83 U.S.

584
21 L.Ed. 504
16 Wall. 584

WAGER ET AL.
v.
HALL.
December Term, 1872
1

APPEAL from the Circuit Court for the Western District of Wisconsin.

Hall, assignee of Lakin, a trader in Brodhead, Green County, Wisconsin, filed a

bill in the court below against Wager & Fales, merchants, of Troy, New York,
to set aside a mortgage on lands in the said Brodhead, given by the said
bankrupt to them for $3000, to secure five payments, of $600 each, payable in
six, twelve, sixteen, twenty, and twenty-four months, which mortgage and
notes were executed December 15th, 1869, being twenty-four days prior to his
filing his petition in bankruptcy, on the ground that it was given in violation of
the Bankrupt Act. That act, in its 35th section, thus enacts:1

'If any person, being insolvent, or in contemplation of insolvency, within four

months before the filing of the petition by or against him, with a view to give a
preference to any creditor or person having a claim against him, . . . makes any
. . . pledge, assignment, transfer, or conveyance of any part of his property, . . .
absolutely or conditionally, the person receiving such . . . pledge, assignment,
transfer, or conveyance, or to be benefited thereby, . . . having reasonable cause
to believe such person is insolvent, and that such . . . pledge, assignment, or
conveyance is made in fraud of the provisions of this act, the same shall be
void, and the assignee may recover the property, or the value of it, from the
person so receiving it, or so to be benefited.'

The admitted case, stated favorably for the bankrupt, seemed to be thus:

Prior to 1854, Lakin was a clerk in Troy, and while there made the
acquaintance of Fales (one of the defendants), who was a clerk at the same
time. In 1854, Lakin went to Janesville, Wisconsin, and for two years worked
as a clerk in a grocery store. Then he was in partnership with one Williston, in
the grocery business, in Janesville, until the spring of 1858. Then he was a clerk
for two years in Janesville and other places, during the last six mon hs of which

he was in the hardware store of one Richardson, of Janesville. In 1860

Richardson started a branch hardware store at Brodhead, about twenty miles
west of Janesville, and put the same under the control of Lakin, who received
half of the profits for his services.
6

After about sixteen months Lakin bought out Richardson, and continued a
general hardware business at Brodhead, making purchases of stoves from a firm
in Troy, which his former fellow-clerk at Troy, Fales, had formed with one
Wager under the name of Wager & Fales. His sales in 1862 and 1863 were
about $15,000 a year, and from 1864 to 1870 from $20,000 to $28,000 per year.
His invoice of goods on hand, taken in 1864, was $10,393.67. His invoice of
goods taken September 13th, 1865, was $8450.77. Soon after that he set agoing
a branch store at Juda, near Brodhead, and his whole inventory, taken
December 31st, 1867, was $23,978.97.

In February, 1868, he sold out his entire stock of stoves and tinware to
Spaulding & Brown, of Brodhead, for $6000, but contined to deal in hardware
and agricultural implements.

Spaulding & Brown paid $2000 cash down, and for the balance gave their note
of $4000, payable as fast as the stoves should be sold, and a considerable
portion of this note remained unpaid January, 1870.

Up to April 1st, 1868, Lakin's stock was in a rented wooden building, and then
being in fear of fire, he resolved to build a brick store, and for that purpose
borrowed, at that time, on long time, $3000 of his father-in-law, Hayner, to be
secured by mortgage on the store, and began to build the store on lots which he
then owned. Hayner superintended the building of the store, and it was
completed near the close of the same year, costing, aside from the lots, $8500.

10

Hayner resided in Brodhead from April 1st, 1868, to June, 1869, when he
moved to Woodstock, Illinois, but he did not receive his mortgage until August
27th, 1869.

11

Lakin commenced buying stoves of Wager & Fales (whose mortgage it was
now sought to set aside) as early as 1863, and continued to buy from $300 to
$4000 per year from that time to and including 1867.

12

The debt for which Lakin gave the mortgage to Wager & Fales, was mostly for
stoves purchased by him in 1867 at four months' credit. At the time of purchase
it was agreed that Lakin should pay interest on all bills after maturity. Wager &

Fales permitted the account to run until the notes and mortgage were given, he
in the meantime making some small payments.
13

Lakin sold but few of the stoves bought of Wager & Fales during 1867, nor
until he sold out his stove business to Spaulding & Brown; and the fact that he
failed to realize on the stoves, and that he desired to build a new brick block
during 1868, induced him to urge Wager & Fales to wait on him, and as their
account was on interest, and there was nothing else to be done amicably, they
consented.

