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Author
ohn Zak is a quality assurance
manager/project manager for
Canam Steel Fabricator's, a
Category III Fracture Critical
Endorsement located in Ft.
Lauderdale, Florida. A graduate
engineer from Illinois Institute of
Technology, he began his career
in the steel industry in 1977. In
1990, he joined Canam Steel
Fabricators as a project manager.
Mr. Zak is a member of the
American Welding Society and a
Certified Welding Inspector.
Summary
his presentation will describe
the many changes in shop
inspection and quality control.
One of the biggest changes is the
involvement of each employee in
quality control. Productivity
increases when employees
accept the responsibility for quality and quantity.
Producing a quality product is
essential for increasing productivity and profits. Each employee
must know and understand the
quality requirements for the work
they perform. Allowing sufficient
time for training is a vital part of
the quality control process.
Written operation and inspection
procedures are made available to
the employees at their work stations. Employees but into a quality program where they are trained
and understand the work and quality requirements.
Additional changes are reporting operation activities and quality
control inspections. Each
employee is responsible for
reporting work activities and quality inspections. Each employee is
responsible for reporting work
activities and quality inspections.
The operation and inspection
report is condensed into one form
that travels with each member
through processing. The report
data is collected electronically at
each work station as the required
activity is completed. The reports
and drawing are collected when
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the materials are loaded for shipment and filed together for future
reference.
The number of personnel performing full-time quality control
inspection is reduced when
employees perform their own
inspection. As the program progresses, the facility needs only
quality assurance personnel.
Personnel assigned to quality
assurance work throughout all
departments to assure procedures are in place, followed and
the required quality is maintained.
Routing and inspection reports
are available for outside inspectors' review throughout the plant.
It is much easier to work with out-
Until recently Quality controls main function was to monitor productions capabilities
and its shortcomings. Many times the two became hostile enemies with no regard
to the end users actual requirements.
Quality controls main objective: to produce structural steel which meets or exceeds industry
standards such as AWS, AISC, ASTM, AASHTO and contract specifications. The
amount of information encompassed by these publications is enormous and subject to
many interpretations leaving somewhat of a gap for definite answers.
Contrary to many beliefs I feel that Quality Control should become more of a
Guidance counselor to aid production in lieu of stuffed shirt policeman.
At present many inspection agencies do not allow their inspectors to get involved
with the production personnel in their plants simply on the basis that they feel that they are
exposing themselves to potential liabilities from their helpfulness. If we can fabricate
material correctly the first time are we not apt to continue fabricating it correctly from
there on. The interaction of inspectors and production before material is fabricated can
lead to full understanding what is expected by both parties.
The following scenarios are important in producing the biggest bang for the smallest buck:
1.
Before the start of any project Quality Control must determine the guidelines and
specifications on which the production people must control this work. Quality control
must fully understand the capabilities of the production people and the equipment by
which this work shall be performed.
2.
3.
Quality Control must then take a hard look at its self to see that it can sustain monitoring
the project meeting its expectations without infringing productions responsibility to
fabricate the steel as efficiently as possible.
4.
Inspection or hold points must be determined prior to any start of fabrication and must
have guidelines established to identify what the extent of the inspection will be required
at each area.
5.
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and in written form to supervisor in charge. This is the time that decisions should be
made identifying problems and causes to eliminate future problems.
SETTING UP A QUALITY PROJECT
Upon acceptance of a project by our firm certain documentation is set up in the files
to alert departments on the scope of work which everyone is to follow. Items
concerning Q.C. specify what AISC category of fabrication will be required. Category II
should not be specified if Category II or none at all is actually required. Specifications for the
project are noted on this report and distributed to all concerned parties. Special
coatings, inspections, and material requirements are also noted. See attachment "A" production
order.
Production schedules are indicated to allow QC to prepare documentation and determine
the extent of inspection time required prior to shipping. Random sampling of certain
materials such as coupons of steel, paint and bolts must be arranged ahead of time
with purchasing to alleviate any potential delay in production.
