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Analog Communication
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13 July 2015 ()

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Analog Communication System

Communication system (https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/39/Communication/Communication-System) is used to transferring
information from one place to another. It consists of transmission, reception and processing of information. The basic elements of
communication system are transmitter, channel and receiver. Transmitter is located at one location and receiver is located at
another location. Channel is the physical medium used to connect the transmitter and receiver section. Transmitter converts the
message into signal which is suitable to transmit over channel. The transmitted signal is propagated through the channel causes
some distortion due to the noises present in channel. This noise will interfere with the information signal causes distortion. At the
receiver, the signal is converted into original message.
There are two types. They are analog communication and digital communication
(https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/392/Electronics/Digital-Communication-Systems).
In analog communication, the information signal is a continuous signal in both amplitude and time. But in digital communication,
the information signal is converted into discrete messages.Any signal can be converted into analog signal. The physical variables
such as sound, light etc can be converted into analog signal using a transducer.

Advantages
Low cost.
It does not require complex multiplexing and timing equipments.

It uses less bandwidth.

All real world signals are analog signals. So it is easy to generate.
The communication is easier.
It is reliable because it is easy to fix the failure of individual components.

Disadvantages
The noise interfere with the signal causes signal loss and distortion.
For particular transmission, it requires hardware transmitters and receivers. For a new system, to change the analog signal, the
transmitter and receiver has to be changed.
The devices are expensive.
Transmission and reception is not easier.

Block diagram of communication system

Features

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Information
signal
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The information signal is transmitted from sender to receiver. The information signal is converted into electrical signal using input
/

transducer.
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Input transducer
(https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/222/Electrical/Transducer)
Transducer is a device used to convert one form of energy into another. The information signal such as voice signal is converted
into electrical form using transducer. eg:- microphone (https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/89/Electronics-Devices/Microphone)
converts sound signal into electrical form.

Transmitter
The information signal is modulated using a carrier signal and transmitted. Modulation is the process of superimposing carrier
signal with information signal.

Channel
Channel connects between the sender and receiver. Copper wires, fiber optic cable free space are commonly used as channels.
There are different types of noise present in the channel. This noise will interfered with the transmitted signal which causes
distortion.

Receiver
The noise is first removed and demodulated to produce the original signal. Demodulation is the process of extracting the original
signal from the modulated signal.

Output transducer
The output transducer converts the electrical signal back to the information signal. Loudspeaker
(https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/145/Electronics-Devices/Speaker) can convert the electrical signal into sound signal.

Modulation
Modulation is the process of changing characteristics of carrier signal according to the modulating signal.

Need for modulation

To reduce the antenna height.
The message signal has low frequency. As frequency decreases, the wavelength increases.
Height = /4
So as wavelength increases, antenna (https://www.mepits.com/tutorial/144/Communication/Antenna)height need to be increased.
But it is practically impossible.
To reduce the antenna height, the low frequency message signal is converted into high frequency signal using any modulation
technique. The information (message) cannot be transmitted through communication channel. So the low frequency message
signal is modulated using high frequency carrier signal.
To multiplex the various signals.
In one channel, several signals can be transmitted using multiplexing. Using modulation various signals can be allotted to different
frequencies. It avoids the interference of signals.
To reduce noise and interference.
At some frequencies, the effect of noise will be high and low at some other frequencies. If some frequency has high noise, then by
using modulation technique the spectrum is shifted to another frequency where noise is less.
Narrow banding of signals.
Modulation converts wideband signal into narrowband signal.

Modulation techniques
If the carrier signal is continuous, then the modulation is known as continuous wave modulation.

Amplitude modulation (AM)

It is a modulation technique used for transmitting information using carrier wave. In this modulation technique, the amplitude of
the carrier wave is varied according to the information signal.

Frequency Modulation
In this modulation technique, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied according to the information signal.

Phase Modulation
In this modulation technique, the phase of the carrier wave is varied according to the information signal.

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