Plane Electromagnetic Waves: Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum

5.
Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum
Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
3/19/2014
5.1 Introduction
Electromagnetic
Waves
Poynting
vector
Plane waves
Polarization
Lossless
medium
Lossy
conducting
medium
Plane waves in
various media
Good
conductor
Good
dielectric
Fig. 5.1 Plane Waves

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5.2 Plane waves

5.2.1 What are plane waves?
What are waves?
Waves are a means for transferring energy or information
from one place to another
What are EM waves?
Electromagnetic waves as the name suggests, are a means for
transferring electromagnetic energy
Why it is named as plane waves?
Mathematically assumes the following form
r r
r j ( kr rr t )
F ( r , t ) = F0 e
3
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

r
where k is the wave vector and it points in the direction of

wave propagation,
r
r is the general position vector,
is the angular frequency, and
r
F 0 is a constant vector
r
F 0 denotes either an electric or magnetic field ( F is a
notation for field not for the force)
r
For example, in electromagnetic waves, F 0 is either vector
r
r
electric ( E 0 ) or magnetic field ( H 0 )
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

In rectangular or Cartesian coordinate system
r
)
)
)
k = kxx + ky y + kzz
r
)
) )
r = xx + yy + zz
r r
2
2
2
k = k k = ( k x ) + ( k y ) + ( k z ) = 2
2
Note that the constant phase surface for such waves

r r
)
)
)
) )
)
k r = ( k x x + k y y + k z z ) ( xx + yy + zz ) = k x x + k y y + k z z = con tan t
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

defines a plane surface and hence the name plane waves
Since the field strength is uniform everywhere it is also
known as uniform plane waves

A plane wave is a constant-frequency wave whose
wavefronts (surfaces of constant phase) are infinite parallel
planes
of constant amplitude normal to the phase velocity vector
For plane waves from the Maxwells equations,
the following relations could be derived (see Example 4.3)
r r
r r
r r r
r r r
k E = H ; k H = E ; k E = 0; k H = 0
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

Properties of a uniform plane wave:
Electric and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other
No electric or magnetic field in the direction of propagation
(Transverse electromagnetic wave: TEM wave)
The value of the magnetic field is equal to the magnitude of
the electric field divided by 0 (~377 Ohm) at every instant

(magnetic field amplitude is much smaller than the electric field
amplitude)
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

The direction of propagation is in the same direction as
Poynting vector
The instantaneous value of the Poynting vector is given by
E2/0, or H20
The average value of the Poynting vector is given by E2/20,
or H20/2
The stored electric energy is equal to the stored magnetic
energy at any instant
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

5.2.2 Wave polarization
Polarization of plane wave refers to the orientation of electric
field vector,
which may be in fixed direction or
may change with time
Polarization is the curve traced out by the tip of the arrow
representing the instantaneous electric field

The electric field must be observed along the direction of
propagation
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

Types of
polarization
Linear polarized
(LP)
LHCP
10
Circularly
polarized (CP)
RHCP
Elliptically
polarized (EP)
RHEP
LHEP
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

If the vector that describes the electric field at a point in
space
varies as function of time and
is always directed along a line
which is normal to the direction of propagation
the field is said to be linearly polarized

If the figure that electric field trace is a circle (or ellipse),
then, the field is said to be circularly (or elliptically) polarized
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5.2 Plane waves

Besides, the figure that electric field traces is circle and
anticlockwise (or clockwise) direction,

then, electric field is also said to be right-hand (or left-hand)
circularly polarized wave (RHCP/LHCP)

Besides, the figure that electric field traces is ellipse and
anticlockwise (or clockwise) direction,

then, electric field is also said to be right-hand (or left-hand)
elliptically polarized (RHEP/LHEP)
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5.2 Plane waves

Let us consider the superposition of
a x- linearly polarized wave with complex amplitude Ex and
a y- linearly polarized wave with complex amplitude Ey,
both travelling in the positive z-direction