14

When his store was completed, which was near the close of the year 1868, he
found it had cost about double what he had expected, and as he had not realized
on the stoves, he asked for further time, again promising to pay interest.

15

On the 1st of February, 1869, Lakin wrote Wager & Fales hoping that they
would 'not get entirely out of patience with him or lose confidence in him,'
excusing himself for non-payment, and telling them that he had 'a good stock of
goods, in a good brick store, well insured, and was in a better and safer
condition than ever before.'

16

On the 4th of March, 1869, Lakin, having again excused himself for nonpayment, and begged patience, after repeated requests for payment by Wager &
Fales, who say they have already waited 'very patiently,' requested Wager &
Fales to send him a statement of his account, and 'several notes running as long
a time as they could afford to let them, and that he would stamp, sign, and
return them,' and do his best to meet them when due. The matter rested in this
way until one Johnson, who had for several years been the travelling agent of
Wager & Fales, and was then th ir partner, came West and saw Lakin with a
view of getting money from him. Lakin asked for more time. Johnson told him
he would give him time, but if he gave him long time that he ought to give a
mortgage on his real estate. Lakin was reluctant to give a mortgage, and stated
that he was perfectly responsible, more so than when the debt was incurred,
and that if his matters were closed up under the hammer, he would have
$15,000 over and above his debts, and offered to turn out notes against other
parties, three dollars to one, but said that the times were hard, and that he
depended upon farmers for collection. The matter was left open at Lakin's
special request and on his assurance that a mortgage would injure his credit, and
on his promise to pay certain stipulated sums monthly.

17

After Johnson got home, and about September, 1869, he gave Wager & Fales a
detailed account of his interview with Lakin, and told them that he considered

Lakin honest and responsible, that he required some time to make him easy in
his business matters, and that he thought it was their duty to accommodate him
by giving him time, for the reasons that he had bought a great many stoves of
them, and paid them a great deal of money, and probably would again, and was
partly a Trojan, and out of their friendship for him; and then if he would give a
ten per cent. mortgage, that would close up the account on the books of the old
firm of Wager & Fales, now about to be reconstituted, with him, Johnson, as a
partner. In this Wager & Fales concurred.
18

The matter remained in that way until some time in October or November,
1869, when Wager & Fales sent the matter to Richardson to put in shape; the
same Richardson already mentioned as the old principal of Lakin at Janesville,
in 1860, and who was a friend as well of their own. Richardson and Lakin
agreed upon terms, and Lakin was to get an abstract of title, execute the papers,
and return them; but upon Richardson's submitting the proposition to Wager &
Fales, they objected to certain portions of it, and Richardson informed Lakin
that the matter must rest until he heard further from Wager & Fales. When he
did hear, Lakin consented to their terms, and on the 15th of December, 1869,
the mortgage and notes were given.

19

During the year 1869, including the last four months of that year, Lakin was in
the habit of stating to all who questioned him in regard to his condition, that he
was worth from $12,000 to $15,000 over and above his debts and liabilities.

20

So far as to the mortgage sought by this bill to be set aside.

21

Now as to the circumstances under which the petition in bankruptcy was filed.

22

About the 1st of September, 1869, that is to say, four months prior to filing it,
Lakin owed a certain Nazro about $2400. During that four months Nazro sold
him over $500 worth of goods, and Lakin paid him during the same time over
$400. His last purchase was over $200, and made November 26th, 1869, and
his last payment December 20th, 1869.

