ENGM032: COMPOSITE BRIDGE COURSEWORK JESUS RODRIGUEZ RODRIGUEZ

Initial Data Geometry: Materials: mm2600B carr Carriageway 2 mm kN 205E s 6 10200 cs shrinkage
strain mm275D s 2 mm kN 31E cs E cs E s cs Slab 6.6129 cs mm50e surf 2 mm kN 15.5E cl E cl
E s cl Road Surfacing 13.2258 cl m34L Span 2 mm N 50f cu 2 mm N 460f y 2 mm N 355 yc
mm500C Cantilever 2 mm N 345 yfmm2000Spa beam Beam Spacing C2Spa beam B m3B Slab
width Loads: 3 m kN 25 c BD s c W slab m kN 20.625W slab Slab Self Weight m kN 32W beam 2
Steel Beams Self Weight 3 m kN 22 surf B carr e surf surf W surf m kN 2.86W surf Road Surfacing
m kN 2.52W rail 2 Parapets 2 m kN 5w live B carr w live W live m kN 13W live Footway Live Load
Section Design: mm330b ft mm20t ft t ft b ft A ft 2 mm6600A ft Top Flange mm465b fb mm25t fb t fb b
fb A fb 2 mm11625A fb Bottom Flange mm925d mm8t w t w dA w 2 mm7400A w Web Plate t fb t ft dD
mm970D Steel Beam Height D s DH m1.245H H L 27.3092 t w d w 115.625 w
Check Shape Limitations: t ft 2 t w b ft r ft t fb 2 t w b fb r fb 8.05r ft 9.14r fb 345 355 12r lim1

345 355 12r lim2 12.1727r lim212.1727r lim1 Section Classification 355 355 t ft 7b fo mm140b fo
Flange is not compact t ft m.7652y wc Web in compression for plastic neutral axis, calculated later on
d t ft y wc m 0.784m 355 355 t w1m13 374 d lim mm325.5004d lim Web is not compact Calculation of
effective areas: 1K c No reduction of compression flange 355 355 t w y wc r w 93.15r w No reduction
if lower than 68 t w r w .006251.425t we mm6.7425t we Effective web thickness t we t w t w dA w
mm6.7425t w i) Stability During Construction Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis a) Elastic Properties
Analysis of the Steel Beam: A w A fb A ft D0.5A w DA fb 0 y e_s m0.5846y e_s 12 2 D A w 2 y e_s
D0.5A w 2 y e_s DA fb 2 y e_s A ft I s 4 m0.0045I s A w A fb A ft A s 2 m0.0245A s
s yf f yd_f 1.11.05 s MPa298.7013f yd_f Design Yield Strength y e_s D f yd_f I s M el_1s

mkN3513.6804M el_1s y e_s f yd_f I s M el_2s mkN2316.1116M el_2s if else M el_2s M el_1s M
el_2s M el_1s M el_s mkN2316.1116M el_s Elastic Moment Strength for the Steel Beam A s I s r x
m0.4305r x b) Plastic Properties Analysis for Steel Beam: s yc f yd 2 mm N 307.3593f yd f yd_f A
fb R fb kN3472.4026R fb f yd_f A ft R ft kN1971.4286R ft f yd A w R w kN1916.9424R w R w R w R ft
R fb 2 d y p_s m0.8246y p_s d2 2 y p_s d R wd2 2 y p_s R w y p_s R ft y p_s DR fb M pl_s
mkN2845.542M pl_s Plastic Moment Strength for the Steel Beam c) Stability Without self-weight of
concrete: Effective LTB length without intermediate restraints: 1k 1 1.2k 2 1k e Lk e k 2 k 1 l e m40.8l
e Slenderness Parameter: 2 t fb t ft t favg 1k 4 1 Ll w
3 t w d 12 13 b fb t fb12 13 b ft t ft12 1 I y 4 m0.0003I y Moment of Inertia with respect to Y-

axis A s I y r y m0.1049r y D t favg r y l w F 7.5153 F 3 b ft t ft12 1 I cf 4 mm 7 105.9895I cf 3 b fb t

