Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Project No.
SLLRDC/W/13
Document no.
CD/SSD/06
Version
version 1
Date of issue
31 August 2012
Prepared
Checked
Contents
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
General Description...............................................................................
Scope of Work........................................................................................
Design Basis...........................................................................................
Performance Criteria.............................................................................
Method of Calculating...........................................................................
Functional Description...........................................................................
Technical Basis.....................................................................................
Cost Estimate.......................................................................................
List of Figures
Fig. 1
Sections of Beira
Fig. 2
Location map
Fig. 3
Catchment area
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Option 1
Fig. 6
Option
Fig. 7
Option 3
Fig. 8
Proposed improvement
Fig 10
Fig 11
Fig 12
energy curve
Fig 13
basin
Fig. 14 -
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
List of Tables
Table 1 -
Table 2 -
Table 3 -
General Description
The Beira Lake is located in the heart of the city of
Colombo, and has a highly urbanized catchment of
696ha
that is mostly flat, with ground levels
ranging from less than 1m to 6m above mean sea
level. The lake covers 65.4 hectares and has a
mean depth of 2.0m. It comprises four main basins:
the East Lake, the Galle Face Lake, the West Lake
and the South West Lake. The East Lake is the
largest and deepest basin (43.2 ha, max. depth of
5.6m), while the other three basins are much
smaller and shallower (total of 22.2 ha, max. depth
of 3.4m). The sections of Beira lake is shown Fig.
1.
The water quality of the Beira Lake, that the West
and South West Lakes are generally much more
affected than the Galle Face and the East Lakes.
Once water quality of adjacent water bodies are
compared, it shows that the water quality of Beira
Lake is much worse, due to the quality of the
St.Sebastian south Canal and Norris canal waters
is also quite bad.
Scope of Work
The poor quality of water in the St. Sebastian
South canal should not be pumped in to the Beira
lake via the pumping station at south lock and also
the outflow from the polluted Norris canal should
not be discharged to the Beira lake. Therefore it is
proposed to divert the flow of Norris canal and the
discharge of South lock pumping station using new
diversion canals into the sea outfall downstream to
the Macculum lock gate as shown in Fig.2
Design Basis
Methodology
11
(q)
(n)
(o)
BS 8004 :
design of Foundations.
(p)
Reinforced
Concrete
Designers'
Handbook,
Charles E. Reynolds and James C Steedman, 10th
edition.
(r)
13
Performance Criteria
(s)
(t) The boundary condition of diversion drain is
the water level of the Beira lake & Maccalum gate
downstream. The design is carried out for 10 years
return period and design JICA distribution. With
these concepts and information the canal is
modelled using HEC-HMS.
(u)
15
Method of Calculating
(v)
(w)
Calculation of peak discharge
(x)
(y) Estimate of peak storm water from HEC-HMS
model and use the Flow master to find the suitable
section of the underground box drain.
(z)
(aa)
(ab)
(ac) Fig 3 - Catchment area
(ad)
17
(ae)
(af)
(ag) Fig 4 - Schematic diagram of HEC-HMS
(ah) HEC HMS design presents peak discharges by
relevant catchments as a output of hydro graphs,
to structural design. The sub catchment areas
details are,
(ai)
(aj) Table 01 - Input data to HEC-HMS
(ak)
(al) Lo
(am)
(an)
(ao)
cati
A
M
R
on
(as)
(at)
(au)
(ar) Ar
0
0.
0.
ea
(ax) No
rris
cana
l
(bd) Su
b
(ay)
2
(az)
0.
(ba)
0.
(be)
0
(bf)
0.
(bg)
0.
(ap)
S
(aq)
Di
(av)
8
(aw)
5.
(bb)
8
(bh)
9
19
(bc)
1
(bi)
0.
basi
n1
(bj) Su
b
basi
n2
(bp) Su
b
basi
n3
(bv) Pu
mpin
g
stati
on
(bk)
0
(bl)
0.
(bm)
0.
(bq)
0
(br)
0.
(bs)
0.
(bw)
(bx)
0.
(by)
0.
(bn)
9
(bt)
9
(bz)
(cb)
(cc) Design rainfall for 10 year return period
(hourly distributed over 24 hours from JICA
study, 2003)
(cd)
(ce) The total design discharge is 22 m3/s
(cf)
21
(bo)
1.
(bu)
0.
(ca)
5.