23

On the 26th of December, 1869, a friend of Lakin, residing at Brodhead, went

to Woodstock with a letter which he had just received from a friend in Chicago,
saying that a report had been sent by some one in Brodhead to the Mercantile
Agency in Chicago, that Lakin had made an assignment of his property to his
father-in-law, Mr. Hayner. Lakin went to Janesville and told his attorney of the
report, gave him what, according to his own account, he supposed, at the time,
to be a true statement of his affairs, that he owed about $12,000 besides what he

owed Hayner on the mortgage above mentioned, and that he had goods, notes,
accounts, and real estate, which in his opinion were worth $28,000 or $30,000,
and asked for advice. His attorney advised him to make a statement of his
affairs to his creditors, ask them for an extension, if necessary; telling them
there was no truth in the report of the assignment, and to get his friends to
indorse for him; the attorney saying that thus he thought there would be no
trouble in arranging matters. Almos immediately some of his creditors,
including an agent of Nazro, came to Brodhead to investigate his concerns. He
and Nazro's agent made a statement of his condition, and on December 27th or
28th, 1869, and after a considerable investigation, found that his debts were
much larger than he had ever stated, and, as he alleged, much larger than he had
ever supposed; being at least $23,000. Lakin then saw his attorney again, and
told him how he had found matters, and was advised to send a full printed
statement of his condition to each of his creditors. Lakin made and sent out such
a statement, dated January 1st, 1870, and it showed his debts to be $26,447.73.
24

Lakin, then in company with Nazro's agent, again counselled with his attorney,
who advised him that as Nazro was one of his largest creditors and a man of
great business experience, he had better go to Milwaukee with the agent, and
confer with Nazro, and he did so. Nazro then requested Lakin to go into
voluntary bankruptcy. Lakin expressed a wish to do what was best for his
creditors, but told Nazro he thought his creditors would get more money if they
would select some one as assignee, and that he would turn over everything he
had to such assignee for the benefit of his creditors. Nazro told Lakin that the
securities he had given stood in the way of that, and unless he went into
voluntary bankruptcy, would himself file a petition and force him into
bankruptcy. Lakin then saw his attorney, and filed his petition in bankruptcy
January 8th, 1870.

25

Lakin's books were in a bad condition, and had been kept very loosely for years.
The result was that his schedules in bankruptcy, dated February 2d, 1870,
showed his debts to be $28,450.

26

Lakin's particular friend, Richardson, was on his paper during most of the last
six months of the year 1869, and a company with which he was connected was
a general creditor at the time of the failure. Lakin's father-in-law, Hayner, and
his particular friend, Williston, were on his paper to a considerable amount at
the bank at the time of his failure. A brother-in-law was a general creditor for
$1083. Several of his most intimate friends were general creditors.

27

So far as to the admitted case.

28

1. To show that Lakin was at the time of giving the mortgage to Wager & Fales
insolvent, and that he gave them the mortgage with a view to give them a
preference over his other creditors, the assignee called five witnesses, whose
evidence tended to show that for one or two years prior to the failure, Lakin had
found it difficult to raise money to pay certain claims against him, and at times
had been unable to do so and been protested; that he used moneys in his hands
as treasurer of the school district, and also as treasurer of the church, and also
moneys held by him in trust and in a fiduciary capacity, and that they and some
others in Brodhead regarded him irresponsible, but that during the same time he
was doing a business of from $15,000 to $30,000 per year, and pretended to be
worth $20,000 over and above all his debts. Two of these witnesses had, during
the time, reported him to mercantile agencies as insolvent.

29

To rebut this evidence, and to show that whatever might have been Lakin's
actual condition, he never, prior to his failure, had any idea of stopping
business, or being unable to pay all his debts, or that the mortgage would
operate as a preference to Wager & Fales, but that he gave the mortgage to
obtain a long extension so that he would not have to crowd his own creditors, or
sell property for less than it was worth to pay his debts, and that this extension
would give him more money to use in his business and pay other debts, the
defendants called nine witnesses, whose evidence in addition to the facts, as
above stated, tended to show that Lakin as treasurer of the school district and
the church received no compensation, but by a sort of consent of the board of
trustees used the moneys as he pleased, they drawing on him for the amounts as
they might desire to use it; that there was no defalcati n with either.

30

2. To show that Wager & Fales at the time of receiving this mortgage had
reasonable cause to believe that Lakin was insolvent, and that the mortgage was
made in fraud of the provisions of the Bankrupt Act, the assignee called one
witness. His evidence tended to show that he had had a conversation with the
defendant, Wager, in November, 1869, in which Wager stated that he had made
up his mind that Lakin was insolvent, but that the witness stated that he had
recently been in Brodhead and that Lakin had assured him that he had property
enough to pay all his debts, and he thought Lakin would pay dollar for dollar.

31

This testimony was contradicted by Wager.

