Simple Sentence`

Fourth Semester

The

REDUCED CLAUSES
A. REDUCE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
Pengertian reducing yaitu peringkasan dengan cara menghilangkan
conjuction of adjective clause, dan menghasilkan infinite verb (bentuk
participle phrase V ing dan V3 ) dan infinitive phrase (to infinive).
1. participle phrase (V-ing dan V-3)
Adjective clause bisa dirubah menjadi participle phrase ( frase yang
head-nya berupa infinite V-ing dan V-3) dengan syarat menggunakan
conjuction yang relative pronoun as Subject Who , Which and that dengan
a.

cara conjuction dan be-nya dibuang.

Active (V-ing)
e.g :
1). Anyone who wants to come with us is welcome
Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome
2). The man who was talking to John was from korea
The man talking to john was from korea
Tenses adjective clause yang digunakan dalam pembentukan present
participle (V-ing) adalah simple present , simple past, present continous ,
past continous , present/past perfect dan present/past perfect continous.

b.

Passive (V3)
e.g, :
1

Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

1). The
The
2). The
The

The

ideas which are presented in that book are interesting

ideas presented in that book are interesting
girl who is given a flower is my sister
girl given a flower is my sister

Sedangkan untuk past participle (V3). Tenses yang digunakan adalah

simple present dan simple past.

2. infinitive Phrase (to infinitive to + V1)

Ada dua cara bagaimana untuk merubah adjective clause menjadi
infinitive phrase, yaitu :
a.
To infinitive digunakan setelah kata the first , the second , the last,
the only etc . dan kadang-kadang setelah superlative form.
e.g.:
1). he loves parties , he is always the first who comes and the last who
leaves.
he loves parties , he is always the first to come and the last to leave
2). she was the only one who survived the crash
she was the only one to survive the crash
Relative pronoun as subject who and which digunakan untuk
merubah to infinitive (pada contoh diatas) ke adjective clause.

2
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

Selain itu, relative pronoun as Object whom dan which juga bisa
digunakan dengan cacatan adjective clause-nya menggunakan modal
auxiliary.
e.g,:

b.

1). the first man whom we must see is tom

the first man to see is tom
To infinitive setelah noun/pronoun yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan
keinginan si subject
e.g,:
1). he has a lot of books which he can/must read
he has a lot of books to read
2). she had something which she could/had to do
she had something to do
Pada contoh tersebut conjuction yang digunakan adalah Relative
Pronoun as Object yaitu whom, which, dan that.

Omitting
Peringkasan dengan cara menghilangkan conjuction of adjective clause,
dan tidak menghasilkan infinite verb.
3
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

a.

The

Dengan hanya menghilangkan conjuction-nya, tanpa menghasilkan

bentuk apapun yaitu dengan syarat conjuction yang digunakan adalah
Relative Pronoun as Pronoun whom, which, dan that dan relative
adverb where , when , that, in/on/at which dan why.
e.g, :
1). the girls whom/that he employs are always complaining about their

b.

pay.
gilrs he employs are always complaining about their pay.
2). The small town where I was born has grown to a large metropolis
The small town I was born in has grown to a large metropolis.
Dengan menghilangkan conjuction of adjective clause dan
menghasilkan bentuk Adjective Phrase. Adjective clause dapat
berubah menjadi adjective phrase dengan syarat:
a). Adjective clausenya berupa kalimat nominal, dengan complement
berupa adjective.
b). Conjuction yang digunakan beruapa Relative Pronoun as Subject
who , which, dan that.
e.g
1). Ann is the woman who is responsible for preparing the
budget.
Ann is the woman responsible for preparing the budget.