6
(cg)
Functional Description
(ch) The intended function of this proposal is that
the conveyance of flood water from Norris Canal ,
flood water discharge from South Lock Pumping
Station and flood water from catchment of two
finger shaped Northern Felicons of East Beira Lake
into the Sea by passing the Beira Lake to mitigate
the flooding situation in the areas of Pettha,
Gunasinghe Pura, Maligawatta and Norris Canal as
the conveyance capacity of circular weir outfall in
Galle Face Lake at Old Parliament Premises is not
adequate to cope with peak flood of the Beira Lake
drainage basin. Three options could be considered
as follows.
(ci)
(cj) Option 1
(ck) Construction of underground diversion canal
from location A of Norris canal up to the location B
where the St.Sebastian South canal confluence.
After that the flow diverted into the Sea out fall
canal downstream to the Macculum gate via
underground canal along the W E Bastian Mawatha
and Olcotte Mawatha(E-F) provided that the finger
shaped Northern Felicons of East Beira Lake have
to be filled. Also polluted dry weather flow of the
Norris Canal has to be allowed to flow into the
Beira Lake to prevent the water unbalance.
Therefore dry weather flow with polluted water of
Norris Canal has to be sent through some filter
media(horizontal Reed Bed) to improve the water
quality.
(cl)
(cm)
Option 2
(cn) Construction of a weir at the location D to
maintain the minimum water level of Beira Lake at
+1.8 mMSL and construction of outlet canal up to
the sea out fall canal downstream to the Maccalum
Lock Gate along the W E Bastian Mawatha and the
Olcott Mawatha. (E-F) In this option also polluted
23
25
(cv)
(cw)Fig 5 - Option 1
(cx)
27
(cy)
(cz)
(da)Fig. 6 - Option 2
(db)
29
(dc)
(dd)
(de)Fig.7 - Option 3
31
Canal Stretch
Qty
Drain structure
(di)
(dj)
(dk)
= 01 No.
= 01 No.
Proposed Closed
crossing structure
(dl)
(dm)
(dn)
(do)
(dp)
33
(dq)
(dr)
(ds)
(dt)
35
Technical Basis
(du)
(dv) Proposed Weir
(dw)
(dx) Background
(dy)
(dz) Hydraulic capacity computation for the semi
circular ogee weir structure are based on HECHMS model output of peak discharge.
(ea)
(eb) The study evaluated for weir control under
free outlet condition by using the following
equations.
(ec)
(ed) Q design = CLH 3/2
(ee)
(ef)
Design Procedure
(eg)
discharge
(eh)
(ei)
(ej)
(ek)
(el)
Design
(em)
(en)
(eo)
way crest
C L e He
=
Design
3/2
Design Discharge
Coefficient of Discharge
(ep)
He
=
including the velocity head
37
(eq)
(er)
(es)
(et) Fig 9 - Elements of Nappe-shaped crest profile
(eu)
(ev)
(ew)
Weir coefficient = 2.21
(ex)
(ey)
(ez)
(fa)
(fb)
(fc)
(fd)
1.85
0.85
Dis curve in accordance
with
eq
r2
(fe)
(ff)
(fg)
(fh)
(fi)
=2. H d
b
Vertical
Crest axis
F1 = 0.5 Hd
F2 = 0.2 Hd
a = 0.175 Hd
b = 0.282 Hd
39
.y
(fj)
(fk)
(fl)
(fm)
(fn)
(fo)
(fp) Fig 10 - Crest of the Ogee spill way
determine energy dissipaters and stilling
basins
(fq)
(fr)
(fs)
Protection against scour downstream
of dams
(ft)
(fu) The velocity of flow downstream from weir is
always high and it erosions the bed and bank of
river below the weir. There are many types of
devices. To dissipate energy of flow downstream in
order to make the flow enter the earth canal at a
safe velocity
(fv)
(fw) The most frequently used energy dissipater is
a hydraulic jump.
(fx)
(fy) Condition for formation of hydraulic jump
(fz)
(ga)
(gb)
Hydraulic jump as an energy
dissipater
(gc)
41
(gd)
Jump equation
Y2 1
= (1+ 8 F 1 21)
Y1 2
(ge)
(gf)
(gg)
(gh)
(gi)
(gj)
(gk)
(gl)
(gm)
(gn)
(go)
(gp) Fig 11 - Pattern of Hydraulic jump
(gq)
(gr)
(gs)
Where Y1 and Y2 are depth before and
after the jump, respectively
(gt)
(gu)
V1 = flow velocity before the jump
(gv)
g = gravity acceleration, and
F 1=
V1
gy 1
Length of jump
(gw)
(gx)
(gy) many studies for length of jump have been
conducted. The equation gives the length of jump
The length of jump may be defined as the distance
from the point where the jet with a supercritical
velocity rises to the point where the streaming flow
meets the sequent depth of subcritical flow.