Note that Ex and Ey may be varying with time for general
case
so we may choose it for a particular instant of time
Note that since the electric field is varying with both space
and time
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5.2 Plane waves

Easier to analyze at a particular instant of time first
And add the time dependence later
The total electric field can be written as
r
j
E (z ) = (E x x + E y y )e jz = E x 0 e j x x + E y 0 e y y e jz
Note Ex and Ey may be complex numbers and

Ex0 and Ey0 are the amplitudes of Ex and Ey
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5.2 Plane waves

x and y are the phases of Ex and Ey
Putting in the time dependence and taking the real part, we
have,
r
E (z , t ) = E x 0 cos(t z + x )x + E y 0 cos(t z + y )y
A number of possibilities arises:
Linearly polarized (LP) wave:

If both Ex and Ey are real (say Ex = Eox and Ey = Eoy), then,
r
ELP ( z ) = (E x x + E y y )e jz = (E0 x x + E0 y y )e jz
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5.2 Plane waves

r
have,
ELP ( z , t ) = E0 x cos(t z )x + E0 y cos(t z ) y
The amplitude of the electric field vector is given by
r
ELP (z , t ) =
(E0 x )2 + (E0 y )2 cos(t z )
which is a straight line directed at all times along a line

that makes an angle with the x-axis given by the following
relation
Ey
Ex
LP = tan 1
16
E0 y
1
=
tan
0x
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

If Ex 0 and Ey = 0,
we have a linearly polarized plane wave in x- direction
r
ELP ( z , t ) = Eox cos(t z )x
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3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

Easier to fix space to see the polarization
For a fixed point in space (say z=0),
r
ELP ( z , t )
z =0
= Eox cos(t )x
For all times, electric field will be directed along x-axis

hence, the field is said to be linearly polarized along the x-
direction
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3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

Fig. 5.2 (a) LP wave
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5.2 Plane waves

Circularly polarized (CP) wave:
Now consider the case Ex = j Ey = Eo, where Eo is real so
that
Ex = E0 e j 0 ; E y = E0 e
r
ERHCP = Eo ( x jy )e j z
The time domain form of this field is (putting in the time
dependence and taking the real part)

r
ERHCP ( z , t ) = Eo [ x cos(t z ) + y cos(t z )]

2
20
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

Note that x- and y-components of the electric field have the
same amplitude
but are 900 out of phase
Let us choose a fixed position (say z=0), then,
sin t
1
= tan tan (t ) = t
cos t
RHCP = tan 1
which shows that the polarization rotates with

uniform angular velocity in anticlockwise direction
for propagation along positive z-axis
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5.2 Plane waves

An observer sitting at z=0 will see
the electric field rotating in a circle and
the field never goes to zero
Since the fingers of right hand point in the direction of
rotation of the tip of the electric field vector

when the thumb points in the direction of propagation,
this type of wave is referred to as right hand circularly
polarized wave (RHCP wave)
22
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5.2 Plane waves

Fig. 5.2 (b) RHCP wave
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5.2 Plane waves

Elliptically polarized (EP) wave:
Now, consider a more general case of EP wave,
when the amplitude of the electric field in the x- and ydirections are not equal in
amplitude and
phase
unlike CP wave, so that,
r
EEP (z ) = x + Ae j y e jz
have,
24
r
E (z , t )EP = cos(t z )x + A cos(t z + ) y
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

If is in the upper half of the complex plane
then the wave is LHEP
whereas is in the lower half of the complex plane,

then the wave is RHEP
Let us choose a fixed position (say z=0) like in the CP case,
then,
r
EEP
z =0
= cos (t ) x + A cos (t + ) y
Some particular cases:
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3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

(a)
(b)
(c )
(d )
26
r
A = 1, = 0; E
= E0 cos (t )( x + y )
z =0
r
A = 1, = ; E
= E0 cos (t )( x y )
z =0
A = 1, =
A = 1, =
r
; E
z =0
r
; E
( LP )
( LP )
= E0 {cos (t ) x y sin (t )}
z =0
= E0 {cos (t ) x + y sin (t )}
( LHCP )
( RHCP )
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