4
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

Beberapa hal yang disyaratkan dalam merubah adjective clause

menjadi adjective phrase , yaitu:
a). Pembentukan adjective phrase seringkali terjadi ketika adjectivenya diikuti oleh bound preposition, seperti pada contoh di atas :
responsible for , subsequent to .
b). Ketika adjectivenya berupa : involved , concerned dan beberapa
adjective yang berakhiran able dan ible. Selain itu juga, certain
adjective (adjective tertentu) yang predicate position ( adjective
yang tidak boleh diikuti oleh noun atau adjective selalu menjadi
predikat), seperti : adrift, afloat, alive, asleep, alike, alone, absent,
afraid, pesent dan lain-lain. e.g,:
The man who was absent from the meeting is a treasurer.
The man absent from the meeting is a treasurer.
c). Ketika adjective-nya di comparison degree.
e.g,:
A car which is faster than your jaguar is parked in front of mt
house.
A car faster than your jaguar is parked in front of my house.
A man who is as rich as my father is diligent
A man as rich as my father is diligent.
5
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

B. REDUCE ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

1. Adverbial clause of time
Reducing disini mengacu pada pembuangan conjuntion serta subject
dan be dan merubah dari finite verb menjadi infinite verb yaitu: Ving
(present participle) terutama pada kalimat verbal, seperti :
a.
Kalimat active
e.g
(when he is) doing the housework, john turns on the radio.
Doing the housework, John truns on the radio.
b.
Kalimat passive
e.g
(when he was) invited to participle on research, jack was finising his
assignment.
Invited to participle on research, jack was finishing his assignment.
Selain cara di atas, upon/an yang diikuti oleh present participle
(upon/on + Ving) adalah sebuah expression yang memiliki makna sama
dengan when. Contoh:
Upon reaching the age of 21, I received my inheritance semakna dengan.
When I reached the age of 21, I received my inheritance.

6
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

2. Adverbial clause of place

Adalah adverbial clause yang menyatakan tempat.
a.
Conjunction yang digunakan dalam adverbial clause of place adalah:
a). Where(ver) : dimana(pun)
b). Anywhere(that) : dimanasaja
c). Nowhere(that) : dimanapun tidak
d). Everywhre(that) : kemanapun
e). Anyplace(that) : diamansaja
f). No place(that) : dimanapun tidak
g). Every place(that) : kemanasaja
e.g
1). Where there is will, there is way.
2). She lives where her parents used to live.
3). Anywhere we go on holiday, you never like it.
4). They sat down wherever they could find an empty seat
5). He goes everywhere (that) she goes.
Sedangkan correlative conjuntion untuk place adalah
where(ver) there seperti :
1). where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest
2). Where there was trouble, there he was sure to be.
Note: jika main clausesnya pendek, kata there bisa
diletakkan di akhir main clause tersebut where there was
trouble, he was sure to be there.

7
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

3. Peringkasan Adverbial Clause of Reason/Cause

a.
Abridgement
Pembentukan abridgement dari kalimat verbal dan nominal pada
caluse ini tidk jauh berbeda dengan clause sebelumnya. Akan tetapi ada
satu hal yan perlu diperhatikan, yait bahwa conjunction because tidak
bisa diikuti oleh participle, artinya bahwa conjucntion tersebut tidak
boleh di-abridgement.
e.g.:
1). Because (she) needed some money to buy a book, Sue cashed a
check.
Needing some money

to buy a book, Sue chased a check.

(Reducing)
tidak boleh di tulis dengan because needing money . . . . .
Contoh abridgement dalam :
a).

Kalimat Verbal
Since (it was) agreed on by the majority, this measure will be

carried out.
Since agreed on by the majority, this measure will be carried out.
b).
Kalimat Nominal
Since (she was) unable to afford, she bought a bicycle.
8
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

Since unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.

b.

Reducing
a).
Kalimat verbal
e.g:
(Since it was) agreed on by the majority, this measure will be carriec

out.
Agreed on by the majority, this measure will be carried out.
b).
Kalimat nominal.
e.g:
(Since she) was unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.
Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.
Omitting.
Omitting pada clause ini mengacu pada pembuangan conjunction,
subject

(dan

be)

dan

hanya

dalam

kalimat

nominal

yang

akan

menghasilkan complement adjective, adverb, dan noun.

a).
Kalimat nominal
e.g:
(Since she was) unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.
Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.
4. Peringkasan adverbial clause of result/effect
a). Reducing
Reducing dalam clause ini menghasilkan infinitive phrase. Ada
beberapa pola dari infinitive yang merefleksikan adverbial clause of
result adalah:
Adj/adv+enough+to infinitive.
e.g:
9
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

The question are easy enough for us to answer.

