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Submitted by:
Guided by-
Ms Savita Dahiya
Additional Professor
Rajasthan Cadre
IGNFA
Declaration of Originality
I, Ms. Savita Dahiya, hereby declare that the report being presented here is first
hand perspective and due acknowledgement is given for the sources referred.
Savita Dahiya
IFS(P), Rajasthan Cadre
I, Dr. Sanjay Srivastava, hereby declare that the work on the topic has been done
under my supervision.
Table of Contents
Objectives of Study
Methodology
Introduction
2
3
5
6
Chapter 1
Introduction
.4
CONUNDRUM
Mining is the primary source of important metals and minerals for areas
ranging from traditional construction to green technology. Yet mining is
also associated with a number of negative consequences, such as large
quantities of waste, emissions to water and air, and noise. Common
concern for the environment has led to a convergence of mining laws; not
only in the Nordic region, but globally. The extensive amount of EU
directives in this area illustrates this. This is reflected by the mineral
strategies adopted by many countries in recent years.
India is also endowed with abundant mineral resources and most of these
resources are located in nationally protected areas, which establishes a
fundamental conflict between the goals of promoting the development of
our domestic mineral/ energy supplies and
the preservation of our national treasures
especially
Wildlife.
With
growth
in
environmental activism, the Protected Area
Network is expanding. This will further
enhance the conflict as developing economy
needs more natural resources to sustain GDP
growth.
It has been argued that area earmarked for the extraction or mining had
already been degraded and that the economic value of mining outweighs
its negative effects. On the other hand, majority of these forest reserves
sit on minerals; therefore if permits are offered to mining companies, all of
the nation's forests will be degraded. The Forest Service promulgated
regulations to deal with the increase of environmental mishaps
attributable to mining in the national forests.
National parks, nature reserves, and other protected areas (PAs) are the
foundation of global efforts to conserve biodiversity. Today, more than
122,000 nationally designated PAs cover approximately 12% of the earth's
land surface and another 0.65% of its oceans (Wood et al. 2008; IUCN and
UNEP 2009; United Nations 2009).
It is normally assumed that PAs are permanent fixtures on the landscape,
but recent evidence points to widespread downgrading, downsizing, and
degazettement of PA (PADDD). Though the conventional pattern regarding
PAs is one of continuous growth in numbers and spatial extent (Figure 2),
several countries have scaled back their national PA systems. Recent
government proposals like downgrading Amboseli National Park (Kenya)
and the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) (USA) are few examples.
INDIAN SCENARIO
o
o
10
Figure 3
11
Chapter 2
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORKS IN THE
SCANDINAVIAN
COUNTRIES
Scandinavian nations lack large scale conflicts and are global leaders in
environmental and energy policy. Norway, is the worlds third largest oil
and LNG producer. Finland is the world leader in the enclosed flash
smelting process for copper and other sulfide ores. The technology has
dramatically increased production efficiency and reduced energy
requirements for ore processing, while almost completely eliminating toxic
emissions. The magnetite-producing Kiruna Mine in Sweden is one of the
worlds largest and most modern underground mines.
History of extractive industry regulation and environmental management
in all the Scandinavian countries tends toward broad consensus, with
policies remaining little affected by changes in party control of the
government. Trust in public administrators is strong.
Under Swedens Mining Law, only nine employees work in Bergstaten, the
national mining bureau office within the Swedish Geological Survey. The
office handled 305 mineral exploration leases in 2005 almost double
the total for 2004 and emphaises on efficiency and fair operating
environment.
In 1999, Sweden consolidated 15 existing environmental laws into a single
Environmental Code amounting to 164 pages. Permit are granted by
Environmental CourtsPermits are not required for limited exploration
(subject of controversy). Its is obligatory to consult County Board if
12
There are certain STOP provisions, whereby any activity causing harm to
public health are stopped at any stage.
.4
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORKS IN CANADA
&
AUSTRALIA
.4
REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
IN
GHANA
14
REGULATORY
FRAMEWORKS IN
UNITED STATES
There are many similarities between Indian and USAs mining policy and
conflict landscape. The National Forest System includes 155 National
Forests consisting of 191 million acres. These lands encompass about 10%
of the land area of the United States. More than 7 million acres of land
within the National Forest System contain coal reserves. There are a
limited number of surface and underground coal mining operations
currently existing within the boundaries of the National Forests.
There are rigid laws and long court battles which has more rift between
general public and conservationists. The Endangered Species Act, for
example, places severe restrictive measures on any public or private land
that contains listed species or sensitive habitats, which may give
landowners strong disincentives to identify endangered species or critical
habitats. In a recent incident, controversy erupted over closure of large
lumber areas in the Northwest because they were habitat for the spotted
owl.
17
activities
Chapter 4
19
Chapter 5
Institutional innovations
22
References
23