Cementing

2/10/2016
PETR 5315 Lecture 3

Cementing
S. H. Emadi, Ph.D.
PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016
Cementing
Function
Provide zonal isolation
Support axial load of casing strings
Provide casing protection against corrosive
fluids
Support the wellbore
Protect water zones
2/10/2016
Classes of Cement (API Classification)

Class A, 0-6,000 ft
Class B, 0-6,000 ft
Class C, 0-6,000 ft
Class D, 6,000-10,000 ft
Class E, 10,000-14,000 ft
Class F, 10,000-16,000 ft
Class G, 0-8,000 ft
Class H, 0-8,000 ft
Class J, 12,000-16,000 ft
Composition of API Classes of Cement
: Tricalcium silicate, the major contributor to strength, especially

during the first 28 days of curing.
: Dicalcium silicate, hydrates very slowly, contributes mainly to

long-term strength.
: Tricalcium aluminate, hydrates very rapidly, produces most of

the heat of hydration during first few days, is attacked readily by water
containing sulfates.
: Tetracalcium aluminoferrite, only minor effects on the physical

properties of the cement.
2/10/2016

Compounds (%)
API Class
A
B
C
D&E
G&H
53
47
58
26
50
24
32
26
54
30
8+
58
2
5
8
12
8
12
12
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Cementing
API Class
A&B
C
D, E, F, & H
G
Normal Water Content of Cement

Water BWOC
gal/sack
46
5.19
56
6.32
38
4.29
44
4.97
Liter/sack
19.6
23.9
16.2
18.8
Cementing Additives
Density-control (Nitrogen, bentonite, barite,)
Setting-time-control (Calcium chloride, sodium chloride,...)
Lost-circulation (crushed walnut shell, expanded perlite,)
Filtration-control (Latex, bentonite with dispersant,)
Viscosity-control (Sodium chloride, long-chain
polymers,)
Special additives for unusual problems (
Note: Additives are usually expressed a weight percent of
cement.
2/10/2016
Cement Testing
Pressurized mud balance
Cement Testing
Cement consistometer
Atmospheric
Pressurized
Thickening Time: is defined

as the time required to reach a
consistency of 70 (upper limit of
pumpibility).
78.2
20.02
T: Torque (gr-cm)
Atmospheric Consistometer
HP/HT Consistometer
10
2/10/2016
Cement Testing
Strength Test
Compressive Test
Nondestructive Sonic Strength Testing of Cement
Ultrasonic Cement Analyzer (UCA)
Rotational Viscometer
Bingham Plastic Model (
Power-Law Model (
)
Rotational Viscometer
3.222 log
11
Rheological Models
Bingham
Herschel Bulkley
Shear Stress ()
Power Law
Newtonian
Shear Rate (RPM)

12
2/10/2016
Cementing Operations
Casing Primary Cementing
Liner Primary Casing
Plug Cementing
Squeeze Cementing
13
Casing Primary Cementing Equipment
Float Shoe
Float Collar
Centralizer
Centralizer
Cementing Plug
14
2/10/2016
Primary Cementing Operation

Testing surface lines
Pumping Pre-flush
Pumping Spacer
Dropping Bottom Plug
Pumping Lead Cement
Pumping Tail Cement
Dropping Top Plug
Displacing Cement Slurry
15
Casing Primary Cementing
16
2/10/2016
17
Primary Cementing Calculations

Yield: the volume of the cement slurry obtained per sack of cement
( /
)
Amount of additives can be calculated after calculating number of

sacks of cement required for a cementing job.
18
2/10/2016
Parameters Affecting CMT Design &

Operation
Depth
Wellbore Geometry
Temperature
Formation Pressure
Formation Chemical Characteristic
Formation Permeability
Pumping or Thickening Time
19
Multi-Stage Cementing
Prevent formation break down
Usually two-stage cementing
Additional Equipment:
Opening Plug (Bomb)
Multiple Stage Cementing Tool (DV Tool)
Closing Plug
20
10
2/10/2016
DV Tool
21
Bomb
Closing Plug
22
11
2/10/2016
Two-Stage Cementing, Courtesy of Halliburton

23
Liner Primary Cementing
Wiper Plug
Pump down Plug
Float Shoe
Float Collar
24
12
2/10/2016
Liner Primary Cementing

Challenges
Small Annulus
Poor Centralization
Small Quantities of Cement Slurries
Gas Channeling
Liner Lap Testing

Positive
Negative (inflow/dry test)
25
Plug Cementing
Open Hole & Cased Hole
Using DP or TBG
Well Abandonment
Zonal Isolation
Lost Circulation
Sidetracking
Formation Testing
26
13
2/10/2016
Plug Cementing Calculations
27
Squeeze Cementing
Plugging Abandoned CSG Perforations
Plugging Severe Lost-Circulation Zones
Repairing Annular Leaks in Previously Cemented
CSG
High Pressure Squeeze
Low Pressure Squeeze
Top of Liner (TOL)
28
14
2/10/2016
Cementing in Horizontal Wells
Cementing in Horizontal Wells, SPE 20005

29

Removal of Solids
Poor Hole Cleaning
Hydraulics
Drilling Fluid Properties (PV, YP, GS,)
Drill Solids Less than 6%
Removal of Filter Cake

Mud Conditioning
Removal of Gelled Drilling Fluid
30
15
2/10/2016

Decentralized Casing
Leads cement slurry, spacer and pre-flush to follow
the path of least resistance
Cement Slurry Design

Pumping Rate (Flow Regime)
Spacer Contact Time
31

Pre-flush & Spacer Design
Pipe Movement (Rotation or Reciprocation)
Centralizer Program
Casing centralization
Prevent Channeling
Prevent Sticking
Reduce Casing Wear
Excessive Drag
Wall Cleaners
Run CBL/VDL
32
16
2/10/2016
Floatation Collar
33
17

Cementing

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2/10/2016

PETR 5315 Lecture 3

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Classes of Cement (API Classification)

Composition of API Classes of Cement

: Tricalcium silicate, the major contributor to strength, especially

: Dicalcium silicate, hydrates very slowly, contributes mainly to

: Tricalcium aluminate, hydrates very rapidly, produces most of

: Tetracalcium aluminoferrite, only minor effects on the physical

Composition of API Classes of Cement

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Composition of API Classes of Cement

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Normal Water Content of Cement

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Thickening Time: is defined

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Shear Rate (RPM)

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Casing Primary Cementing Equipment

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Primary Cementing Operation

Casing Primary Cementing

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Primary Cementing Calculations

Amount of additives can be calculated after calculating number of

Parameters Affecting CMT Design &

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Two-Stage Cementing, Courtesy of Halliburton

Liner Primary Cementing

Pump down Plug

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Liner Primary Cementing

Liner Lap Testing

Plug Cementing Calculations

PETR 5315 - S. H. Emadi, Ph.D. - Spring 2016

Cementing in Horizontal Wells

Cementing in Horizontal Wells, SPE 20005

Cementing in Horizontal Wells

Removal of Filter Cake

Cementing in Horizontal Wells

Cement Slurry Design

Cementing in Horizontal Wells

Cementing in Horizontal Wells

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