fb12 1 I tf 4 mm 8 102.0947I tf I tf I cf I cf i 0.2224i From i and F, we obtain the parameter 0.831
k 4r y l e LT 323.0855LT Limiting Value of Slenderness: M pl_s M pe M el_s M ult Section is not
compact M ult M pe 355 355 30 lim 33.2525 lim Limiting Moment of Reistance: M pe M ult 355 355
LT R 291.484 R 1.2 l w l e 0.06 From the graph M ult M R mkN138.9667M R
Ultimate Moment due to the Steel Beam Self weight 8 2 L W beam M beam mkN867M

beam1.10 steel_u M beam steel_u2 1 M u_2 mkN476.85M u_2 The beam is not stable, since
Mu_2 is larger than Mr We need intermediate Restraints d) With self-weight of concrete: Spacing of
LTB restraints: This restraints need to be fully effective, with for example cross m2.83s LTB diagonal
bracing in plan view, which brace the compression flanges which are prone to LTB instability during
construction, until deck acts as a restraint Effective LTB length with intermediate restraints: Lets say
le=lw=lr s LTB l e Slenderness Parameter: 2 t fb t ft t favg1k 4 1 l e l w 3 t w d 12 13 b fb t fb12 13 b
ft t ft12 1 I y 4 m0.0003I y A s I y r y m0.1049r y D t favg r y l w F 0.6255 F 3 b ft t ft12 1 I cf 4 mm 7
105.9895I cf 3 b fb t fb12 1 I tf 4 mm 8 102.0947I tf I tf I cf I cf i 0.2224i F 11.5351.5821.535 1
Linear interpolation from BS tables F 11.2661.2911.266 2
.2i .1 2 1 1 1.4906 k 4r y l e LT 40.1983LT Limiting Value of Slenderness: M pl_s
M pe 1.2286 M ult M pe M el_s M ult M ult M pe 355 355 30 lim 33.2525 lim Limiting Moment of

Reistance: M pe M ult 355 355 LT R 36.2665 R 1 l w l e .95 From graph M ult M R

mkN2200.306M R Ultimate Moment due to the Steel Beam and Concrete Deck Self weight 8 2 L W
slab M slab 8 2 L W beam M beam 1.15 conc_u1.10 steel_u mkN867M beam M beam steel_u M
slab conc_u2 1 M u_1 mkN2190.5297M u_1 The beam is stable, since Mr is larger than Mu ii)
Stiffeners: a) During Construction No web stiffeners: La m34a 3 yc y MPa204.9593 y MPa355
yc t w d w 137.1895 w
d a 36.7568 Web panel ratio if else 2 t w b ft yf MPa355 t ft 10 2 t w b ft yf MPa355 t ft

10b fe t w 2 d yc 2 2 t ft b fe yf m fw 0.0054m fw From the graph 0.24 y l MPa49.1902 l s

l ld MPa42.589 ld ld A w V d kN265.6193V d 2 L W slab conc_u W beam steel_u2 1 V u_const
kN257.7094V u_const There is no need of web stiffeners during construction, since Vd is larger than
Vu b) After Construction Web stiffeners every 2m: d a 2 2 m2.00a 2 2.1622 2 From the graph:
0.50 2 y 2 l2 MPa102.4797 l2 s l2 l2d MPa88.727 l2d l2d A w V 2d kN553.3736V 2d 2
L W surf surf_u W rail rail_u W live live_u W slab conc_u W beam steel_u2 1 V u
kN517.0019V u Design could be optimised, since this maximum shear only occurs close to the
supports. In addition, no bending interaction needs to be checked, since this shear force occurs where
bending moment is equal to zero
iii) Ultimate Bending Strength and Ultimate Design Moment Plastic Moment of Composite