Quality Control must familiarize itself with the contract specifications and drawings
and submit the paperwork such as welding procedures, inspection criteria, QC documentation
inspector and company qualifications prior to fabrication. Deviations from contractual
requirements must identified and submitted for approval to the engineer or the owner.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Another role Quality Assurance must play in is the monitoring and implementation of
acceptable fabrication and industry standard practices which are normally found in the latest
AISC, ASTM and AWS codes. Many of these practices are taken for granted when in fact
44-4
9 out of 10 people have never read the standards fully and even those that have probably have
not been able to comprehend the requirements. As QC we must educate these persons on
what is acceptable and what is not and why they are not accepted. The reason that a piece or
a process is found to be incorrect and rejected and red tagged accomplishes nothing without an
explanation. Communication between production and quality control can achieve results
which allows both sides to feel that they have had meaningful input and resolution of a problem
with all parties involved leaving with a good taste in their mouth. A constant line of
communication between production and QC allows both sides to indoctrinate themselves to a
level of expected workmanship therefore minimizing potential downtime and loss in profit.
QUICK TURNAROUND RESPONSE TIME
One of productions common problems is that inspections when required have always had a
tendency to hinder production. QC's normal response to this occurrence is not enough notice
is given to them to allow proper time to inspect the work. QC personnel working on the shop
floor full time at all times have produce very good results not only in the quality but have had
pronounce impact on meeting schedules and reducing wasted production costs. Production
personnel should not be spending their time looking for inspector's instead of producing steel.
Adhering to common belief that the presence of a police officer is a good deterrent to crime so
should the presence of a inspector on the floor help minimize potential problems from occurring
over and over again. The inspector must be aware at all times on what is happening on the floor
before the production people. Engineering, shop or material questions should be forwarded to
the inspector and they must take the initiative to get the questions answered as soon as possible.
In most cases the QC supervisor or manager can get quick answers and many times these can be
handled with a simple memo in lieu of changing and resubmitting those shop drawings which is
costly and time consuming. Record keeping in cases like this should be a function of QC and no
one else. QC should also inform the shop of the remedial repair or procedure and allow them to
continue production of the piece.
REPAIRS DONE WITHOUT PRIOR APPROVAL
Due to the nature of quick schedules, inconsistent shop drawings and the simple fact that
building it quicker has a tendency to make more money and keep everyone happy especially the
owner's, quick concise answers are need on the floor immediately. QC must be able to take the
forefront in determining the extent of a problem and make an immediate decision on when and
how to repair on the spot.
QC can make a determination, prepare a sketch if necessary, or simply inform the persons
involved on how to make the necessary repairs. Non-critical repairs should be made this way
to eliminate a slowdown in the production process. There is plenty of documentation that
is at the inspector's disposal to make precise sound judgements.
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1.0
PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to establish guidelines for the qualification of shop
inspectors.
2.0
Responsibility
The responsibility for carrying out this procedure shall be with the Quality Assurance
Manager.
3.0
Procedures
3.1
All inspectors performing inspections other than N.D.T. shall have minimum of
One Year fabrication experience in layout, fitting, welding and/or inspection.
They shall receive an additional three months of on the job training conducted by
the Quality Control Supervisor, and shall pass a written examination on the
following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Drawings
Weld Inspection
Specifications
Shop Mathematics
They shall also pass an eye examination to assure natural or corrected near visions
acuity in at least one eye, such that they are capable of reading a minimum of
Jaeger Number 2 letters at a distance of not less than 12 inches on a standard
Jaeger Test Chart annually. See Page 2 of this procedure for certification on this
test, which is filed in the Quality Control Supervisor's office. An example of the
Jaeger Test is shown on Page 3 of this Procedure.
3.2
Upon completion of all of the above, the inspector shall be considered quailed as a
shop inspector.
3.3
44-6
Employee Name
has passed reading of
Jaeger Number 2 letters at a distance of not less than 12" on a standard Jaeger Test Chart.
Test Date:
44-7
PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to assure that in-plant inspection by the customer or his
representative is conducted in complete accordance with the specifications and contract
documents.
2.0
RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility for carrying out the procedure shall be with the Quality Assurance
Manager and Quality Control Supervisor and the Operations Manager.