(e )
(f)
(g)
( h)
27
A = 3, =
r
; E
A = 0.5, =
z =0
= E0 {cos (t ) x y 3sin (t )}
r
; E
( LHEP )
= E0 {cos (t ) x + y 0.5sin (t )}
( RHEP )
2
r
A = 1, = ; E
= E0 cos (t ) x + y cos t + ( LHEP )
z =0
4
4
A = 1, = 3 ; E
= E0 cos (t ) x + y cos t 3 ( RHEP )
z =0
4
4
z =0
3/19/2014
5.2 Plane waves

Fig. 5.2 (c) LHEP wave
Direction of propagation
Electric field
x
Magnetic field at each point is orthogonal to the electric field
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5.3 Poynting vector & power flow in EM fields

The rate of energy flow per unit area in a plane wave is
described by a vector termed as Poynting vector

which is basically curl of electric field intensity vector and
magnetic field intensity vector

r r r*
S = EH
The magnitude of Poynting vector is the power flow per unit
area and
it points along the direction of wave propagation vector
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3/19/2014

The average power per unit area is often called the intensity
of EM waves and it is given by

r
r r*
1
S avg = Re E H
2
Let us try to derive the point form of Poynting theorem from
two Maxwells curl equations

r
r
H
E =
t
30
r
r
E r
H =
+J
t
3/19/2014

From vector analysis,
r
r
r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
H
E r
( E H ) = H ( E ) E ( H ) = H (
) E (
+ J)
t
t
We can further simplify
r
r A 1 r r
Q A
=
A A
t 2 t
r r
r r r r r r
( E H ) =
(H H )
(E E) E J
2 t
2 t
Basically a point relation

It should be valid at every point in space at every instant of time
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3/19/2014

The power is given by the integral of this relation of Poynting
vector over a volume as follows

r r
r r
r r
r
r r
(
H
H
)
dv
H
dv
=
E
d
s
=
S
d
s
2 t
V
r r
r r
( E E )dv E Jdv
2 t
V
We can interchange the volume integral and partial
derivative w.r.t. time

r r
1
1 2
2
2
S
d
s
=
H
dv
E
dv
E
dv
S
t V 2
t V 2
V
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3/19/2014

This is the integral form of Poynting vector and power flow
in EM fields
Poynting theorem states that
the power coming out of the closed volume is equal to
the total decrease in EM energy per unit time i.e. power loss
from the volume which constitutes of
rate of decrease in magnetic energy stored in the volume
rate of decrease in electric energy stored in the volume
Ohmic power loss (energy converted into heat energy per unit
time) in the volume

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3/19/2014

Now going back to the last four points of plane waves:
The direction of propagation is in the same direction as of
Poynting vector
The instantaneous value of the Poynting vector is given by
E2//0, or H20
The average value of the Poynting vector is given by E2/20, or
H20/2
The stored electric energy is equal to the stored magnetic
energy at any instant
34
3/19/2014

Let us assume a plane wave traveling in the +z direction in
free space, then

r r j z r jk z r
E = E0 e
= E0e 0 ; H =
) r
z E0
e j z
The instantaneous value of the Poynting vector:

r
r r r
r
r jz z E0 jz 1 r
S = E H = E0 e

e =
E0 z E0
0
0
r 2
r r
r r
r r
E0 z
z E0 E0 E0 E0 z z E0 E0
=
=
=
( )(
) (
35
3/19/2014

o Note that the direction of Poynting vector is also in the z-
direction same as that of the wave vector

o The average value of the Poynting vector:
r 2 r 2
r
r r 1 E0 z E0 z
1
S avg = Re E H = Re
=
2
2 0
2 0
1
2
w
=
E
o Stored Electric Energy:
e
0
2
o Stored Magnetic Energy:
1
1 E2 1 0 2 1
2
wm = 0 H = 0 2 = 0
E = 0 E 2 = we
2
2 0 2 0
2
36
3/19/2014
5.4 Plane waves in various media

