Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Plant cells
Bacterial cells
Bacterial cells are made up of a cytoplasm, cell membrane and cell
wall.
The genes are not in a distinct nucleus (there is a loop of DNA)
Specialised cells
Sperm cell
Lots of mitochondria
to provide energy
from respiration.
A tail to swim to the
egg.
Dissolved substances
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Plant organs
Plant organs include stems, roots
and leaves. Examples of plant
tissues include:
epidermal tissues, which cover
the plant
mesophyll, which carries out
photosynthesis
xylem and phloem, which
transport substances around
the plant.
Photosynthesis
During photosynthesis:
Light energy is absorbed by a green substance called chlorophyll,
which is found in the chloroplasts.
The energy is used by converting carbon dioxide (from the air), and
water (from the soil) into sugar (glucose).
Oxygen is produced as a by-product.
Limiting factors
Farming practices
is
Quadrats
Proteins
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hormones
Antibodies
Catalysts
Structural components of tissues e.g
muscles
Catalysts are substances which speed up
a chemical reaction without being
changed or used up.
Biological catalysts are called enzymes, enzymes are proteins.
Enzymes
Enzymes in digestion
Hydrochloric acid
Bile
The liver produces bile, it is stored in the call bladder and released
into the small intestine.
Bile neutralises the acid added to food in the stomach.
Bile provides alkaline conditions which the enzymes in the small
intestine work best in.
In the industry:
Protease pre-digests proteins in baby foods.
Starch is converted to sugar syrup by carbohydrases.
Glucose syrup is converted to fructose syrup by isomerase, fructose
syrup is sweeter in smaller amounts and therefore is used in
slimming products.
Aerobic respiration
Exercise
Anaerobic respiration
Inheritance
Mendels discoveries
Cell division
Mitosis
Meiosis
Fertilisation
Stem cells
Most animal cells differentiate at an early stage, but plant cells can
differentiate throughout life.
In mature animals, cell division is restricted to cell replacement and
repair.
Stem cells are cells which can differentiate into different types of
cells.
Stem cells can be found in adult bone marrow and human embryos.
Human stem cells have the ability to become any kind of human
cell.
Asexual reproduction
Genetic variation
Gender
DNA
twins).
This can be used to identify individuals, this is called DNA
fingerprinting which can be used for paternity testing and forensic
science.
Genetic disorders
Polydactyly
Cystic fibrosis
Embryo screening
For
It will stop people from suffering
There are laws to stop it going too far
During IVF, most embryos are
destroyed anyway screening just
allows it to be healthy.
Treating disorders cost the government
a lot of money.
Genetic crosses
Against
People may start screening to pick their
most desirable baby.
The rejected embryos are destroyed,
they could have been potential
humans.
Screening is expensive.
It implies those living with disorders are
undesirable and this increases
prejudice.
Speciation
Fossils
Scientists cant be sure about how life began because of the lack of
valid and reliable evidence.
Extinction
Speciation