Section Effective Slab Width: if else 4 L Spa beam Spa beam4 L B eff m2B eff C 2 B eff B e m1.5B e
D s B e A c 2 m0.4125A c 1.11.05 s s yc f yd 2 mm N 307.3593f yd Steel Design Yield Limit s
yf f yd_ff cu 0.45f cd 2 mm N 22.5f cd Concrete Design Resistance Steel Beam Resistance: Concrete
Slab Resistance: f cd A c R c kN9281.25R cf yd_f A fb R fb kN3472.4026R fb f yd_f A ft R ft
kN1971.4286R ft f yd A w R w kN1916.9424R w kN3888.3709R ft R w R w R ft R fb R s
kN7360.7735R s Plastic Neutral Axis: Rc is larger than Rs, so PNA lies within the slab depth, as
shown in the above figure D sR c R s y p m0.2181y p y p 0.5D0.5D s R w y p 0.5D s DR fb y p 0.5D s
R ft M pl mkN5519.479M pl Short-term Mechanical Properties for Elastic Analysis cs A c A w A fb A ft
cs D s A c 0.5D s D0.5A w D s DA fb D s A ft y e1 m0.3409y e1
cs 12 2 D s A c12 2 D A w cs 2 D s 0.5y e1 A c 2 y e1 D s D0.5A w 2 y e1 D s DA fb 2 D s

y e1 A ft I c1 4 m0.0141I c1 Long-term Mechanical Properties for Elastic Analysis cl A c A w A fb A ft

cl D s A c 0.5D s D0.5A w D s DA fb D s A ft y e2 m0.4549y e2 cl 12 2 D s A c12 2 D A w cl 2 D s
0.5y e2 A c 2 y e2 D s D0.5A w 2 y e2 D s DA fb 2 D s y e2 A ft I c2 4 m0.0119I c2 Elastic Moment of
Composite Section 2 y e2 y e1 y e 2 I c2 I c1 I c y e D s D f yd_f I c M el_1 mkN4578.4589M el_1 f
cdy e I c avg M el_2 2 cs cl avg mkN7282.5148M el_2 if else M el_2 M el_1 M el_2 M el_1 M
el mkN4578.4589M el Ultimate Design Moment Load Factors for Combination 1: At ultimate limit
state: 1.15 conc_u 1.75 surf_u 1.20 rail_u 1.10 steel_u 1.50 live_u Bending Moments: 8 2 L W
slab M slab mkN2980.3125M slab 8 2 L W surf M surf mkN413.27M surf
8 2 L W beam M beam mkN867M beam 8 2 L W rail M rail mkN722.5M rail 8 2 L W live M live
mkN1878.5M live M live live_u M rail rail_u M beam steel_u M surf surf_u M slab conc_u2 1
M u mkN4394.5159M u The section is non-compact, thus Elastic Moment Capacity is to be used
Ultimate Bending Strength is larger than Ultimate Bending Moment iv) Serviceability Stresses Dead
Load Stresses Partial Safety Factors at Service 1.00 conc_s 1.20 surf_s 1.00 steel_s 1.00 live_s
1.00 rail_s Dead Load Bending Moment M rail rail_s M beam steel_s M surf surf_s M slab
conc_s2 1 M DL mkN2532.8682M DL We will use the mechanical properties for long-term loading,
since dead loads are permanent loads y e2 y 1 D s y e2 y 2 mm.00001y 2 y 3 m0y 4 D s Dy e2 y 5
cl I c2 y 1 M DL 1_d cl I c2 y 2 M DL 2_d I c2 y 3 M DL 3_d I c2 y 4 M DL 4_d I c2 y 5 M DL
5_d mm.001y 5 y 5 y 4 y 3 y 2 y 1 mm.001y 1 y DL 0 5_d 4_d 3_d 2_d 1_d 0 X DL
m0.7901 m0.7901 0 m0.1799 m0.1799 m0.4549 m0.4549 y DL MPa 0 168.4658 0 38.3633 2.9006
7.3342 0 X DL

Dead Load Stresses Graph M 1 -256 -128 0 128 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 x y Live Load

