,andmakeimproveddecisionsfor,issuesrelatedto
agricultureandwateravailability.
Tips:
OrganizeNASAMODISlandsurfacetemperatureproductforremoteassimilationinto
SERVIRsClimateSERVtool.ClimateSERVprovidesbasicanalysisanddownload
capabilityforlowinternetbandwidthusersinSERVIRregions.
Challenge#5:Earth
pg.27
Problems
Challenge#6:JourneytoMars
Mars:JoinUsOntheJourney.
#JourneyToMars
WebHomeofJourneytoMarsChallenges
Space Recreation
#Journey2Mars
#ESA
Difficulty: Easy
Contact: spacerecreation@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Journey2Mars
#ESA
Description
There is a great deal of interest from national space agencies to go to the Moon and
Mars. ESA wants to go to the Moon and establish a village there. NASA wants to go to
Mars. Astronauts and Cosmonauts from all over the world are already living aboard the
ISS. What can they do in their free time? It cant be all about reading books or game
play on computers. Think of new sports or games that could take into account the low
gravity (e.g. a space lacrosse game, extreme basketball). What about real or virtual
experiences involving the Apollo 11 landing site on the Moon? Or following the paths
of Sojourner, Spirit or Curiosity on Mars using a form of cross-country skiing? Think of
new ways for to astronauts to use their free time. To present your results develop an app
that makes use of virtual reality tools.
Background
pg.28
Problems
Space colonization is the next big step humanity must and will face in the next decades.
Leisure time will be a very important part, directly contributing to the success of these
future mission. Finding ways to have fun and distract from the tedium of long duration
missions far away from Earth may be in high demand. In developing this challenge
think of space travellers far away from home benefitting from fully immersive virtual
reality activities you create. Space explorers will be flying to and from Mars months at a
time and as such, will require leisure time.. Games can be used to promote comradery
and relieve stress. Games can even be used to support training or exercise requirements
more effectively.
Considerations
Athletic performance and injury prevention are a critical area of research both in space
and on the ground. Astronaut performance becomes particularly important in long
duration spaceflight, as they must maintain their muscle capacity, bone density, and
cardiovascular health by exercising two hours a day. If a crew is going to safely travel
to a destination like Mars and return healthy, they must train as a hard as a high
performance athlete!
This challenge recommends the use of virtual reality tools. To implement their ideas
challengers may use different game engines, and integrating images and data acquired
from previous missions. Users could also create an app that would make the required
exercise more engaging.
Consider games that can:
only be done in microgravity

existing games or activities that could be modified to be fun dynamic of being in
microgravity
In developing indoor games, consider the space limitations due to the volume of the
habitat (i.e. tight quarters)
The astronauts will need to be able to play without damaging their habitat
Variations could be games that could be played on the International Space
Station
Recommend that the games require little or no equipment , but instead use
commonly available items, such as a clean pair of socks or a button. Current
astronaut training or exercise requirements could be incorporated
SimSpace
#Intermediate
#ESA
#SimSpace
Difficulty:Advanced
Contact:simspace@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
pg.29
Problems
#Intermediate
#ESA
#SimSpace
Description
Develop a game that simulates conditions in an off-Earth located permanent or