3.0
PROCEDURE
3.1
3.3
The customer or his representative shall have access only to those areas necessary
to facilitate inspection or required material.
3.4
All communication from the customer or his representative regarding quality shall
be directed to the Quality Control Department.
3.5
The customer or his representative's initial contact when calling or visiting the
plant shall be with the Quality Assurance Manager and/or the Quality Control
Supervisor.
44-8
KNOWLEDGEABLE PERSONNEL
Quality control personnel in order to function with production must have their respect
based on their knowhow, understanding of problems and the ability to formulate remedial work
to gain acceptance of the product. Inspectors must understand the specifications, whether
they are the latest AWS, AISC or contract documents. They must have a thorough knowledge of
the fabrication process, be able to read and interpret drawings, set-up welding procedures,
and monitor all phases of the work. They are not required to be experts in each of these
areas but they must be able to hold their own when conversing in them.
In the past we have encountered many inspector's especially those furnished by the owners
that do not understand the steel fabrication process as much as we would like them to.
We have encountered inspector's that had us do repairs mostly cosmetic with no other
intent but to make look like they actually accomplished something. The majority of people
we have encountered do not understand the AWS or even worse do not even own one.
There are many areas which I feel cause the above scenario to start and then propagate
to a point where major problems occur between Quality control and production.
A.
Inspection criterions which do not reflect the actual nature of the project but are specified
by the owner or it's consultants.
B.
Specifications are written by persons who do not have the knowledge or understanding
of what their actually meaning consist of.
C.
Even worse many specifications found in contract documents do not relate to the actual
conditions encountered in the scope of work.
D.
Specifications nowadays seem to act as a catch all so that the owner or it's representative
have are trying to cover every imaginable problem which may occur.
44-9
E.
Contradictions in specifications has become an increasing problem due to the fact that the
specification such as the AISC, AWS and ASTM is specified but is contradicted by a
paragraph in that section.
EXAMPLE: "No repairs to base metal shall be made without prior approval from the
engineer." The AWS and ASTM allow the fabricator to make certain repairs
which fall in to their guidelines
F.
Specifying 100% Non-destructive testing of all welds can become very costly and
cumbersome to all parties involved and with no practical rate of return. Requiring the
fabricator to perform a 100% Ultrasonic and Radiography of a same joint is totally
preposterous. In a statically loaded structures Ultrasonic testing of the welds by qualified
personnel should be accepted by all parties concerned. Radiography inspection is a costly
nightmare for the shop because of the following reasons:
1.
2.
When Radiography is in process in the shop the area where it is taking place is off
limits to all personnel, therefore actually shutting down production for the shift
and sometimes the day.
3.
When rejects are found by x-ray, usually no repairs can be done until the
following day and then the process is repeated all over again.
INSPECTION OF BOLTS
When work is in progress the inspector should require and inform the shop of the bolting
requirements that are expected by the contract documents. The inspector shall observe the
calibration procedures and shall monitor the installation of bolts to determine that all plies of
connected material have been drawn together and that the selected procedure is properly
used to tighten all bolts.
In addition to the requirement of the foregoing paragraph, for all connections specified to be slip
critical or subject to axial tension, the inspector shall assure that the specified procedure was
followed to achieve the pretension specified by Table 4 of the AISC RCSC Specification
for structural joints using ASTM A325 and A490 bolts.
The most common type of connection now being used is the snug tight condition. Snug tight is
defined as the tightness that exists when all plies are in firm contact. In most normal shops this
can easily be achieved by a electric impact wrench. Upon visual inspections of a few joints the
inspector should be satisfied that his inspection could be done on a periodic basis.
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The use of TC bolts is starting to gain popularity both in the field and shop due to the fact
the inspection is minimized because visual inspections can be done quickly and usually
from the ground.
BASIC GUIDELINES IN SHOP FABRICATION
Quality control can aid itself greatly by educating shop personnel on what is an acceptable or an
unacceptable procedure for certain fabrication processes.
1.
B.
When camber is required it shall be place with the beam in the no load
situation unless blocks or stops are used.
