4.

1 Allowable stresses in the calculations on the strength and stability of offshore

pipelines are set depending on the yield strength of the metal pipes used with
design factor "K", the values of which are given in Table 1.
K
The combined stresses at constant The combined stresses under
load in combination with loads of
construction or in the
environmental or accidental loads
hydrostatic test
Onshore and offshore Sea pipeline, including onshore
Sea pipeline, including
section of the pipeline and offshore areas in the buffer onshore and offshore areas in
in the buffer zone
zone
the buffer zone
0,60
0,80
0,96

(1)

Ring tensile stresses under steady

loads
marine
pipeline
0,72

4.2. The maximum total stresses due to internal and external pressure, axial force
with the oval tubing shall not exceed permissible values:

x2 y2 x y 3T xy2 K T

4.3. Pipelines should be tested for strength and stability of the local section of the
pipe from the outside water pressure. In this case, the internal pressure in the pipe
taken to be 0.1 MPa.
4.4. Meaning oval pipes installed by the formula:
U

Dmax Dmin
D

(3)

Total allowable ovality, including the initial oval tubes (factory tolerances) shall not
exceed 1.0% (0.01).
4.5. Residual strain in the maritime line must be no more than 0.2% (0,002).
4.6. In areas of possible subsidence of the offshore pipeline is necessary to calculate
the projected axis of curvature of the pipeline from its own weight with the external
loads.
4.7. The project should provide an analysis of all possible variations in the line
voltage on the intensity and frequency that can cause fatigue failures in the
construction or in the further exploitation of the marine pipeline system
(hydrodynamic effects on the pipeline, fluctuations of the working pressure and
temperature, etc.). Special attention should be given to areas of the pipeline
system, prone to stress concentration.

4.8. For the calculation of fatigue phenomena can use techniques based on the
mechanics of destruction test tubes on low-cycle fatigue.

5. The calculation of the wall thickness of the pipe.

5.1. For offshore pipeline wall thickness, should be calculated for the two situations
is the action of the load:
- The internal pressure in the pipeline for the shallow, coastal, and coastal areas of
the pipeline located in the buffer zone;
- To collapse under the influence of external gas pressure, stretch and bend for
deepwater pipeline route.
5.2. Calculation of the minimum wall thickness of offshore gas pipeline under the
influence of internal pressure should be made as follows:
t min

m ( P P0 ) D
2 K T

(4)
Note:
Reduced dependence is applicable to the design temperature range of the gas
transported between - 15 C and + 120 C, provided that equal strength weld to
the base metal pipes and provide the necessary hardness of welded ring
compounds and their resistance to hydrogen sulfide cracking.

5.3. The nominal wall thickness of the pipe is installed at a minimum thickness
obtained by the formula (4), rounded to the next higher value under the state
standards or specifications.
5.4. Pipe wall thickness should be adequate for the loads encountered during
assembly, installation, piping and hydraulic testing its operation.
5.5. If necessary, may add to the calculated nominal thickness of the pipe wall
tolerances on internal corrosion.
If the monitoring program provides corrosion inhibitors or injection, the addition of a
corrosion allowance is not required.
5.6. To prevent the collapse of the pipeline wall on the deep routes exposed external
pressure, tension and bending necessary condition:

P0 0

1
Pc c
(5)

5.7. In determining the wall thickness of the pipe under the joint action of bending
and compression in the calculation should be the value of the yield strength in
compression, equal to 0.9 times the yield strength of the material of pipes.
5.8. If techniques styling with full control pipe bending strain allowable bending
strain when laying the pipeline on the sea depths of 1000 m does not exceed 0.15%
(0.0015). The critical value of the bending strain of the pipeline at depths of 0.4%
(0.004).

6. Stability of the pipe wall under external hydrostatic pressure and bending
moment.

6.1. For a range of ratios 15 <D / t <5 external hydrostatic pressure at which the
pipeline can get a local collapse, taking into account the violation of circular pipe
with the initial of its roundness, set of equations:

Pc

Py Pcr
( Py2

P 2 cr ) 0.5

(6)
Pc

(1 2 ) D
2E

(7)
Py 2 T

t
D

(8)

In this case, the initial roundness of pipe should not exceed 0.5% (0.005).
6.2. External hydrostatic pressure on the pipe at the actual depth of the water is
given by:
P0 H g 10 6
(9)

6.3. It should also be borne in mind that at a pressure above the critical value, the
local cross collapsed pipe may develop along the longitudinal axis of the pipeline.

External hydrostatic pressure, which can occur distribution arose earlier collapse, is
set as follows:
t

2. 4

PP 24 T

(10)

6.4. To avoid collapse of the length of the pipeline, the pipeline must provide for the
installation constraints in the form of rings bearing stiffness or pipes with thicker
walls.
Length constraints must be at least four pipe diameters.

7. Stability of the pipeline on the seabed under the action of hydrodynamic loads.

7.1. Calculations of the pipeline should be conducted to test the stability of the
pipeline on the seabed in the process of its construction and operation.
If the pipe is buried in a shaky ground, and its density is less than the density of the
surrounding soil, it must be established that the resistance of the soil shear force
sufficient to prevent the ascent to the surface of the pipeline.
7.2. The relative density of the pipeline weight coating must be greater than the
density of sea water with the presence in it of suspended soil particles and
dissolved salts.
7.3. Amount of negative buoyancy of the pipeline from the stability conditions of its
position on the sea floor is given by:

f ( G Pz ) m ( Px P )
(11)

7.4. In determining the sustainability of marine pipelines on the seabed under the
influence of hydrodynamic loads calculated characteristics of wind, water levels and
wave elements should be taken in accordance with SNIP 2.06.04-82 *.
Allowed evaluation of the hydrodynamic stability of the pipeline using the methods
of analysis, taking into account the movement of the pipeline during
samozaglubleniya the ground.

7.5. Maximum horizontal (Pi + Pi) and the corresponding vertical projection PZ linear
loads from waves and ocean currents acting on the pipeline, to be determined by
the formulas SNIP 2.06.04-82 *.
7.6. Calculations of velocity values of bottom currents and wave loads should be
made for two cases:
- Repeatable once every 100 years in the calculation of the period of operation of
the offshore pipeline system;
- Repeatable once a year in the calculation of the period of construction of the
offshore pipeline system.
7.7. The coefficients of friction must be taken according to the engineering studies
for the corresponding pounds offshore pipeline route.