32

In addition to this there was the positive evidence of six witnesses, that Lakin
had all the time represented himself to be worth from $12,000 to $15,000 over
and above his debts, and that they all believed it.

33

The court below decreed that the mortgage was fraudulent, and should be

33

The court below decreed that the mortgage was fraudulent, and should be
discharged of record. The defendants appealed to this court.

34

Messrs. J. B. Cassady and W. Merill, for the appellant:

35

1. Did Lakin make the mortgage with a view to give Wager & Fales a
preference over his other creditors?

36

The words'with a view to give a preference'were selected and put in this

clause of the statute because they express a thoughta condition of things
which the clause would not express without them, and hence they are not to be
rendered insignificant by construction.

37

Lakin could not give a mortgage 'with a view to give Wager & Fales a
preference over his other creditors,' without recognizing the fact, or in other
words knowing, or at least believing, that he had not sufficient property to pay
all his debts, and hence that in so far as he secured them in excess of their
proportionate share of his estate, he would take from others a corresponding
amount of their proportionate share of his estate, and thus prevent an equal
distribution of his estate which in his mindhis viewat the time was less in
value than the amount of his liabilities. A view to give a preference, therefore,
as used in this clause, is nothing more nor less than a mental picture, a vision of
an amount of indebtedness by the debtor exceeding the value of all his
property, and a purpose to prevent an equal distribution by paying or securing
some creditors at the expense of others. If Lakin had the picture in his mind
the visionthen he necessarily had some intent or belief as to the effect of
giving the mortgage, and hence his intent or belief is in the question. The
giving of a mortgage, or doing any other act by a debtor which would operate as
a preference with such a picture in his mind, and with such a purpose, would
establish an intent to give a preference.

38

But it is idle to talk about a man giving a mortgage with a view to give a
preference to some of his creditors over others, when at the time of giving the
mortgage he had no knowledge or belief that his property was less in value than
the amount of his liabilities.

39

The case of Jones v. Howland,2 a leading case in Massachusetts, seems to settle

this case in our favor. That case, indeed, arose on section second of the
Bankrupt Act of 1841. But a fair analysis of that section and of section thirtyfive of the present bankrupt law, under which this case arises, will, we think,
reveal the fact, that they mean to lay down essentially the same rule as to the
intent of the debtor, and if this is so the authorities sustain our position.

In Jones v. Howland the court say:

40

'If a party who fears or belives himself insolvent, but does not contemplate
stoppage or failure, and intends to keep on, and make his payments, and
transact his business, hoping that his affairs may be thereafter retrieved, and in
that state of mind makes a sale or payment, without intending to give a
preference, and as a measure connected with going on in his business, and not
as a me sure preparatory to, or connected with, a stoppage in business, such sale
or payment is not void, as made in contemplation of bankruptcy, within the
meaning of the second section of the United States Bankrupt Act of 1841,
though he immediately after wards became bankrupt.

41

'It is said that a man must be supposed to intend the natural result of his act.
But this remark, though often treated as an axiom, is by no means an infallible
proposition. The result is not always evidence of the supposed intent. When we
look back upon events that have happened, we stand in a different position; we
behold with a clearer vision as we embrace within our glance the beginning and
the end, the act and the consequences. But the man who is doing the act may
contemplate a very different result. His judgment may be biassed by his wishes,
and sanguine feelings may be the cause of overlooking difficulties, which to a
more quiet temperament might appear insurmountable. Disappointments also
may take place which were not anticipated. The experience of others is rarely a
guide to an embarrassed man, and he goes on with the hope of relief, even
against hope. To infer, therefore, a design to give a preference to a favored
creditor, and in the immediate expectation of bankruptcy, from the mere fact of
insolvency, is by no means a certain inference nor such as the jury would be
necessarily bound to draw from the debtor's knowledge of his insolvency. The
evidence must also go further and establish, as a fact, the design to give the
preferencea fact too important to be left upon conjecture.'

42

The court in the above opinion follows the best considered English cases; 3 and
these cases have been adopted by this court as containing the 'sounder rule.'4
Hence this court takes the same view as the court did in Jones v. Howland. The
doctrine stated in that case has moroever been cited with approval or
substantially followed in many of the Circuit and District Courts of the United
States.

