Chapter 17 Reading Worksheet

Name ___________________

1. Briefly differentiate adaptive immunity from innate immunity:

- Unlike innate defenses, the adaptive immune system defenses are acquired through infection or
vaccination and are highly specific
2. Is the immunity resulting from vaccination the result of innate or adaptive immunity?
- Adaptive
3. Terminology can get confusing here. See if you can sort out the similarities/differences/relatedness
between the following terms:
a. Cytokines:
- Small protein released from human cells that regulates the immune response
- Directly or indirectly may induce fever, pain, or T cell proliferation
b. Interleukins
- Chemical that causes T-cell proliferation
- Cytokine that serves as communicators between leukocytes
c. Chemokines
- Cytokine that induces, by chemotaxis, the migration of leukocytes into infected areas
e. TNF-
- Tumor necrosis factor: polypeptide released by phagocytes in response to bacterial
endotoxins
- Strong factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune diseases
4. What is a cytokine storm? Is this a beneficial or damaging event? How are cytokine storms related
to superantigens?
- Overproduction of cytokines
- Can cause damage to human body
5. Define antigen:
- Any substance that causes antibody formation; also called an immunogen
- Most are either proteins or large polysaccharides
- Lipids and nucleic acids are usually antigenic only when combined with proteins and
polysaccharides
What are some components of microorganisms that are antigenic?
- Capsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbriae, and toxins of bacteria
- Coats of viruses
- Surfaces of other types of microbes
6.

Compare the antibody-mediated (humoral immunity to cell-mediated immunity using this table.

Which Lymphocytes are most

involved?
Long (2016)

Antibody-Mediated (Humoral)
B lymphocytes

Cell-Mediated
T lymphocytes

Other cells involved

Protect against:

Viruses, bacteria, and toxins

from body tissue fluids and
blood

Antigenic peptides after they

have been processed by
phagocytic cells

Antibody-Mediated Immunity:
7. What are the immunoglobulins?
- A protein (antibody) formed in response to an antigen and can react with that antigen
8. How do antibodies protect us?
- Made in response to an antigen and can recognize and bind to the antigen
9.

When stimulated by _____________________, B lymphocytes proliferate and generate

________________cells which produce ___________________________ and

___________________cells which respond the next time the individual is exposed to the same antigen.
10. a. Draw the general structure of an antibody molecule. Label the light chains, the heavy chains, the
antigen-binding sites and the Fc end.

b. Which end of the antibody molecule interacts with complement or with phagocytes?
- FAB

11.Immunoglobulin Classes
% in blood
Long (2016)

IgG
80%

IgM
5-10%
2

IgA
10-15%

IgE
0.002%

Other locations
Structure
Timing of Production
Crosses the Placenta?
Other information?

Blood, lymph,
intestine

Blood, lymph, B
cells

Monomer

Pentamer (5
subunits)
EARLY
No
Agglutinates
microbes; first Ab
produced in
response to
infection

LATE
Yes
Enhance
phagocytosis;
neutralize toxins
and viruses;
protects fetus and
newborn

What is the role of IgD? Initiate immune response

Secretions rich
supply in
colostrum
Dimer (2
subunits)

Mast cells,
basophils, in
blood
Monomer

No
Mucosal
protection

No
Allergic
reactions
(allergy
antibody); lysis
of parasitic
worms

Where is IgD found? Blood, lymph, B cells

12. Explain what is meant by clonal proliferation.

- Production of daughter cells all arising from a single cell
- All progeny shares same antigen specificity
13. Differentiate between T-dependent antigens and T-independent antigens.
- T-dependent: antigen that will stimulate the formation of antibodies (B lymphocyte) only with
the assistance of T helper cells
- T-independent: antigen that will stimulate the formation of antibodies without the assistance of T
helper cells antigen alone can activate
14. List the possible outcomes (results) of antibody binding to antigen. This basically is how antibodies
get rid of antigens or help remove them. (see fig. 17.8, p. 478)
a.
Agglutination
d.
Neutralization
b.
Opsonization
e.
Activation of complement
c.
Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
15. Define opsonization and give two examples of chemical substances which can act as opsonins. (one
type of opsonin was discussed in chapter 16).
Opsonization: the enhancement of phagocytosis by coating microorganisms with certain serum
proteins (opsonins); also called immune adherence
a. Antibody
b. Complement