(gz)
(ha) length of hydraulic jump on a horizontal floor
(hb)
(hc)
L j = 5 (Y2 - Y1) ..............by
Bakhetett, Matzke
(hd)
43
(hp)
(hq)
(hr)
(hs)
(ht)
(hu)
(hv)
(hw)
(hx)
(hy)
(hz)
(ia)
45
(ib)
(ic)Fig 12 - Hydraulic jump interpreted by specific
energy curve
(id)
From Calculation
(ii)
3
Q = 20 m /s
Le = 30 m
(ij)
(ik)
(il)
(im)
Y1 =
Y2 =
Froude number
Jump length
design
/L
0.2 m
0.6 m
= 2.5
=
2m
(in)
(io)
(ip)
(iq)
FR1
= 2.5
(ir)
(is) There for in this case a simple concrete apron
of length 5(Y1-Y2) is generally sufficient to
provide protection in the region of hydraulic
jump,
(it)
(iu) Due to dissipation of energy of water flowing
over weirs proposed stilling basin to prevent
possible erosion and scouring due to high
velocities. shown Fig....................
(iv)
(iw)
Length of stilling basin = 5(y2 y1) = 2.0
m
(ix)
(iy)
47
(iz)
(ja)
(jb) Fig 13 - Simple horizontal apron for stilling basin
(jc)
(jd)
Box drain
(je)
(jf)
Load Conditions
(jg)
(jh)
i. Earth pressure
(ji)
(jj) Soil pressure calculated as triangularly
distributed load, and water pressure
calculated as triangularly distributed.
(jk)
The following earth pressure coefficient
shall be used in the design calculation:
(jl)
(jm)
(a) Coefficient of earth pressure at rest
(Ko)
(jn)
(Jaky's Equation)
(jo)
(jp)
(jq)
(jr)
K o = 1-Sin '
(b) Coefficient of active earth pressure (KA)
(Columb's equation)
49
(js)
( + )Cos( +)
cos
sin(+ )sin ()
(jt)
(ju)
(jv) (c) Coefficient of active passive pressure (K p)
(jw)
(Columb's equation)
(jx)
( + )Cos( +)
cos
sin(+ )sin ()
(jy)
(jz)
(ka)
(d) Coefficient of active earth pressure
during Earthquake (KAE),is not taken is
to
account
(kb)
(kc)
Where,
(kd)
(ke)
:
Internal angle friction of soil
(kf)
'
friction soil
(kg)
:
Angle
surface and vertical direction
(kh)
(ki)
(kj)
(kk)
:
:
between
wall
Slope of backfill
51
(kl)
(km)
(kn)
(ko)
(kp)
Hydraulic pressure
(kq)
(kr) Internal hydraulic pressure also calculated as
triangular loading internally
(ks)
(kt)
ii Dead load
(ku)
(kv) The weight of the materials and part of the
structure
that are structural elements, but
excluding superimposed materials such as road
surfacing, rail track ballast, parapets, mains, ducts,
miscellaneous furniture, etc. superimposed dead
load is define as the weight of all material forming
loads on the structure that are not structural
elements.
(kw)
(kx)
Unit weight of construction material for
calculation of dead load shall be used as listed
below unless otherwise specified.
(ky)
(kz) Material
weight
3
(kN/m )
(la) Water
9.81
23.5
to
21.5
to
Gabions
78.5
18
22
Brick layer
17.5
(lh)
Existing Soil
16
53
19
(lj) Gravel/Boulders
19
15
21.5
(lm)
Waterproof asphalt
22
(ln)
(lo) (iii)
Live load
(lp)
(lq)
Live loads are define as loads due
to vehicle or pedestrian traffic. live loads are
further classified in to primary live
loads and secondary live loads as follows:(lr)
(ls) (a) Primary live loads
(lt)
L<30
(ly)
L> 30
less than 9 kN/m
UDL = 30 kN/m
UDL = 151x(1/L)0.475 but not
(lz)
(ma)
is
(mb)
KEL = 120 KN
(mc)
Wheel Load
(md)
Wheel Load is for 100 KN wheel load
placed on the carriage way and
uniformly
distributed over the circular contact area
(340mm diameter), an
effective pressure
of 1.1N/mm2 is assumed.
55
(me)
HB - Loading
(mf)
(mg)
(mh)
(mi)
(mj)
(mk)Fig. 14 - Dimensions of the HB vehicle
(ml)
(mm) (ii) Wheel loads shall be assumed to be
uniformly distributed over a circular
contact area, assuming an effective
pressure of 1.1 N/mm2. Alternatively, a
square contact area may be assumed,
using the same effective pressure.