43

2. Did Wager & Fales, at the time of receiving the mortgage, have reasonable
cause to believe that Lakin was insolvent?

44

There is no evidence that Wager & Fales had any knowledge that Lakin owed

any debt except their own, and we submit, as a matter of law, that the mere fact
that Wager & Fales held an account against Lakin which had been due nearly
two years, under the circumstances stated, is not sufficient to establish as a
matter of fact that they had reasonable cause to believe that he was insolvent.
45

3. Did Wager & Fales when they received the mortgage have reasonable cause
to believe that Lakin made it in fraud of the provisions of the Bankrupt Act?

46

It is very evident that the question whether the mortgage was made by Lakin in
fraud of the provisions of the Bankrupt Act, is entirely a different question
from the one whether at the time he had the ability to pay his debts as they
became due in the ordinary course of business; and for Wager & Fales to have
reasonable cause to believe the one, is entirely a different question than for
them to have reasonable cause to believe the other.

47

The evidence is overwhelming that Wager, Fales, Johnson, and Richardson

were at the time of receiving the mortgage each and all convinced from what
they knew in regard to Lakin, and what he had told them, that he was worth
from $10,000 to $20,000, over and above his debts, and there is no evidence in
the case tending to show that they had any reasonable cause to believe that he
owed any considerable amount of debts aside from their own, much less that
the amount of his debts was in excess or equal to the value of his propert .

48

Mr. Justice CLIFFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

49

Preferences as well as fraudulent conveyances, if made within four months

before the filing of the petition by or against the bankrupt, are forbidden by the
Bankrupt Act, but three things must be proved in order that the transaction may
come within that prohibition and be affected by it as an illegal payment,
security, or transfer: (1.) That the payment, pledge, assignment, transfer, or
conveyance was made within four months before the filing of the petition by or
against the bankrupt and with a view to give a preference to some one of his
creditors, or to a person having a claim against him or who was under some
liability on his account. (2). That the person making the payment, pledge,
assignment, transfer, or conveyance was insolvent or in contemplation of
insolvency at the time the preference was given or secured. (3.) That the person
receiving such payment, pledge, assignment, or conveyance, or to be benefited
thereby, had reasonable cause to believe that the person making the payment or
giving or securing such preference was insolvent, and that the payment, pledge,
assignment, transfer, or conveyance was made in fraud of the provisions of the
Bankrupt Act.5

50

On the 15th of December, 1869, the insolvent debtor named in the bill of
complaint executed to the respondents a certain deed of mortgage of that date,
of the following parcels of real estate, situate in the town of Brodhead in that
State, and known as the north one-third of lot one in block one hundred and
one, also all of lot three in block one hundred and one, also the north half of the
south half of block seventy-nine, also the east half and the southwest quarter of
block two hundred and six, also all of block one hundred and forty-two, it
appearing that all of these several parcels of real estate were conveyed by the
insolvent debtor to secure the payment of five notes which he gave to the
respondents, of the same date, payable to the respondents or order as follows:
one for $600, payable in six months; one for $600, payable in twelve months;
one for $600 payable in sixteen months; one for $600, payable in twenty
months, and one for $600 payable in two years, and all with interest at the rate
of 10 per cent.

51

Prior to that date, to wit, on the 27th of August of the same year, the insolvent
debtor mortgaged the first-named parcel of real estate, which is his new brick
store and lot, to Andrew P. Hayner, the father of his wife, to secure the payment
of three notes of that date which he gave to the mortgagee, of the following
tenor: one for $1287.87, payable in three years; one for $1000, payable in two
years, and one for $1000, payable in three years, all with interest annually at
the rate of 10 per cent.

52

Twenty-four days after he gave the mortgage to the respondents he filed his
petition in bankruptcy, and on the 2d of February following he was adjudged a
bankrupt. His creditors made an examination into his affairs soon after he gave
the mortgage to the respondents, when it was made to appear that he was
hopelessly insolvent, which induced him to make an effort to compromise with
his creditors, but without any success, and he then filed the petition to be
adjudged a bankrupt, and on the 4th of March in the same year the complainant
was duly appointed the assignee in bankruptcy of his estate.

