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Crushed brick was cement stabilized with recycled concrete aggregate.
Evaluation of the fatigue life and fatigue modulus of cement stabilized brick blends.
Flexural beam, Repeated Load Triaxial, unconned compression and other tests.
Cement stabilized blends with crushed brick comply with pavement requirements..
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 19 March 2014
Received in revised form 10 June 2014
Accepted 3 July 2014
Available online 26 July 2014
Keywords:
Recycled concrete aggregate
Crushed brick
Cement stabilization
Repeated Load Triaxial
Fatigue strength
a b s t r a c t
In recent years, efforts have been made by various researchers to explore the sustainable use of Construction and Demolition (C&D) materials as a construction material in civil engineering applications. Recycled
crushed brick is a commonly found material from demolition activities and works to date on this material
in pavement applications have been limited to its usage in unbound pavement layers. This research was
undertaken to evaluate the performance of crushed brick as a supplementary material in cement stabilized recycled concrete aggregates. An extensive suite of tests were undertaken on the crushed brick and
recycled concrete aggregate blends stabilized with 3% cement. The laboratory evaluation comprised pH,
plasticity index, foreign materials content, particle size distribution, linear shrinkage, California Bearing
Ratio, modied Proctor compaction, Repeated Load Triaxial test, Unconned Compressive Strength Test
and Flexural Beam Tests. The cement stabilized blends with up to 50% crushed brick content and 3%
cement were found to have physical properties, which comply with the local state road authority requirements. The results of Repeated Load Triaxial tests indicated the Recycled Crushed Aggregate/Crushed
Brick (RCA/CB) blends performed well with 50% Crushed Brick (CB) content just on the border line for
bound pavement material. Unconned Compression Strengths met the minimum requirement for 7 days
of curing for all blends, while the 28 day strength of the blends also improved signicantly. The results of
the exural beam tests were noted to be consistent with past works with cement stabilized quarry produced crushed rock products. The modulus of rupture and exural modulus for all the cement-stabilized
blends were found to be consistent with the previous works, which indicate that these blends are suitable
for applications such as cement-stabilized pavement subbases. The fatigue life was also within the range
that has been previously reported for quarry materials. The cement-stabilized blends with crushed brick
as a supplementary material with up to 50% brick content and 3% cement were found to have physical
and strength properties, which would comply with road authority requirements.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Traditional quarry materials for construction are becoming
scarce in many developed and developing countries. In recent
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mmiridisfani@swin.edu.au (M.M. Disfani).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.007
0950-0618/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
668
669
OMC %
MDD t/m3
Target MC,
(% of OMC)
Target degree
of compaction (%)
Actual degree
of compaction (%)
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
11.7
11.7
11.7
12.0
2.039
2.007
1.991
1.996
70
70
70
70
56
56
79
70
100
100
100
100
99.7
99.1
99.9
100
100
90
80
100RCA
RCC-Fine
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
70
50RCA/50CB
60
100CB-Fine
50
Passing (%)
100CB
Base/Subbase Lower Limit
40
30
20
10
0
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
670
8
100 RCA
28 curing days
100RCA
7 curing days
2.03
85RCA/15CB
2.01
50RCA/50CB
70RCA/30CB
85RCA/15CB
1.99
50RCA/50CB
1.97
70RCA/30CB
1.95
1.93
1.91
8.5
9.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
13.5
14.5
Moisture Content, %
0
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
Table 2 and Fig. 3a summarize the UCS results for all the
cement-stabilized RCA/CB blends. For 7 day curing period, the
mean UCS value obtained was between 4 and 4.63 MPa for the
cement-stabilized RCA/CB blends. The cement-stabilized RCA
blends were therefore found to meet the minimum 7 day mean
UCS value of 4 MPa specied in the local road authority specication [36]. The 28 day curing period was found to lead to an increase
in the mean UCS value for all the blends. This is consistent with
expectations that a longer curing period in a fog chamber would
result in a higher mean UCS value of cement-stabilized materials
[3739]. Although only the 7 day curing period of UCS value is
specied by the local road authority specication [36], the 28 day
curing period tests were undertaken as an extra measure to determine the strength of the cement stabilized RCA/CB blends under
Table 2
UCS results of cement stabilized RCA/CB blends.
