*{PORTANT

RMULAE
L Algebra and functions
Indices (page 1)
am X an:6mtn
A^

--,
I

+ An: Am-n

(am)n:

gmn

-O- 1
u--L

Surds (page 7)

lab:tGx{6

,rl

To rationalise the denominat

fraction by @ +

"l

,An
d' means 'the nth root of a,

o, of

f6.

'tn\q,
\

U-

\,G

tE

multiply the top and the bottom of the

Factorising (page L0)

a2-b2:(a-b)(a+b)

x2-2x-3-(r-3Xr+1)
6x2+x-2-(2x-7)(3x+2)
Quadratic equations (page 13)
The solutions to the equation ax2 + bx

* c:

0 are.x

: -6 -+ 1/p - a*

- 4ac z-0, then ax2 + bx * c = 0 has no solutions.

rf b2 - 4ec : 0, then ax2 * bx i c : 0 has one repeated solution.
If b2 - 4ac) 0, then axz + bx * c:0 has two distinct solutions.
If

b2

Completing the squarc (page 14)

E.g.

x2+8x *3: (x+4)2-16+3

:(x*4)2_tg

The minimum value of the expression (x + 4)2 _ 13 is _13

and the minimum vaiue
occurs atx: -4.

Inequalities (page

24)

To solve a quadratic_(or a cubic) inequality sketch a graph

of the function. see
examples on page 25.

273

Intersection of a line and a curye (page 3L)

For a line and a curve in the same plane there are three possibilities.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)

The points of intersection are distinct.

The line is a tangent to the curve. In this case the point of contact corresponds
to two (or more) identical points of intersection.
The line and the curve do not meet.

(iii)
Points of intersection are found by solving the two equations simultaneously.

In case (i) the solutions are distinct.

In case (ii) the solutions are repeated.
In case (iii) there are no solutions.

Tiansformation of curves (page 36)

y : f(x) + a: Tianslation by a units parallel to the y-axis.

!:

f(x

- a):

Tiansiation by a units parallel to the r-axis

(note the negative sign).

:
rt :

af(x):

Stretch parallel to the y-axis by a scale factor

f(ax):

Stretch parallel to the x-axis by a scale factor 1.

(note the inverse of

a.

a).

Algebraic division (page 11-5)

Factor theorem (page 116)

It t{;t

0, then (x

a) is a factor of

f(r).

u'(!): 0, then (ax - b) is a factor off(r).

Remainder theorem (page L22)

\\lnen tr-rl is diiided by (x - a) the remainder is f(a).
Sirnilarlv rrhen f(.t) is divided by (ax - b) the remainder

hr

i, f/b\

\;)

2 Coordinate geometry

(page E2)

For the straight line joining A(xr, y1) andB(xr, yr):

gradient of AB

Yt'
- U'xz- xt

lengthoflineAB: @
mid_poinr or rine AB
TWo lines

is

l-r

L(t*), (^y))

with gradients m,

and.

mrare perpendicular if

mrmr:

_1

The equation of a straight line (page SS)

The line y : mx * c has gradient m and.c is the y intercept.
The line with gradientm which passes through the fixed point (xt,yt)has
equation
A - h: m(x - xt).
The circle (page 180)
The circle with centre (a, b) and radius r has equation
(x - a)2 + (y b)2: 12
To

find the centre and radius_of a given_circle: rearange the terms, complete the

square on the x and y terms. See page 131.

Thngents and normals to a circle, see page 134.

Sequences and seri es (page 67)

The zth term of the sequence 5, g,17,74,

We

write ur:3n *

...

is 3n

* 2.

The sigma notation (page 7L)

.{r1234
2 3 4
,?1r*7
-::--.r-:--r--r-

Arithmetic series (page 72)

For the arithmetic series with first term a and. common difference
the nth term is a + (n - l)d
the sum of the first n terms islVa + (n l)dl.
-

d:

Geometric series (page 1,41)

For the geometric series with first term a and common ratio r:
The nth term is a{ - 1
The sum of the first n terms is a(f - 1l

If -1 < r < 1 the sum to infinitv

r -'L

is

fl

'1.-r
275

Binomial expansion (page L50)

+ b), :

t (i) - 1bl + (;) - 2bz + (Z) "

"
"
and (1 + x)n :' . (T),. (;)*.
(;)r .
(a

(n\:
\r)

nCr

an

3b3

+ ...

n!

r!(n_r)l

4 Calculus @age 84)

Differentiation

du
If y = x',#=
r*"- t

-dv
E.g.y-x7-#:r*u
^da
v:x2+4:-2x-3
"dx
Tangents and normals to a curve (see page 93)

Stationary points (page 217)

At
Il
ft

a stationary

dzu

i;
dzu

point

H: ,

is negative at a stationary point then the stationary point is a local maximum.

is positive at a stationary point then the stationary point is a local minimum.

Increasing and decreasing functions (page 22g)

A function f(r) is increasing if f'(x) > 0.
A function f(r) is deueasing if f'(x) < 0.

Integration (page 1-05)

,- da
xP'
1

11

dir:xP'a: r*r+'

E.s.i

x2dx:!*,

Definite integration

f'o,:

Itt'i]l

(page 237)

: r@) - r(a).

The erea behveen a curve and the x-axis

fueBn

The aea between the curve y : f.(x),

the x-axis ard the lines r : a, x : b

b$wnLc
ft

I r:lar
tr-'

u6

Trapezium rule (page 243)

h

Area =
ilyo+ 2(yt+ Uz* A2......+ U,

-1

first

'middle'

ordinate

5 Trigonometry

_) * y,l
last
ordinate

ordinates

@age 165)

Sine rule (page L65)

n:h:c
sinA sin B

sin A

sinB

sinC

sin C

Cosine ruLe (page 767)

a2:b2+c2*2bccosA

cos

fu2162-s2
2bc

The area of a triangle (page 172)

Given two sides and the included angle,
Area

Curves of
v

=lab sin C

y= sinx, A=cosx,a=tanx(page172)

Solving geometric equations

Identities (page

(see pages 777-L83)

184)

cos20+sin20:1
sin 0
cos 0

:tane

Radians (page 186)

rradians

180o

Arc length of sector,

Area of sector,

s:

r0

a: ! f o

Tiansformations of trigonometric graphs

(see page 1-97)

5 Logarithms @age 208)

an:b elogob: n [Remember'logro 1,00:2'l
Laws of logarithms (page 208)
log"(bc):logob +Iogoc

r"" (:) :

togob

nlogob:logo(b")

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