(mn)
57
(mo)
(mp)
(mq)
m)
(mr)
(ms)
(mt)
P = UDL/30
(b) Secondary live load
Live load due to change in speed or
direction of the vehicle traffic and load
due to vehicle braking shall fall under this
category.
(Source BS 5400 - Part 2)
(mu)
(mv)
(mw)
Breaking load
(mx)
(my)
This load shall be applied in one
notional lane only.
(mz)
for type HA ; F = (8 kN/m x L +
200) kN to a maximum of 700 kN. applied to
an area of one notional lane width
multiplied by the loaded length.
(na)
(nb)
for type HB ; 25% of total HB load
applied as equally distributed between the
eight wheels of the vehicle 1.8 m apart.
(nc)
(nd)
Moment Calculations
(ne)
(nf) Moments of edges and at middles calculated
according to the Reinforced Concrete Designer's
Hand Book "table 186" the equations represent in
hand book followed as it is. The
calculated
moments combined in 6 load combinations and
considered the critical movement combination and
its value for structural design. Supporting
movement calculation sheet is attached.
(ng)
(nh)
Combination 01
59
(ni)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on internal walls + HB
Loading
(nj)
(nk)
Combination 02
(nl)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on internal walls + HA
Loading
(nm)
(nn)
Combination 03
(no)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + HB
Loading + HA Loading
(np)
Combination 04
(nq)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on walls
(nr)
(ns)
Combination 05
(nt)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls
(nu)
(nv)
Combination 06
(nw)
Wall weight + Slab weight + Lateral Earth
pressure + Hydro static on walls + Internal
Hydraulic Pressure on walls + HB Loading +
HA Loading.
(nx)
(ny)
From Movements, Critical moment of each
position is considered to the design and the
design is continued with that critical movement
as in the BS 8110.
(nz)
(oa) Basic Conditions of Reinforced Concrete
(ob)
(oc)The limit state theory has been used in the
design of reinforced concrete structures, As for
61
(oi) Condition
(pc)
(pd)
(iv)
Anchorage bond lengths and lap
lengths of bars
(pe)
63
(oo)
1
(op)
2
(or)
2
(os)
5
(ov)
3
(ow)
5
(pf)
(v) Design of reinforcement.
(pg)
(ph)
The following design procedure was
followed according to BS 8110 : part 1 :
1985
(pi)
(pj)
If K>K' say doubly reinforced
(pk)
(pl)
Then evaluate z = d{0.5+(0.25-K/0.9)} and it
should not be greater than 0.95d
(pm)
x = (d-z)/0.45
(pn)
K')fcubd2/0.87fy(d-d')
As'=
(po)
As'
As = K'fcubd2/0.87fyz +
(K-
(pp)
(pq)
and If d'/x exceeds 0.43, the
compression stress will be less than 0.87fy
should be
obtained from BS8110 part
01
(pr)
(ps)
But if we use singly reinforcement
we provide compression reinforcement also
to overcome practical problems.
(pt)
(pu)
(vi)
Crack width of Reinforced
concrete sections
(pv)
(pw)
For the calculation of crack widths of
sections the following procedure mentioned in
the " Reinforced Concrete Designer's Hand
Book , Charles E. Reynolds and James C.
Steedman, 10th edition was followed.
(px)
(py)
The following procedure are used
to find the Crack widths.
(pz)
65
Determine
moment
concerned from
service load
Determine
Ms
elastic
at
section
analysis
instantaneous
value
with
elastic
modular of concrete Ec
expressions
(qa)
(qb)
x/d = {(e+(e-1)') 2+2(e+(e1)' * d'/d)}- (e+(e-1)')
(qc)
z/d={3(x/d)2-(x/d)3+6(e-1)'(x/d-d'/d)
(1-d'/d)}/[3(x/d)2+6(e-1)'(x/d-d'/d)]
(qd)
(qe)
(qf)
fs = Ms/(As x z)
Calculate strain 1
(qg)
(qh)
1 = fs/2 x 105{(a'-x)/(d-x)}
Calculate strain m
(qi)
m = 1 - ( bt (a'-x)(h-x) /
600000As(d-x)
(qj)
(qk)
(ql)
(qm)
(qn)
(qo)
e
=
modulus of concrete
(qp)
=
As/bd and
tension steel provided
As : area of
(qq)
'
=
As'/bd and As': area of
compression steel provided
(qr)
67
(qs)
= Lever arm
(qt)
b, bt
(qu)
Ms
=
moment of the section
(qv)
Wr
(qw)
acr
steel surface
Maximum
Service
(qx)
(qy)
Crack width is limited below 0.2mm
(qz)
(ra)
(vi)
Partial safety factor f1 and f3
used in the limit state analysis are as follows:
(rb)
(rc)
f3 is 1.1
(rd)
(re)
(rf)
(rg)
(rh)
(ri)
(rj)
(rk)
(rl)
f1 is shown below
69
(a) Structure
(b) S
L
S
(d) Superstruct
ure
(e)
(f)
(h) 1
.