The question are so easy that (we can) answer them.
Modal auxiliary seperti can, must, and should seringkali
dilibatkan di dalam sub clause-nya.
Too+adj/adv+to infinitive
e.g:
He spoke too quickly for me to understand.
He spoke so quickly for me that (I could not) understand him.
Penggunaan adverb of degree too (terlalu) umumnya di luar
batas sebuah kemampuan, sehingga ketika contoh di atas dibentuk
dalam clause yang sempurna, maka sub clause-nya dinegatifkan.
5. Peringkasan Adverbial Clause of Purpose.
a).
Reducing.
Reducing dalam Clause ini menghasilkan infinitive phrase atau
infinitival particle- to, in order to, dan so as to sebagai pengganti
(substitution) dari penghilangan subject tersebut.
Syarat untuk me-reducing adverbial clause of purpose yaitu:
b).Subject pada main clause sama dengan subject pada sub clause.
c).Di dalam sub clause terdapat modal auxiliary.
e.g.:
a). John is studying mathematics ( in order that he can ) qualify for a
better job.
10
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

Jihn is studying mathematics to/in order to/ so as to qualify for

abetter job
Atau
To/ in order to/ so as to qualify for a better job, John is studying
mathematic.
b). I worked day and night ( for the purpose thati could ) finish this
module soon.
I worked day and night to/ in order to/ so as to finosh this module
soon.
Atau
To/in order to/ so as to finish this module soon, i worked day and
night.

11
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

REDUCED CLAUSES
NAME

ID.NUMBER

GROUP

A. MULTIPLE CHOISE
1. Ika Kinaki is not the only one who buys a new car. Who buys can
be replaced by
a.
Buys
b.
To buy
c.
Buy
d.
Whom buys
2. When he is doing the housework, John turns on the radio. Which
words can be reduced in this sentence?
a.
When he is
b.
Is
c.
He is
d.
When, is
12
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

3. The girl given a flower is my sister. What are the lost words in this
sentence?
a.
Whom
b.
Whom is
c.
Who
d.
Who is
4. Although he is only a child, he works as hard as an adult. The best
reducing in this sentence is
a.
Although he only a child, he works as hard as an adult.
b.
Although he is only a child, works as hard as an adult.
c.
Although he is only a child, he work as hard as an adult.
d.
Although only a child, he works as hard as an adult.
5. Choose the right sentence!
a.
Anyone wanting to come with us is welcome
b.
Anyone who want to come with us is welcome
c.
Anyone who wanting to come with us is welcome
d.
Anyone come with us is welcome
B. CORRECT/INCORRECT
1. Irchamdy Ilyas, the leader of this community, will give us a speech.
(
)
2. Upon reaching the age of 21, I recived my inheritance
(
)
3. She had something which she could do
4. Only after her mother died, she know loneliness
(

)
13

Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

5. She was the only one survive the crash

C. ERROR ANALYZING
1. It is most important that he speaks to the dean before leaving for
his vacation.
A
B
C
D
2. It was suggested that Pedro studies the material more thoroughly
before
A
B
C
attempting to pass the exam.
D
3. The piano teacher requires that her student practices at least fortyfive minutes
A
B
C
every day in preparation for next weeks rectical.
D
4. The president mentioned to the cabinet members he was going to
negotiate a new
A
B
C
treaty with the foreign minister.
D
5. When we arrived at the store to purchase the dishwasher advertise
in the
A
B
C
newspaper, we learned that all the dishwashers had been sold.
D
6. Although her severe pain, Pat decide to come to the meeting so
that there would
A
B
C
D
be a quorum.
7. The proposal has repealed after a thirty-minute discussion and a
number of
14
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah

Simple Sentence`
Fourth Semester

The

A
B
C
objection to its failure to include our distric.
D
8. This class, that is a prerequisite for microbiology, is so difficult that
I would
A
B
C
rather drop it.
D
9. Although the danger that he might be injured, Boris bravely
entered the burning
A
B
C
house in order to save the youngster.
D
10.
That these students have improved their grades because of
their participation in
A
B
C
D
the test review class.

15
Lecturer:

Nur, S.Pd.I., M.Pd.

Nur Aliyah