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high pass filter network is added between preamplifier and modulator stage. This high pass filter
acts as pre-emphasis network to improve the signal to
noise level of FM transmission at higher frequency.
The pre-emphasis network is optional. However, the
receiver will suffer from distortion at higher frequency
of audio signal if this stage is ignored. With the carrier
signal generated from oscillator, the modulator
modulates the carrier with input signal from preamplifier stage.
The operating frequency of the generated
FM output is still not enough to be transmitted through
free space. Thus, several stages of frequency
multiplier are put to increase the operating frequency.
After going through a number of multipliers, the
attenuation of signal level is compensated by the final
stage power amplifier. Power amplifier restored the
FM signal strength to the desired level.
B. Schematic Diagram and PCB layout design
Audio Signal
PreAmplifier
FM
Modula
tor
Freque
ncy
Multipl
Oscillat
or
Antenna
Power
Amplifi
Figure 1. Block Diagram of Standard FM transmitter
Electrolytic Capacitor
Trimmer Resistor
Ceramic Capacitors
Transducer
Antenna
Transistor
Battery
1uF
1Mohm
.1uF,10000pF, 1000pF,
3.3pF
Condenser Microphone
2 mm diameter wire
BC547
9V
4 d
( )
(
Path Loss dB ) =20 log 10
51.1720
80
Or
4 df
c
( )
Path Loss ( dB ) =20 log 10
Wherein
f=108Mhz
c=3x108 m/s(speed of light)
Matrix d = Distance
Distance (m)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
V. CONCLUSIONS
In the series of experiment conducted, the
group was able to conclude the following:
-The optimum frequency for the transmitter is found to
be at 108.0 MHz
-The FM Transmitter produces transmit power in a
microwatt scale. Thus, proving that the transmitter is a
low power FM transmitter.
-The data showed that there is indeed an increase
path loss as the distance between the receiver and
the transmitter increases.
Command for displaying the correlation plot:
VI. RECOMMENDATION/S
-Tuning the FM transmitter to your desired frequency
can be almost difficult and time consuming. The use of
a frequency counter is recommended to easily match
the frequency.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] Armoogum,V. Soyjaudah, K. M. S. Mohamudally,
N. and Fogarty, T., Comparative Study of Path Loss
with some Existing Models for Digital Television
Broadcasting for Summer Season in the North of
Mauritius at UHF Band, IEEE The Third Advanced
International Conference on Telecommunications
(AICT-07), ISBN 0-7695- 2443-0
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_loss
[3] Armoogum, V. Soyjaudah, K.M.S. Mohamudally, N.
and Fogarty, T. 2007, Path Loss Analysis between
Cedric
G.
Dela Cruz
Electronics Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines Quezon
City
cedricgdelacruz@ymail.com