PENGETAHUAN CEKUNGAN

BATUBARA DAN GMB DI INDONESIA

(GEO-330314)
Modifikasi dari kuliah yang disamaikan
oleh Dr. Budhi Kuswan Susilo, S.T., M.T.

Pengaruh Deformasi Tektonik

Pada Pembentukan Cekungan

What are Sedimentary Basins?

Holes in the ground where sediment accumulates

Global distribution: Sub-aerial and submarine

Sedimentary basins definition

Large areas of positive accommodation in which
sediments can accumulate to considerable
thickness and be preserved for long geological
time periods.

Worlds Thickest Sediment Accumulations

Thickest sediment accumulations are 15 to 20 km

Tend to form in enclosed basins supplied by major rivers

Basin classification plate tectonics

1. Type of crust on which the basin rests
2. The position of the basin relative to plate
margins
3. Where the basin lies close to a plate margin, the
type of plate interaction occurring during
sedimentation

Types of plate margins:

1. Convergent (subduction)
2. Divergent (rifts, mid-oceanic ridges)
3. Transform (offset mid-oceanic ridges)

Basin classification
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

Intraplate basins (pre-rift)

Divergent-margin basins (syn-rift)
Intraplate basins (post-rift)
Convergent-margin basins
Collision and post-collision basins
Strike-slip basins

Sedimentary basins
Extension
Rift basins develop in continental crust and constitute the incipient
extensional basin type; if the process continues it will ultimately
lead to the development of an ocean basin flanked by passive
margins, alternatively an intracratonic basin will form
Rift basins consist of a graben or half-graben separated from
surrounding horsts by normal faults; they can be filled with both
continental and marine deposits
Intracratonic basins develop when rifting ceases, which leads to
lithospheric cooling due to reduced heat flow; they are commonly
large but not very deep

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EaES 350-13

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Plate Tectonics & Sedimentation

A. Explains geosynclines (now obsolete)
1. miogeosyncline = shelf; eugeosyncline =
slope & rise

B. Divergent margins
1. 2 plates separating
2. uplift = mantle plume
3. extension = rift valley development
1. normal faulting & down dropping
ii. eventually forms ocean basin

4. coarse immature sediments deposited;

alluvial, fluvial, lacustrine
5. aulacogens may develop & fill
i. fluvial & deltaic deposits fill basin

6. junction coalesce to form ocean basin

i. evaporites, marine sediments

7. seafloor spreading develops & pelagic

oozes

Active Rifting

Rifting and Origin of Ocean Basins

Active Arms marked by:
High heat flow
Normal faulting
Frequent shallow earthquakes
Widespread basaltic volcanism
Rift valley widening leads to the development of
new seaways and evaporite belts
In Ocean, it leads to the formation of sediment
deposition and development of Passive
continental margins

The East Africa Rift Zone

The growth of oceanic basin

Growth of ocean basin contd.

Growth of ocean basin contd.

Oceanic Rift Basin

Oceanic Rift
Basin

Passive
Continental
Margin Basin

Mississippi & Connecticut-Hudson Valleys-Inactive

Rio Grande Rift--Active

Nicolle Rager, NSF

Properties of crust and upper mantle beneath the Rio Grande. Pure shear model is
probable explanation, with a "taffy-like" thinning of the lower crust and the upper crust
faulting in many places to produce the rift valley. This contrasts to "simple shear"
model wherein a single, large detachment fault controls continental rifting.