0
0
(k) 1
.
2
0
(n) 1
.
1
0
(i) 1
.
2
0
(l) 1
.
5
0
(o) 1
.
3
0
(g) Dead
Load
(concrete)
(j) HA type
(m) Live Loads
(p) HB type
(s) Breaking
load
(v) HA type
(y) HB type
(ab)Foot
Load
path
(ae)Substructur
e
(ah)Self weight
(ak)Earth
pressure
(an)Live
Loads
Surcharge
(aq)Fill weight
(t)
(c) U
L
S
(u)
(w) 1
.
0
0
(z) 1
.
0
0
(ac)1
.
0
0
(af)
(x) 1
.
2
5
(aa)1
.
1
0
(ad)1
.
5
0
(ag)
(ai) 1
.
0
0
(al) 1
.
0
0
(ao)1
.
0
0
(ar) 1
.
0
0
(aj) 1
.
2
0
(am)
1.50
(ap)1
.
5
0
(as) 1
.
5
0
71
(ro)
(rp)
(rq)
(rr)
(rs)
(rt)
(ru)
(rv)
(rw)
(rx)
(ry)
(rz)
(sa)
(sb)
(sc)
(sd)
(se) Source : BS 5400: part 2 : 1978 and part 4 :
1990
(sf)
(sg)
The materials to be used.
(sh)
(si)
Reinforced concrete
(sj) Concrete to be used is classified into several
classes on the basis of the characteristic
compressive strength at 28 days for concrete with
any type of cement (excluding high alumina
cement) and as well as maximum size of the
aggregate.
(sk)
(sl)
Reinforcing Bar
(sm)
The reinforcing bar shall conform to
the specifications for deform steel bar and round
steel
bar of British standard or equivalent as shown below.
(sn)
(so) Grade:
250 N/mm2,460 N/mm2 as per
B.S.4449, B.S.4461 &
B.S.4483
(sp) Size :
diameter)
6,10,12,16,20,25,32
mm
(in
73
(sq)
(sr)
Soil
(ss)
The embankment material and
back filling soil excluding sub grade for
pavement
shall
confirm
to
the
following criteria
(st)
(su)
(sv) (a)
Material
(sw)
- More than 5% of material shall
pass sieve #200 (0.074 mm of diameter)
(sx)
- Material shall not contain gravel
with diameter greater than 10cm
(sy)
- The clay and silt content should not
be more than 25%
(sz)
- Highly organic soils shall not be used
as embankment material
(ta)
(tb) (b) Dry density after compaction
(tc)
Dry density of compacted material shall be
greater than or equal to 95% of
the maximum dry density obtained from the
standard compaction test.
(td)
(te) (c) Moisture Content
(tf)
(tg)
(th)
(ti)
(tj)
75
(tk)
(tl)
(tm) Fig. 15 - Front Elevation of Weir
(tn)
(to)
(tp)
(tq)
(tr)
(ts)
(tt) Fig. 16 - Spillway longitudinal section
77
(tu)
(tv)
(tw)
(tx)
(ty)
79
Cost Estimate
(tz)
(ua)
(ue)
I
(uh)
1
(ul)
2
(up)
3
(ux)
(vb)
(vf)
(vj)
(vn)
(ub)
(uc)
(uf) DESCRIPTION
(ui) PRELIMINARIES
(uj)
(um)
CONSTRUCTION OF
CONCRETE WEIR (LENGTH 30m)
(uq) CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE
BOX DRAIN - (LENGTH 600m)
(uu) SIZE - 3750 x 2750 mm / 2 BAY
(ur)
(uv)
(uz)
(vd)
(vh)
(vl)
(vp)
(vs) GRAND
(un)
TOTAL
(vt)
(vr)
(vv)
(vw)
81
(ud)
(ug) AMO
UNT(S
LRS)
(uk)
25,00
0,000
.00
(uo)
30,00
0,000
.00
(us)
(uw)
467,0
00,00
0.00
(va)
522,0
00,00
0.00
(ve)
15,66
0,000
.00
(vi)
62,64
0,000
.00
(vm)
600,3
00,00
0.00
(vq)
72,03
6,000
.00
(vu)
672,
336,
000.
00