53

All of the notes secured by the mortgage to the respondents were given by the
insolvent debtor for a debt which had been past due more than two years, and
which the insolvent contracted for stoves purchased by him as stock in trade.
His purchases were made on a credit of four months, and the record shows that
the respondents, in repeated instances, called upon him for payment and had
several times sent their agent to effect that object without much success. Small
amounts were paid, but the insolvent debtor constantly asked for further
indulgence, offering as a reason for his failure to meet his contr cts that
business was dull, and that it was impossible to collect what wad due from his
customers.

54

More than a year before the execution of this mortgage, he sold out his stock of
stoves to other parties and abandoned that business, limiting his trade to that of
a retail hardware merchant, and during that same year he built the new brick
store which he mortgaged to his father-in-law three or four months before he
gave the mortgage to the respondents.

55

Precisely what sum the store cost does not appear, but it must have been as
much as $6000 or $8000, as the evidence shows that he owed more than
$14,000 when he gave the mortgage in question, a large portion of which had
been due for a long time.

56

Convincing evidence was also introduced showing that for a year or two he had
been hard pressed for money by many of his creditors, and that his notes in
repeated instances had been protested for non-payment, and it also appears that
he had borrowed money at banks by means of indorsers and been obliged to get
the same renewed, and he had used trust funds in his hands to pay pressing
demands, and when called upon to repay the amount he was obliged to ask for
delay.

57

Some of the notes given for the stock of stoves he had used to secure past-due
debts and such portion of the consideration as had been paid he had expended in
his business. Part of the money required to build the store, to wit, the sum of
$3000, he borrowed of his wife's father, agreeing at the time to give him a
mortgage of the premises when the store was completed, but the mortgage was
not executed until the next season, and it appears that the respondents, whey
they heard of that mortgage through their agent, also demanded a similar
security, which the insolvent debtor for a time refused to give, pleading as an
excuse for declining the request that it would injure his credit. Witnesses were
also examined to show that his credit was not in good repute, but it is
unnecessary to enter into those details, as the proofs are of the most satisfactory
character that he did not pay his debts when the obligations fell due and that he
suffered his notes to go to protest.

58

Nothing need be added to show that the means of ascertaining the condition of
his affairs were at hand, as his other creditors, when they instituted inquiries
upon the subject, shortly after the insolvent debtor gave the mortgage to the
respondents, found no difficulty in learning that he owed more than the value of
his property, and that he had been insolvent for two years. Enough, and more
than enough has been remarked to show that the mortgagor was insolvent when
he executed the mortgage to the respondents, as the fact is admitted both by the
mortgagor and the mortgagees.

59

Preferences of one creditor over another are prohibited by the Bankrupt Act, if
made within four months before the filing of the petition, and the complainant,
as such assignee, prays that the mortgage may be declared fraudulent and void,
and that the same may be decreed to be given up to be cancelled, or that the
respondents may be required, in due form of law, to execute and deliver to him,
as such assignee, a satisfaction, release, and discharge of the mortgage. Proofs
were taken, and the parties having been heard, the Circuit Court entered a
decree for the complainant, and the respondents appealed to this court.

60

Made, as the mortgage was, within twenty-four days next before the petition in
bankruptcy was filed, and for the express purpose of securing to the
respondents the payment of a large debt long overdue, the first material
allegation to be proved may be considered, in view of the evidence already
referred to, as fully established. Discussion to show that the effect of the
mortgage was to secure a preference over all of the creditors of the bankrupt,
except his wife's father and the firm secured by one of the notes given by the
purchasers of the stoves, is unnecessary, as that proposition is self-evident; and
the allegation that the mortgagor was insolvent as the time may als be
considered established, as it is fully proved and stands confessed. Sufficient has
also been remarked to show that the conveyance in mortgage was made with a
view to give a preference to the respondents over all his other creditors, except
such as he had previously secured in the modes previously explained.

61

Evidence of the most satisfactory character was introduced to show that the
insolvent debtor had reasonable cause to believe that he was insolvent, and in
view of all the circumstances the conclusion of the court is that he knew that he
was insolvent in the sense of the Bankrupt Act. Creditors were constantly
pressing him for payment, and he was notoriously unable to comply with their
just demands. Extensions were asked, which were sometimes granted and
sometimes refused, and it appears that considerable of his paper went to protest.
Such a conveyance, under such circumstances, could hardly be made by one
deeply insolvent unless with a view to give the grantee a preference over other
creditors, who were without any security, as the law authorizes the presumption
that a person of ordinary intelligence intends what is the necessary and
unavoidable consequence of his acts.