Red Sea-Ocean Beginning

Deep axial trough, broad
shallow shelf
Miocene (5-25mya) evaporites
(over 4km thick) below shelf
Evaporties probably overlie
thin, stretched continental crust
Evaporite deposition end 5
mya- connection to Indian sea
established
Open ocean water led to
flourishing plankton
Biogenic seds give way laterally
to thin terrigenous clays, sands,
gravels from eroding flanks

Stephen A. Nelson

Intracratonic Basin

Intracratonic Basins

Sedimentary basins
Collision
Forearc basins form between the accretionary prism
and the volcanic arc and subside entirely due to
sediment loading; like trench basins, their fill depends
strongly on whether they are intra-oceanic or proximal to
a continent
Backarc basins are extensional basins that may form
on the overriding plate, behind the volcanic arc
Retroarc foreland basins form as a result of
lithospheric loading behind a mountainous arc under a
compressional regime; they are commonly filled with
continental deposits
EaES 350-13
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ARC Morphology/Terminology

Forearcs

Trenches and Accretionary Wedges

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I) Tectonics and Sedimentation

A. Can explain sedimentary
sequence with plate tectonic
models
B. Cratonic sedimentation

Wiley.com

1. craton = stable continental

interior, positive relief
2. thin sedimentary sequences,
unconformities
3. positive relief leads to erosion
& unconformities
4. sedimentary sequence = ~ 1
km of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rks
i. l.s, s.s., sh = shallow marine,
fluvial-deltaic

5. local development of basins &

arches
i. origin of basins = failed rifts?=
Michigan basin

Alberta Geol Society

II) Geosynclines

A. Trough that parallels continental margin = geosyncline

1. subdivided in miogeosyncline & eugeosyncline
2. miogeosyncline
i. = shallow marine ls & ss adjacent to craton
ii passes to deep water lithologies
3. eugeosyncline
i. deep marine sediments, submarine volcanics, volcaniclastic sediments
ii. tectonically deformed
4. no explanation of how geosynclines formed

Steven Dutch

Steven Dutch

Steven Dutch

III) Plate Tectonics & Sedimentation

C. Convergent margins
1. cont-cont collision = uplift & coarse clastic debris, fluvial
deposits
2. oceanic-oceanic collision = island arc
i. submarine volcanism & turbidites, shales, pelagic oozes

3. ocean-continent collision = continental margin arc

i. felsic batholiths, silicic volcanics
ii. immature seds = alluvial & fluvial ss
ii. accretionary wedge, melange

III) Plate Tectonics & Sedimentation

D. Transform Margin
1. strike slip motion
2. irregularities produce local extension &
compression
3. typical of southern California
i. may develop sediment-starved basin
ii. eventually infilled

Sedimentary basins
Transtension
Strike-slip basins form in transtensional regimes and are usually
relatively small but also deep; they are commonly filled with coarse
facies (e.g., alluvial fans) adjacent to lacustrine or marine deposits

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Woods Hole

EaES 350-13

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Basins form through Tectonic Subsidence

Accommodation Space
Sea-Level Change
Tectonic Uplift / Subsidence

Very little of a typical

underformed basin is
accessible by surface sampling
/ mapping

Seismic Reflection Imaging

Ninian Fault Block, North Sea
vertical exageration x3 to x4

12 km

B
Sistem progradasi pengendapan deltaik Lower Kutai Basin (Allen et al., 1998)

Penampang progradasi sistem deltaik dan pengendapan batubara

di lingkungan Delta Plain di Lower Kutai Basin (Allen et al., 1998)

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A
A

a.

b.
Distributary Channel pada Model
Pengendapan Coal Swamp
di Delta Plain, Lower Kutai Basin (a)
(Allen et al., 1998) and Sangatta Deltaik (b)
Tipe endapan pembawa batubara:
1. Overbank deposits (coal swamp)
2. Splay deposits
3. Levee deposits
4. Channel deposits

cross section

Pembentukan splitting Middle Seam akibat migrasi channel secara lateral

PIT Hatari

(Rahmad, B., 2001, dalam Diessel, 1992)

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Jenis-jenis sedimen pembawa batubara

A

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Levee deposits

Channel deposits

Channel deposits
Channel deposits

Channel deposits

Channel deposits

Sangata Seam
Splay deposits

Channel deposits

Overbank deposits
(swamp)
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