Blend
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
Sample ID
100RCA-28-1
100RCA-28-2
100RCA-28-3
100RCA-28-4
100RCA-7-5
100RCA-7-6
100RCA-7-7
85RCA-28-1
85RCA-28-2
85RCA-28-3
85RCA-28-4
85RCA-7-5
85RCA-7-6
85RCA-7-7
70RCA-28-1
70RCA-28-2
70RCA-28-3
70RCA-28-4
70RCA-7-5
70RCA-7-6
70RCA-7-7
50RCA-28-1
50RCA-28-2
50RCA-28-3
50RCA-28-4
50RCA-7-5
50RCA-7-6
50RCA-7-7
Curing days
28
28
28
28
Strength, MPa
Individual
Mean
StdDeva
6.0
4.9
5.6
4.9
3.8
4.2
4.0
5.35
0.47
4.0
0.17
7.02
0.76
4.0
0.29
5.6
0.63
4.63
0.17
5.2
0.54
4.2
0.28
6.0
6.6
7.9
7.6
3.8
3.6
4.3
4.6
5.8
6.3
5.9
4.8
4.7
4.4
5.6
5.8
4.5
4.8
4.6
4
4
Std Dev: Standard Deviation (how much each individual value differs from the average value).
MC (% of OMC)
92.8
97.7
96
100
100.2
103.1
98.7
97.1
95.4
97.6
96.1
96.1
96.0
96.1
92.3
94.3
97.1
95.7
101.5
100.6
101.8
97.8
95.8
98.0
97.7
97.6
97.7
98.2
96.4
95.7
94.5
95.4
93.2
95.7
98.3
97.0
97.1
99.1
98.1
98.9
99.8
98.3
89.1
93.0
94.8
95.9
96.2
99.9
97.1
98.7
98.5
97.6
98.2
98.2
97.9
97.8
671
6
5
4
50RCA/50CB
70RCA/30CB
85RCA/15CB
100RCA
3
2
1
0
Axial Strain, %
Fig. 3b. Stressstrain behavior of selected 28 days UCS samples.
method proposed by Vuong and Arnold [42] for assessing the performance of materials from RLT tests, the behavior of the materials
can be dened as stable, as the blends are seen to exhibit constant
permanent strain rate and resilient modulus.
Fig. 6 presents the resilient modulus versus stress stage of the
cement-stabilized RCA/CB blends. The resilient modulus of all
RCA/CB blends increases with increasing stress stage, which is typical for various pavement materials. In general, increasing the CB
replacement ratio causes a reduction of resilient modulus of
cement-stabilized RCA blends. The permanent strain and resilient
modulus indicate the durability of the pavement materials, which
is typically governed by Los Angeles (LA) Abrasion of the unstabilized material. It was reported that the LA abrasion of the RCA is
higher than the CB (Arulrajah et al., 2014). It is 28 and 36 for RCA
and CB, respectively. Consequently, the permanent strain increases
and resilient modulus decreases with increasing CB content even
though the UCS and CBR of the stabilized RCA/CB blends remain
almost constant as seen from Figs. 3a, b and 4. In other words, the
UCS and CBR are not the only controlling parameters for cyclic
(long-term) response specially permanent strain and resilient
strain which in return affect resilient modulus. Table 3 summarizes
the permanent strain and resilient modulus test results of cement
stabilized RCA/CB blends. Typical quarry aggregates would exhibit
resilient modulus values of between 225 and 400 MPa at 70% of
the OMC based on the computation of resilient modulus from the
permanent deformation testing phase [41]. The RCA/CB blends are
found to perform within the ranges expected of bound quarry subbase materials, with 50RCA/50CB on the borderline.
Fig. 7 shows the resilient modulus of different RCA/CB blends
against the maximum axial stress (deviator stress) for three different conning pressures of 20, 30 and 40 kPa. The increase of conning pressure resulted in a fractional increase of resilient
modulus in 100RCA and 70RCA/30CB blends. However such a trend
can only be partially established for 85RCA/15CB and 50RCA/50CB
blends. Fatigue life of pavement materials is said to be the number
of cycles needed for 50% reduction in stiffness compared to the initial stiffness. Austroads assumes this to be 1 million cycles for satisfactory performance. Further investigations with a wider range of
blends and conning pressure levels is required to condently
establish the trend for all the blends of RCA and CB.