A media in electromagnetics is characterized by three parameters:
, and
5.4.1 Lossless medium

In a lossless medium,
2
and are real, =0, so is real Q = j ( + j )
2 = j 2 2 = ( j )2 =
Assume the electric field with
only x- component,
no variation along x- and y-axis and
propagation along z-axis, i.e.,
37
r
r
E E
=
=0
x y
3/19/2014

Helmholtz wave equation reduces to
2
z 2
Ex + 2 Ex = 0
whose solution gives waves in one dimension as follows

Ex = E + e j z + E e + j z
where E+ and E- are arbitrary constants
38
3/19/2014

Putting in the time dependence and taking real part, we get,
E x ( z , t ) = E + cos(t z ) + E cos(t + z )
For constant phase,

t-z=constant=b(say)
Since phase velocity,

dz d t b)
vp =
= (
)= =
dt dt
r 0 r 0
Q =
39
3/19/2014

For free space,
vp =
0 0
= c = 3 10 8 m / s
which is the speed of light in free space

This emergence of speed of light from electromagnetic
considerations is one of the main contributions from

Maxwells theory
The magnetic field can be obtained from the source free
Maxwells curl equation
40
3/19/2014
r
r
E = jH
r
r
r
E j E
j
H =
=
=
j
x
E + e j z + E e+ j z
y
0
j
+ j z
+ j z
= y
E
e
+
E
e
)
(
z
z
0
r j ( E + e j z ) + ( E e+ j z ) j
j {( E + e j z ) ( E e + j z )}
H=
( j ) y =
( j ) y
41
{( E + e j z ) ( E e + j z )}
y =
[ E + e j z E e + j z ] y
3/19/2014

is the wave impedance of the plane wave
Ex
=
=
=
Hy
For free space,

o =
o
= 120 = 377
o
5.4.2 Lossy conducting medium

If the medium is conductive with a conductivity , then the
Maxwells curl equations can be written as
42
3/19/2014
r
r
E = j H ;
r
r
r
r
r
H = j E + E = ( j + ) E = j eff E ;
eff ( ) = +
j
j
=
= 1
The effect of the conductivity has been absorbed in the
complex frequency dependent effective permittivity
43
3/19/2014

r
r
r
2 r
2
2
E + eff ( ) E = E + ( j ) E = 0
2
We can define a complex propagation constant

= j eff ( ) = + j
where is the attenuation constant and is the phase
constant
44
3/19/2014

What is implication of complex wave vector?
The wave is exponentially decaying (see example 4.4).
The dispersion relation for a conductor (usually nonmagnetic) is
= j eff ( ) = j 0 0
eff ( )
= j 0 0 neff ( ) = j neff ( )
0
c
where neff is the complex refractive index
45
3/19/2014

1-D wave equation for general lossy medium becomes
2 Ex
z 2
2 Ex = 0
whose solution is 1-D plane waves as follows

E x ( z ) = E + e z + E e +z = E + e z e jz + E ez e jz
46
3/19/2014

Putting the time dependence and taking real part, we get,
E x ( z, t ) = E + e z cos(t z ) + E ez cos(t + z )
The magnetic field can be found out from Maxwells
equations as in the previous section

H y (z) =
47
eff
[ E + e z E e z ]
3/19/2014

where useful expression for intrinsic impedance is
eff =
j0
j0
j 0 eff ( )
0
eff ( )
The electric field and magnetic field are no longer in phase as
eff is complex
Poynting vector or power flow for this wave inside the lossy
conducting medium is
48
3/19/2014

r r r*
E e e
+ z j z
S = E H = E e e x
eff
+ z j z
e e
+ 2 z j z
y = E e e
*
eff
z + j z
z =
+ 2
*
e2 z z
eff
it is decaying in terms of square of an exponential function
5.4.3 Good dielectric/conductor