T-Cells and Cell Mediated Immunity

16. The recognition of antigen by T helper cells requires: (2nd column, p. 481)
- T cell receptor recognizes antigen fragments held in a complex with proteins of MHC class II on
surface of the APC (antigen-presenting cell) initial signal for activation
- Second signal costimulatory signal that comes from either APC or T helper cell also required
for activation
17. Briefly describe their roles of CD4+ cells (TH1, TH2, T H17 cells). (Table 17.2, p. 485)
Long (2016)

a. TH1 cells
- Activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity
- Macrophages, TC cells, natural killer cells
b. TH2 cells
- Stimulates production of eosinophils, IgM, IgE
c. TH17 cells
- Recruits neutrophils
- Stimulates production of antimicrobial proteins
18. Briefly describe the role of CD8+ cells (Tc cells):
- Can differentiate into cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) has ability to recognize and kill target
cells that are considered nonself (have been altered by infection with pathogen especially virus)
- Recognizes endogenous antigens on the target cells surface that are in combination with an
MHC class I molecule (found on nucleated cells) therefore CTL can attack almost any cell of the host
that has been altered
19. What cells produce perforin and granzyme? What do these chemicals do?
- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)
- Perforin: protein that makes a pore in a target cell membrane
- Granzyme: proteases that induce apoptosis that are able to enter through pores made by perforin
18. Define apoptosis and explain its function.
- Natural programmed death of a cell
- Residual fragments are disposed by phagocytosis
20. What is the role of Treg cells?
- Suppress T cells that might be reactive against self
- One of the mechanisms that normally suppresses autoimmunity help discriminate between
helper and self
- Regulates immune response
21. Describe the critical role of the macrophage and dendritic cells in initiating a cell-mediated immune
response. How do the roles of these cells differ?
- Macrophage: cells usually found in resting state important for innate immunity and ridding
body of worn-out blood cells and other debris
- When activated (by ingestion of antigenic material or cytokines) more effective as
phagocytes and APCs
- Important factors in control of cancer cells, virus-infected cells, intracellular
pathogens
- Appearance becomes recognizably different
- Dendritic cell: type of APC characterized by long finger like extensions
- Found in lymphatic tissue and skin
- Principle APCs to induce immune responses by T cells
- Engulf invading microbes, degrade them, transfer them to lymph nodes for
display to T cells located there
22. Briefly describe the role of NK cells. How is this different from the role of CTL?
- Attacks and destroys target cells
Long (2016)
4

- Participates in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

- In contrast to CTL NK cells are not immunologically specific dont need to be stimulated by
antigen
- Distinguish normal cells from transformed cells, or cells infected with intracellular
pathogens

Immunologic Memory
23. Define antibody titer.
- Amount of antibody in serum
24. Compare and contrast the primary and secondary immune response, including the following:
Primary Response
Secondary Response
Rate of antibody
Slow
Fast
production
Level or concentration
Low/undetectable
High
of antibodies.
Predominant type of
IgM
IgG
antibody.
25. For each of the following, indicate whether the immunity is (1) actively or passively acquired and
whether it is (2) naturally or artificially acquired:
a. A newborn is usually immune to chicken pox during the first 2 4 months of life.
- Passive, natural
b. Your professor is immune to measles because she had measles when she was 4 years old.
- Active, natural
c. Your child is immune to measles because he received the MMR vaccine.
- Active, artificial
d. Breast-fed infants typically have a significantly lower incidence of infections than formula fed
infants.
- Passive, natural
e. A migrant laborer was seen in the ER for a hand wound acquired when he was punctured by a
barbed wire fence. He had no history of having received the tetanus vaccine. An injection of
Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) was administered.
- Passive, artificial
f. In case (e) above, in addition to receiving the shot of TIG, he also was administered the tetanus
vaccine.
- Active, artificial

Long (2016)