C.
Mechanical means may be used as long as they do not introduce any sharp
bends or kinks which are cause for rejection.
D.
When heat is used to perform the above operations the temperatures of the
areas should not exceed 1200degrees Fahrenheit for A36, A572, and
A588.
E.
2.
3.
When burning members which are subject to tensile stress the finished
product shall be free of gouges greater than 3/16". Gouges which are
greater than 3/16" should be removed by grinding or repaired by welding.
Cut edges which are to have weld metal deposited upon them, shall be
reasonably free of an notches or gouges.
B.
When burning beam copes and weld access holes they should have a
reasonable smooth curved transition.
Shop painting:
A.
Most structural projects only receive a prime shop coat of paint which
requires minimum preparation. The shop should be very aware of grease
44-11
and oil from the mills and shop equipment should be removed before any
paint is applied.
B.
44-12
1.0
PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to establish guidelines for the selection of independent
testing services.
2.0
RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility for carrying out this procedure shall be with the Quality Assurance
Manager and/or Project Manager.
3.0
The Quality Assurance Manager shall maintain a file of qualifications of any independent
testing laboratories used by Steel Fabricators, Inc.
3.1
3.2
3.3
Only those laboratories with personnel and procedures meeting the contract
requirements shall be used.
44-13
1.0
PURPOSE
The purpose of this procedure is to establish guidelines for in-process inspection of
materials and assemblies.
2.0
RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility for the implementation and execution of this procedure shall be with
PROCEDURES
3.1
3.1.1
designate by piece mark on the Daily Inspection Report, see Page 4 of this
Procedure. Inspectors shall indicate acceptance of material by code on
each piece inspected and accepted. Rejected material shall be recorded
and tagged in accordance with Procedure No. 503, "Handling NonConforming Material".
44-14
CODE
CODE DESCRIPTION
Preparation
IMU
ISU
MML
COT
OLW
HSP
HOP
HSD
HOD
DMW
DNC
LDI
HLW
IDU
DLO
HOS
HSI
CBW
GOH
PMW
NPM
QHN
QBN
NIT
Welding
WNV
44-15
CODE
WNN
WJP
IWE
WIW
CODE DESCRIPTION
Quality of Welding Non-conforming - NDT Inspection
Welded Joint not Prepared in Accordance with Approved Detail Drawing or Weld
Procedure
Incorrect Weld Electrode Used
Welded Incorrectly
Detailing
DED
ADR
NEF
No Errors Found
PURPOSE
RESPONSIBILITY
The responsibility for the execution of this procedure shall be with the Quality Assurance
Manager and the Quality Control Supervisor.
3.0
PROCEDURE
3.1
3.2.1.2
3.2.1.3
44-17
3.3
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2
3.2.2.4
3.2.2.5
In the even necessary repairs are not made, the inspector shall use
the non-conformance tag method to prevent further production on
the material until a proper solution or further instructions are
obtained.
The Quality Assurance Manager shall monitor the procedure and reports.
Appropriate action to prevent reoccurrences of errors shall be taken by the
Operations Manager. Additional reports may be generated by the Operations
Manager to single out particular contract or employee problems.
1.
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3.
Check to assure any or all N.D.E requirements have been complied with and fill out the
N.D.E Inspection form included in this Checklist with those inspectors performing the
inspection. These forms with the inspectors forms shall be filed by contract in the
Quality Control Supervisor's office.
4.
5.
In the even any "In-Process Corrections" are required, notify the fitter or welder and/or
Foreman and re-inspect after completed.
6.
In the even any Non-Conforming Items are discovered, follow Procedure No. 503
depending on what the category of the problem requires and re-inspect after completed.
7.
After above items have been checked, mark the piece OK for the next operation to follow,
should additional work need to be completed.
44-19
8.
This is a witness point and all material checked is to be recorded daily on the form
supplied in Procedure No. 502 for in process inspection and turned in daily to the Quality
Assurance Manager, Operations Manager and other personnel they designate. This form
in Procedure No. 502 provides verification that the material has been processed properly
and should be turned in by the individual performing the inspection.
44-20