Note that / is defined as loss tangent of a medium
A medium with / <0.01 is said to be a good insulator
whereas a medium with / >100 is said to be a good
conductor
49
3/19/2014

For good dielectric,
Q << w = j ( 1
can be approximated using Taylors series expansion obtain
and as follows:
=
For a good conductor, >>

Therefore,
(1 + j )
50
= =
w
2
3/19/2014

Skin effect
The fields do attenuate as they travel in a good dielectric
medium
in a good dielectric is very small in comparison to that of a
good conductor
As the amplitude of the wave varies with e-z,
the wave amplitude reduces its value by 1/e or 37% times
over a distance of
=
51
2
1
=
2 f
f
3/19/2014

which is also known as skin depth
This means that in a good conductor
(a) higher the frequency, lower is the skin depth
(b) higher is the conductivity, lower is the skin depth and
(c) higher is the permeability, lower is the skin depth
Let us assume an EM wave which has x-component and
traveling along the z-axis

Then, it can be expressed as
E x ( z , t ) = E0 e z e j ( z t )
52
3/19/2014

Taking the real part, we have,
E x ( z , t ) = E0 e z cos(t z )
Substituting the values of and for good conductors, we
have,
E x ( z , t ) = E0 e
f z
cos t f z
Now using the point form of Ohms law for conductors, we
can write
J x = E x (z , t ) = E0 e
53
f z
cos t f z
)
3/19/2014

What is the phase velocity and wavelength inside a good
conductor?
vp =
54
2
= ; =
= 2
3/19/2014
Electromagnetic
Waves
5.5 Summary
Plane waves
Plane waves in
various media
r r
)
)
)
) )
)
k r = ( k x x + k y y + k z z ) ( xx + yy + zz ) = k x x + k y y + k z z = con tan t
Polarization
Lossless
medium
r
ELP (z ) = (E0 x x + E0 y y )e jz
r
ERHCP = Eo ( x jy )e j z
r
E EP ( z ) = x + Ae j y e jz
Lossy
conducting
medium
vp =
Poynting vector
=
1
=
eff ( ) = 1
55
2 t
(H H )
2 t
= =
= j eff ( ) = + j =
eff =
r r
1
1 2
2
S
d
s
=
H
dv
E dv E 2 dv
S
t V 2
t V 2
V
r r
r
r r r
r r

( E H ) =
Good
conductor
(E E) E J
j 0
0
eff ( )
vp =
Good
dielectric
2
=
1
f
2
= ; =
= 2
J x = E x ( z , t ) = E0 e
f z
cos t f z
Fig. 5.3 Plane waves in a nutshell

3/19/2014

Plane Electromagnetic Waves: Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum Dr. Rakhesh Singh Kshetrimayum

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5.

Plane Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

Fig. 5.1 Plane Waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Note that the constant phase surface for such waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

known as uniform plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

The value of the magnetic field is equal to the magnitude of

the electric field divided by 0 (~377 Ohm) at every instant

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Polarization is the curve traced out by the tip of the arrow

representing the instantaneous electric field

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

the field is said to be linearly polarized

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

anticlockwise (or clockwise) direction,

circularly polarized wave (RHCP/LHCP)

anticlockwise (or clockwise) direction,

elliptically polarized (RHEP/LHEP)

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

both travelling in the positive z-direction

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Note Ex and Ey may be complex numbers and

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

A number of possibilities arises:

Linearly polarized (LP) wave:

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

(E0 x )2 + (E0 y )2 cos(t z )

which is a straight line directed at all times along a line

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

For all times, electric field will be directed along x-axis

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves

The time domain form of this field is (putting in the time

dependence and taking the real part)

ERHCP ( z , t ) = Eo [ x cos(t z ) + y cos(t z )]

Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum

5.2 Plane waves