temporary colony. The game could be a sandbox that offers the possibility to simulate
various facilities that would support a reduced gravity environment far from earths
atmosphere and magnetosphere. Users could be given power allowances, atmospheric
conditions, and in situ resource options (using resources available on site for life
support or other needs). The game could include a variety of scenarios including:
ArrangingaGPSlikesystemontheMoonorMarstosupportnavigationforthehuman
inhabitants.Thesimulationcouldallowtheuserstoexploredifferentsolutionssuchas
aconstellationofsatellites,anetworkofmastsorotherEarthbasedmethodsatthe
challengersdiscretion.
PlayerscouldbuildahabitatthatcouldwithstandtheLunarorMartianenvironment
whilealsotakingintoconsiderationthatitsinhabitantsneedtohaveadequatepower
andsupplies,beabletoproducefood,havelocationssleep,liveandwork.
BuildaVirtualMoontelescope.Thesimulationcouldallowtheusertoconducta
researchmissionusingatelescopeonsiteneartheirhabitat.Explorewhatinstruments
makesenseforthelocationofthetelescope(andwhattheuserwantstoobserve).
Gameplayerscouldexploresettingssuchasexposuretimesorwavelengthsto
observe.ObservationscouldvarybasedonthepositionofthetelescopeontheMoon
orMars,andtherelativepositionintheskyofthepointedobject.Aftereach
simulatedcapture,showanappropriatelygeneratedimagereflectingtheexposure
andwavelengthsettings.
Background
Humans have lived on the International Space Station since November 2000, and the
global space agencies of the world are working together to take humans beyond low
Earth orbit. The longest human presence on the moon was a little more than 3 days. We
have a lot to do to prepare for longer stays beyond the safety of Earths orbit. Engineers
and scientists around the world are working hard to develop the technologies astronauts
will use to one day live and work on Mars, and safely return home.
Considerations
Teaming on location (wherever you choose as your location in outer space) or across
space apps locations is encouraged for this challenge. Teams could focus on one aspect
of this challenge and bring the simulations together to develop a robust app after the
challenge is over.
GPS Systems:
Position in orbit or on land each individual satellite or mast and show the coverage areas
depending on the chosen solution. If a constellation idea is chosen, the simulation would
pg.30
Problems
need to roughly take into account the orbital distortions a spacecraft would suffer due to
Earths own gravitational pull.
Telescope:
When orbiting the moon, a satellites trajectory is constantly modified by many agents.
One of them is related to Earths gravitational well that could require various
mathematical compensations.
TheMoonhasnoatmosphere,thereforemostoftheelectromagneticraysfromthe
Universecanbereceivedfromthelunarsurface.Inorderforustoworkonfiguringout
whetheraLunarobservatoryisfeasible,itwouldbegreattoseewhatthechallenges
ofsettingoneupwouldbe.
ThetelescopeshouldbeplacedonthefarsideoftheMoonotherwiseradiationfrom
Earthwouldinterferewithmostcaptures.
Onemajorproblemrelatedtolongtimeexposureisrelatedtotheplanetsrotation
takingthetargetoutofview.OntheMoonsuchaproblemisreducedandlonger
exposuretimesarepossible.Thesimulationshouldtakethatintoaccountandshow
daybydaywhatportionoftheskycouldbefollowedwithwhatmaximumexposure
time.
Dependingonthetypeandtheintendedneedsoftheirmission,telescopescanusually
captureonlyaspecificwavelengthatatime,whichcorrespondtovisiblelightorsome
portionoftheUVorinfraredspectrum.
Space Route 66
#Journey2Mars
#SpaceRoute66
Contact:spaceroute66@spaceappschallenge.org
Hashtags
#Journey2Mars
#SpaceRoute66
Description
Develop a game or virtual reality experience that allows users to build and explore a
futuristic spaceport. Potential utilizations that could be incorporated:
Horizontalandverticallaunchandlanding
Suborbitalandorbitaltouristfacilities(hotels,crewtrainingexperiences,exploration
themeparkattractions)
Onsitespacecraftmanufacturingfacilities
Processingfacilitiesforspaceresources
Background
pg.31
Problems
As launch vehicles, spacecraft, and those who build them change, so must the
spaceports of the world. The expansion of human space flight beyond the International
Space Station and low-earth orbit optimizes a spaceport that can support multiple users
and operational models. The Spaceport of Tomorrow should support a multitude of
space operations, including vertical and horizontal vehicle assemblies. Private aerospace
companies will want to locate supply chains functions near Spaceports and expand
operations.
Considerations
This challenge is open ended so you may choose to develop your own deliverable or
consider one of following:
Incorporateplansthatvariousspaceagenciesandcommercialcompanieshavefor
spaceportsbetweennowandtheirplansfordecadesfromnow(i.e.infrastructureto
beaddedoverthenext50years).
Createa"buildyourownspaceport"game,websiteorsmartphoneapplicationbased
onthecurrentstateofthespaceportsdesign.Userscanaddfunctionalbuildingsor
spaceshipstothespaceport.Allowuserstotakesnapshotsoftheirdesignsandupload
themtosocialmedia.
Createawebsitevirtualtouror"flythrough"ofaspaceportsuchastheKennedy
SpaceCenterinitscurrentstate,andgiveuserstheabilitytoaddlayerstothecurrent
spaceporttoshowplanneddevelopmentsandtimeframesfordevelopment.Azoom
inofindividualbuildingscouldprovidedescriptionsofthefunctionofeachwith
historicalvignetteswhereapplicable.Createanupdatedmap,brochureorinteractive
appofyourfuturespaceportsimilartothoseyoufindatthemeparks
pg.32

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PROBLEMSTOBESOLVED

Jet Set Mars

This challenge can be answered by:

which materials can be 3D printed versus which ones will need to be

minimum part thickness

Origami Space Recycled

Spacecraft components: folding materials such as parachutes, antenna, trusses or solar

Dont Crash My Drone

Clear for Take Off

Launch: A Global Experience

Different launch violations might occur within the experience (weather,

Rock-IT Space Fashion and Design

enhance the work/life experience of humans and/or capabilities of robots

maintain or improve the health and well-being of the human

Design for Entertainment (sights, sounds, music, activity)

enhance the human experience whether during work or play

Combine resources such as ISS video feeds, Aurorasaurus and EarthKam to do

Book it to the Moon

Near Earth Objects Machine Learning

composition, reflectivity, rotation and other characteristics that inform mitigation

Sample Areas to Explore:

A good way to determine an asteroid's composition from a distance is to analyze its

Constant-Scale Natural Boundary (CSNB) mapping is a revolutionary approach to

Major axes proportionally accurate to within 5%

Open World Generation using NASA Mars and Vesta

Consider popular world-based games. Leverage existing customizations and implement

Sea Ice App

Add a GPS location + photo + audio recording;

Geotagging Space and Aviation

Sample Areas to Explore:

In which way might a mobile application be helpful for pastoralist?

What kind of information could be provided by this application?

Develop an app or platform to crowd-source information for comparing changes in

NASA's EOSDIS provides the capability to interactively browse global, full-resolution

Users could incorporate Worldview data from following categories:

only be done in microgravity

Develop a game that simulates conditions in an off-Earth located permanent or

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