Stresses Dead Load Bending Moment M live live_s2 1 M LL mkN939.25M LL We will use the
mechanical properties for short-term loading, since live load is an instantaneous load y e1 y 1_l D s y
e1 y 2_l mm.00001y 2_l y 3_l m0y 4_l D s Dy e1 y 5_l cs I c1 y 1_l M LL 1_l cs I c1 y 2_l M LL
2_l I c1 y 3_l M LL 3_l I c1 y 4_l M LL 4_l I c1 y 5_l M LL 5_l mm.001y 5_l y 5_l y 4_l y 3_l y 2_l
y 1_l mm.001y 1_l y LL 0 5_l 4_l 3_l 2_l 1_l 0 X LL m0.9041 m0.9041 0 m0.0659 m0.0659
m0.3409 m0.3409 y LL MPa 0 60.2705 0 4.3943 0.6645 3.4368 0 X LL
Live Load Stresses Graph M 2 -96 -64 -32 0 32 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 -1 x y Total Load

Stresses I c1 y e1 y e2 M LL 4 mm.001y 5 y 5 y 4 y 3 y 2 y 1 mm.001y 1 y TL 0 5_l 5_d 4

4_d 3_l 3_d 2_l 2_d 1_l 1_d 0 X TL m0.7901 m0.7901 0 m0.1799 m0.1799 m0.4549
m0.4549 y TL MPa 0 228.7363 7.5999 42.7575 3.5651 10.7709 0 X TL Total Load Stresses Graph M
3 -256 -128 0 128 0.5 0.25 0 -0.25 -0.5 -0.75 x y
v) Stresses due to shrinkage Restrained Shrinkage stresses cs E cl f o MPa3.1f o

Restrained Tensile Stress in the slab Balancing Forces A c f o F sh kN1278.75F sh Compression

Balancing Force D s 0.5y e2 F sh M sh mkN405.8989M sh Sagging Balancing Moment Balancing
Axial Stresses A w A fb A ft cl A c A comp Area Composite Section A comp F sh f 1 MPa22.9781f 1
Balancing Axial Stress in Steel cl f 1 f 1c MPa1.7374f 1c Balancing Axial Stress in Concrete
Balancing Bending Stresses I c2 D s y e2 M sh f 2tf MPa6.1478f 2tf Top Flange, in steel cl f 2tf f
2bs_c MPa0.4648f 2bs_c Bottom Slab, in concrete cl I c2 y e2 M sh f 2ts_c MPa1.1753f 2ts_c Top
Slab in concrete I c2 D s Dy e2 M sh f 2bf MPa26.9971f 2bf Bottom Flange Final Stresses f 2ts_c f 1c
f o f t_conc MPa0.1873f t_conc Tensile stress top of slab f 2bs_c f 1c f o f b_conc MPa0.8978f b_conc
Tensile stress bottom of slab f 1 f 2tf f tf MPa29.1259f tf Compression stress on tof flange f 1 f 2bf f bf
MPa4.019f bf Tensile stress on bottom flange D s Dy 1 Dy 2 mm.0001Dy 3 m0y 4
mm0001y 4 y 4 y 3 y 2 y 1 mm.001y 1 y sh 0 f bf f tf f b_conc f t_conc 0 X sh m0.001 0 m0.97

m0.97 m1.245 m1.245 y sh MPa 0 4.019 29.1259 0.8978 0.1873 0 X sh Shrinkage Induced Stresses
Graph M 4 -32 -16 0 16 32 1.25 1 0.75 0.5 0.25 0 x y vi) Stud Connectors Plastic design Longitudinal
shear force Rq between the steel and concrete: if else R c R q R s R q R c R s R q kN7360.7735R q
114N s Total Number of Studs in Half Span mm16 stud Diameter mm75h stud Height kN820.8N s R
studs kN7478.4R studs Total Stud Strength 2 N s 2 L s sc mm298.2456s sc Spacing if arranged in
pairs stud 4 stud 2mm20b flange_min m0.12b flange_min Minimum flange width
57 pairs of 16mm studs for half span Let's check for elastic design: Stud resistance per unit
length s sc kN82.82 R m kN 439.9059R Longitudinal shear force q between the steel and concrete:
cl I c1 2 D s y e1 A c V u q m kN 232.8055q Studs are OK