62

Insolvency, as used in the Bankrupt Act, when applied to traders, does not
mean an absolute inability of the debtor to pay his debts at some future time,
upon a settlement and winding up of his affairs, but a present inability to pay in
the ordinary course of his business, or, in other words, that a trader is insolvent
when he cannot pay his debts in the ordinary course of business as men in trade
usually do, and such much be the conclusion, even though his inability be not

so great as to compel him to stop business.6

63

Reference is made by the respondents to the case of Jones v. Howland,7 which

it is insisted lays down a different rule. Suppose it be admitted that the opinion
in that case affords some support to the suggestion, still it is only an apparent
inconsistency, which is easily reconciled, as the case arose upon the prior
Bankrupt Act, which did not declare such a conveyance void, unless it was
made in contemplation of bankruptcy and for the purpose of giving the creditor
a preference or priority over the other creditors of the bankrupt.8 What was said
by the judge who gave the opinion in that case, which is supposed to be
inconsistent with the more recent opinions of the court upon the same general
subject, was said in construing the provision referred to in the prior law. He did
say in that case that if the debtor honestly believes he shall be able to go on in
his business, and with such belief pays a just debt without a design to give a
preference, such payment is not fraudulent though bankruptcy should
afterwards ensue; but the judge admitted in the same case that if the debtor,
being insolvent and knowing his situation and expecting to stop payment, shall
then make a payment or give security to a creditor for a just debt, with a view
to give him a preference over other creditors, such payment or giving security is
fraudulent. But the present Bankrupt Act avoids a conveyance, made with a
view to give a preference, if the debtor at the time be in fact insolvent, although
he may not contemplate bankruptcy in connection with the conveyance.9 Such a
conveyance, if made by a person actually insolvent or in contemplation of
insolvency, to secure a preexisting debt, said Hoar, J., 'may be avoided by the
assignee if the mortgagee had reasonable cause to believe him insolvent at the
time he took the mortgage, and that the conveyance was made to impede the
operation of the insolvent laws;' and he added that it is made prim a facie
evidence of such cause of belief if the conveyance is not made in the usual and
ordinary course of business of the debtor.10

64

Nothing remains, therefore, to be re-examined except the issue whether the

respondents had reasonable cause to believe that the mortgagor was insolvent
and that the conveyance was made in fraud of the provisions of the Bankrupt
Act. Proof that the respondents had actual knowledge that the mortgagor was
insolvent at that time is not required to support the prayer for relief, but the
allegation in that behalf is sustained if it appears that they had reasonable cause
for such belief, as that is the language of the Bankrupt Act. Actual knowledge
of the alleged fact is not made the cirterion of proof in such an issue, nor is it
necessary that it should appear that the respondents actually believed that the
mortgagor was insolvent, but the true inquiry is whether they, as business men,
acting with ordinary prudence, sagacity, and discretion, had reasonable cause to
believe that the debtor was insolvent, in view of all the facts and circumstances

known to them at the time the conveyance was made.11 Unless the debtor was
in fact insolvent it cannot be held that such a grantee had reasonable cause to
believe the allegation, but if it appears that the debtor was in fact insolvent as
alleged, and that the means of knowledge were at hand, and that such facts and
circumstances were known to the grantee as were clearly sufficient to put a
person of ordinary prudence and discretion upon inquiry, it is well settled that it
would be his duty to make all such reasonable inquiries to ascertain the true
state of the case. Purchasers are required to exercise ordinary prudence in
respect to the title of the seller, and if they fail to investigate when put upon
inquiry, they are chargeable with all the knowledge which it is reasonable to
suppose they would have acquired if they had performed their duty in that
regard.12 Creditors have reasonable cause to believe that a debror, who is a
trader, is insolvent when such a state of facts is brought to their notice
respecting the affairs and pecuniary condition of the debtor as would lead a
prudent business man to the conclusion that he is unable to meet his obligations
as they mature in the ordinary course of business.13 All experience shows that
positive proof of fraudulent acts, between debtor and creditor, is not generally
to be expected, and it is for that reason, among others, that the law allows in
such controversies a resort to circumstances as the means of ascertaining the
truth, and the rule of evidence is well settled that circumstances altogether
inconclusive, if separately considered, may by their number and joint operation,
especially when corroborated by moral coincidences, be sufficient to constitute
conclusive proof, which is a rule clearly applicable to the facts and
circumstances disclosed in this record.14
65