Fig. 8 shows various stages of the four point beam fatigue test
and the modulus of rupture of each blend is presented in Table 4.
The modulus of rupture tends to decrease with CB content due to
90
80
10
20
70
60
50
30
40
50
40
600
575
550
525
CBR (%)
500
475
450
425
400
375
350
325
300
60
672
2.5
Stage 2
deviator stress: 450 kPa
confining pressure: 50 kPa
Stage 1
deviator stress: 350 kPa
confining pressure: 50 kPa
Stage 3
deviator stress: 550 kPa
confining pressure: 50 kPa
1800
Permanent Strain, %
1400
1.5
1200
1000
Permanent Strain
Resilient Strain
800
1
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
600
0.5
1600
400
200
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0
30000
25000
Loading Cycles
Fig. 5. RLT Permanent deformation results of cement stabilized RCA/CB blends.
lower durability of the materials as evident from the UCS and CBR
tests presented earlier in Figs. 3a, b and 4. The modulus of rupture
is identical for 100RCA and 85RCA/15CB, indicating that a small CB
content has only minimal effect on this modulus. 70RCA/30CB has
a smaller modulus of rupture than 50RCA/30CB. The peak load was
similarly identical for 100RCA and 85RCA/15CB as well as for
70RCA/30CB and 50RCA/30CB. According to these results, the
increase in CB content in the cement-stabilized RCA blends results
in a corresponding decrease in the peak load and modulus of rupture.
Fig. 9 shows an example of 4 point beam fatigue test results of a
selected 85RCA sample. At the very early stage of the test, the average resilient modulus of rst 50 cycles was 10505.14 MPa which
was considered as the initial modulus. By repeating the application
of the 70% of the peak load, the resilient modulus gradually
declined until it reached the 50% of the initial gure at 6597 cycles.
From this point, the declining rate of the resilient modulus
drastically dropped leading to the sample failure. Table 5 summarizes the results of exural modulus and exural fatigue beam
tests. As evident, the fatigue life for 100RCA was 130 cycles while
it was 29401 cycles for 50RCA/50CB. This variation in cycles could
be due to the fact that 80% of peak load was applied on 100RCA
while 70% of peak load was applied on 50RCA/50CB. To obtain a
wider spectrum of fatigue life versus the applied load for each
blend, it is recommended to undertake testing on additional beams
to determine true fatigue life characteristics as this is highly sensitive to load variations. A shift factor of about one third of the initial
exural modulus may give a rough estimation of eld design modulus [43]. Assuming a shift factor of one third of exural modulus, a
minimum design modulus is 3700 MPa for the cement-stabilized
RCA/CB blends.
The results of the exural beam tests were compared with previous works on cement-stabilized local base materials, including
1200
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
Confining Stress
Deviator Stress
500
1000
400
800
300
600
200
400
100
200
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
600
673
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
99.7
99.1
99.9
100
56
56
79
70
Stage 2
Stage 3
1180
940
1450
2570
1340
950
1450
2640
1500
1230
1550
2820
324.5498.3
231.1447.9
272.5435.6
201.3375.7
500
480
c = 20 kPa
100RCA
c = 30 kPa
460
c = 40 kPa
85RCA/15CB
440
420
70RCA/30CB
400
380
50RCA/50CB
360
340
320
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
674
Table 4
Modulus of rupture results of cement stabilized RCA/CB blends.
Specimen
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/30CB
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
Moisture content (%of OMC)
Dry density, (% of MDD)
Peak load (kN)
Modulus of rupture (MPa)
Tensile strain at 95% of peak load (microstrain)
100.9
101.66
99.1
96.5
4.29
1.23
94.22
101.5
101.4
96.5
96.5
4.28
1.23
93.08
100.23
101.08
106
96
3.6
0.88
57.85
100.6
100.7
100.3
95.4
3.7
1.09
87.48
12000
1.4
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
1.2
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
half initial modulus line
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Cycles
fatigue life as just one test per blend would not determine this sufciently. Since limited data is available on the in-service and laboratory [17] fatigue life of cemented materials used in Australia
[22], broader range of tests on wider range of materials need to
be carried out in order to establish an acceptable exural fatigue
life for Australian pavement materials.