Apply those two rules to the present case and it may well be said that the
argument is concluded, as it is difficult to resist the conclusion that the
respondents had actual knowledge that 'the insolvent debtor was unable to meet
his obligations as they matured in the ordinary course of his business.'15 Such
proof, however, is not required, as the only issue in this behalf is whether the
respondents had reasonable cause to believe that the debtor was insolvent at the
time they received the conveyance, testing the question under the rule
prescribed by this court. 16

66

Much discussion of the question whether the respondents had reasonable cause
to believe that the conveyance was made in fraud of the Bankrupt Act may well
be omitted, as the whole issue is substantially adjudged by the recent decision
of this court, which is to the effect foll wing: that the transfer by a debtor who
is insolvent of his property, or a considerable portion of it, to one creditor as a
security for a pre-existing debt, without making any provision for an equal
distribution of its proceeds to all his creditors, operates as a preference to such
transferee and must be taken as prim a facie evidence that a preference was

intended, unless the debtor or transferee can show that the debtor was at the
time ignorant of his insolvency, and that his affairs were such that he could
reasonably expect to pay all his debts; and that a transfer by an insolvent debtor
of his property, or any considerable portion of it, with a view to secure it to one
creditor, and thus prevent an equal distribution among all his creditors, is a
transfer in fraud of the Bankrupt Act.17
67

Knowledge of a given fact may be proved by circumstances, even in an

ordinary equity suit, where, from the nature of the pleadings, the testimony of a
single witness without corroboration would not be sufficient to establish the
alleged fact, and if so it cannot be doubted that circumstances in a case like the
present are sufficient to put the respondents upon inquiry, or even to show that
they had reasonable cause to believe the alleged fact, that the conveyance was
made in fraud of the Bankrupt Act. Their debt had been overdue for two years,
and throughout that period they had pressed the insolvent debtor for payment,
both in person and through their agent, and it is not doubted that if they had
made the least inquiry they would have been as successful as his other creditors
were, a few days later, in ascertaining that he was hopelessly insolvent. Beyond
doubt they knew that he had mortgaged his new brick store and lot to his wife's
father, and when he finally consented to give them a mortgage on all or nearly
all of his real estate, they were fairly put upon inquiry, and having neglected to
make such they are justly chargeable with all the knowledge it is reasonable to
suppose they would have acquired if they had performed their duty as required
by law.

68

DECREE AFFIRMED.

69

[See the last preceding case, and also Buchanan v. Smith, supra, p. 277.]

14 Stat. at Large, 534.

8 Metcalf, 377, 386, 387.

Fidgeon v. Sharpe, 5 Taunton, 545; Morgan v. Brundrett, 5 Barnewall &

Adolphus, 297; Atkinson v. Brindall, 2 Bingham's New Cases, 225; Same Case,
2 Scott, 369; Hartshorn v. Slodden, 2 Bosanquet & Puller, 582; Gibbins v.
Phillips, 7 Barnewall & Creswell, 529; Belcher v. Prittie, 10 Bingham, 408.

Buckingham v. McLean, 13 Howard, 169-170.

Scammon v. Cole, 5 National Bankruptcy Register, 259.

Vennard v. McConnell, 11 Allen, 562; Thompson v. Thompson, 4 Cushing,

134; Barnard v. Crosby, 6 Allen, 331.

8 Metcalf, 377-385.

5 Stat. at Large, 442.

Forbes v. Howe, 102 Massachusetts, 435.

10

Nary v. Merrill, 8 Allen, 452.

11

Coburn v. Proctor, 15 Gray, 38.

12

Tiffany v. Lucas, 15 Wallace, 410; Scammon v. Cole, 5 National Bankruptcy

Register, 263.

13

Toof v. Martin, 13 Wallace, 40.

14

Castle v. Bullard, 23 Howard, 187.

15

Toof v. Martin, 13 Wallace, 40.

16

Coburn v. Proctor, 15 Gray, 38.

17

Toof v. Martin, 13 Wallace, 40; Nary v. Merrill, 8 Allen, 452; Metcalf v.

Munson, 10 Id. 491; Scammon v. Cole, 5 National Bankruptcy Register, 269.