As UCS testing is much simpler and well-known than exural
beam testing, a relationship between the two tests can facilitate
the estimation of the exural strength of cement-stabilized materials using the UCS data. It was suggested that exural tensile
strength of cement-stabilized materials is about one-third of the
UCS for low-strength materials and about one-fth of the UCS for
high-strength materials [44]. Kersten [45] suggested an approximately linear relationship for various cement contents at all curing
periods for hardened cement-stabilized soils and showed a nearly
linear relationship at all cement contents and at all curing times.
The exural strength was approximately 20 percent of the compressive strength. Mandal [46] suggested a non-linear model
between exural strength and UCS for stabilized materials which
is similar to ndings of Kersten [45] for lower strength materials
however this model predicts lower exural strength values as the
UCS value grows. Fig. 10 shows the established relationship
between modulus of rupture (or exural tensile strength) and
UCS by department of transport, South Africa [44], Kersten [45]
and Mandal [46] along with the results of this study for different
RCA/CB blends. As evident, the results are reasonably in agreement
with the discussed models. Values reported in Fig. 10 from this
study are the average value for at least 4 different tests on each
blend.
Table 5
Four point exural beam fatigue test results of cement stabilized RCA/CB blends.
Specimen
100RCA
85RCA/15CB
70RCA/30CB
50RCA/50CB
Width (mm)
Height (mm)
Moisture content (% of OMC)
Dry density (% of MDD)
100.62
101.68
100.8
95.5
102.3
100.3
97.4
96.2
101.05
100.6
107
96.1
101.1
100.6
103.5
95.4
40
11463.25
494.15
40
11846.20
496.79
40
11351.33
420.26
40
11780.75
432.91
80
978.28
102.05
9601.05
0.79
1.08
130
70
872.18
83.06
10505.14
0.70
0.89
6597
70
737.711
78.26
9435.30
0.84
1.35
396
70
758.21
70.95
10700
0.69
0.81
29401
4. Conclusions
The results of RLT test were used to ascertain the performance
of cement-stabilized RCA/CB blends under simulated trafc loading conditions. Based on the results, 100RCA demonstrated the
highest resilient modulus range and 50RCA/50CB demonstrated
the lowest resilient modulus range. All blends were found to
perform within the ranges expected of bound quarry subbase
materials with 50RCA/50CB on the borderline.
Mean UCS values met the minimum requirement of 4 MPa for
minimum of 7 days of curing for all blends. 20% and 24% increase
in strength was observed for 28 days cured samples of 70RCA/
30CB and 50RCA/50CB respectively compared to the 7 days cured
samples, while the average 28-day strength of 85RCA/15CB samples improved signicantly from 4 to 7.02 MPa (by almost 75%).
The notable increase in strength after 28 days of curing compared
to just 7 days of curing is as expected. The achieved mean UCS values, particularly after 7 days of curing were slightly lower than
anticipated. The water/cement ratio in the prepared UCS samples
were commonly around 4.0 or above, whereas industry practice
is to target a maximum water/cement ratio of 3.5 as this provides
certainty that the achieved UCS values will comfortably achieve
the specication limits.
The modulus of rupture (or exural tensile strength) varied
from 0.88 MPa to 1.23 MPa while the exural modulus ranged
from 11351.33 MPa to 11846.20 MPa. Assuming a shift factor of
0.3, the design modulus was estimated based on the exural modulus, which ranged from 3405.39 MPa to 3553.86 MPa. The modulus of rupture and exural modulus for all the cement-stabilized
blends were found to be consistent with the previous works, which
indicates that these blends are suitable for cement-stabilized
subbases.
The range of exural fatigue life was between 130 and 29401
cycles. The wide range of fatigue life is due to the fact that exural
fatigue test is highly sensitive to the applied load. The results of the
exural beam tests were noted to be consistent with past works
with cement-stabilized quarry produced crushed rock products.
The cement-stabilized RCA/CB blends with up to 50% CB content
and 3% GP cement were found to have physical and strength properties, which comply with the road authority requirements for
pavement base/subbase applications.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported under Sustainability Victoria
(Contract No. 7303), Australian Research Councils Linkage Projects
(LP120100107) and Australian Research Councils Linkage Infrastructure, Equipment and Facilities (LE110100052) funding
schemes. The 5th author acknowledges the support from the
Suranaree University of Technology and the Thailand Research
Fund under the TRF Senior Research Scholar program Grant No.
RTA5680002.
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