Sustainable Public Transportation System in Indonesia

A. Introduction
Transportation is one of the the most important public services. Transportation affects the
effectiveness of each person in everyday activities, whether for business, leisure, and others. The
good one of transportation system will have a major impact on mobility, productivity and time
efficiency. On the production side, the transportation facilitate delivery of resources, goods and
services from one place to another.
However, the increase in the number of vehicles incompatible with the infrastructure that
supports growth, has resulted in road transport traffic congestion. This is compounded by the
absence of system of early prevention of congestion. Traffic jams that occur in almost every
country, large or small, so that it becomes an important issue that needs to be resolved.
The Government of Indonesia, impressed late in establishing adequate public transport to
serve the mobility of people. To prevent and overcome the bottlenecks in Indonesia, the
government should accelerate the development of public transport system. Development of these
systems should be based on sustainable development, which is to see far ahead, based on a
comprehensive long-term planning da environmentally sound. Likewise, the short-term planning,
it should be based on a long-term view, so there is no planning Removable.
Something that may be the best option that meet the criteria of a sustainable
transportation system is the integration between bus with rail-based public transport. The public
transport system will reduce traffic congestion and improve efficiency in transportation. Besides,
air pollution is also reduced, and costs can also be minimized because it can carry a lot of people
at a time.
So,the statement above will create some question from many people who read it, as the
following :
- What is the meaning of sustainable transportation?
- Why the integration system of bus and rail-based transportation will reduce the traffic
jam?
- Does this system meets the criteria of sustainable transportation?
We will discussed it one by one in this article.

B. Theoritical Review

a) Definition of Transportation
Transportation is an attempt to move, mobilize, carrying or transfer an object
from one place to another in other places where this object is more useful or may be
useful for certain purposes (Miro, 2005).
b) Definition Sustainable Transportation
The transport system is needed in development because transportation is a key
mechanism to enhance, build up and shaping a nation's economy. Transportation not only
as a social utility that connects people in one place with people in other places, but also
an economic and political means for a nation to open its territory of remoteness and
backwardness so that the development process is also happening in the region. For it is
necessary a good transport system, which can connect between regions and into
infrastructure of human movement and the development process.
Based on the definition from Brundtland Commission in CAI-Asia (2005).
Sustainable transportation is defined as a collection of transport activity along with an
infrastructure that does not leave problems or costs for future generations to solve and
bear it. The third definition is derived from the World Bank (1996). Conceptually
sustainable transportation is defined as transportation serving the main purpose as a
driver of economic and social development of urban areas.
Although various definitions that provide different views about sustainable
transportation, but these definitions have in common that sustainable transport system is:
1. The transportation that the safety and comfort of users or the public;
2. All transport activities should be carried out efficiently and effectively both for
users of the vehicle or the fuel used. During this private vehicles every day on average
contain only one person. If any one person from private vehicles to public transport is
diverted, it can be imagined how much fuel is saved and how much congestion and
vehicle emissions are reduced.
3. There is a balance of the three pillars, namely transportation of ecological,
economic, and social;
4. Transport that can be enjoyed not only the present but also the future;
5. The transport system that uses environmentally friendly means of
transportation.
Sustainable transportation more easily realized on a transportation system that is
based on the use of public transport compared to systems based on the use of private
vehicles. Sustainable transportation system is a new state of the transport system in the
current era of globalization. Transportation problems become issues that require attention
and study of various perespektif science (Schipper, 2002: 11 -25). At the beginning of
government administrators want to implement sustainable transport systems (sustainable
transportation).

c) Rail-based Transportation
Passenger railway transport is passenger transportation by wheeled vehicles
specifically designed to run on a railway line. Trains enable high capacity in the short or
long distances, but requires rail, signaling, infrastructure and station will be built and
maintained. Urban transit train consists from trams, light rail, rapid transit, commuter rail,
monorail and hanging rail.

C. Analysis and Discussion

a. Transportation Indonesia Still Not Satisfy the Consumer
The Indonesian as a archipelago country, requires various modes of transport. But
according to data from the Ministry of Transportation, and the Indonesia Infrastructure Initiative
(2014), there is an imbalance load on each mode.
Land transport modes, can be subdivided into road transport and rail (KA). Road, bear
the burden of 85 percent of passengers and 91 percent of goods. While others, not even touch 10
percent. Train, bear only 7 per cent of passengers and goods 0.7 percent. Meanwhile, sea and air
ports, a combination of both bear only 8 percent of passengers and goods 8.3 percent.
The number of vehicles on the highway are increasing over time will cause various
problems such as congestion, accidents increased transportation costs and some other negative
externalities. It needs to find a solution. Not just a solution, but a sustainable solution.
It is time to do a more equitable distribution of the land, to develop a rail-based
transportation. Thus the burden of highway can be reduced, as well as negative externalities of
highway overcrowding.
The movement of goods from the industrial area to the port, or vice versa, would be more
efficiently accelerate the flow of goods exports and imports. The existence of the railway will
reduce the traffic of goods by road, so that it can balance the load.
PT KAI was sure, the problem dwelling time or stays of containers at the Port of Tanjung
Priok would be resolved by train. This issue had made the president furious Joko Widodo.
Coordinating Minister for Maritime, Rizal Ramli, then plan to reopen the rail access to the Port
of Tanjung Priok.
In one time, freight trains with a capacity of 30 containers. If the later is really allowed to
enter the Port of Tanjung Priok, will change many things, including the issue of length of stay of
containers in question the president.
Given the density on the island of Java, which will be higher, perhaps no longer
dependent on road transport alone. KA alternatively, can help maintain the carrying capacity of
the island of Java on a sustainable life and welfare of its people.
The same effort, needs to be applied in other islands so as not to repeat a similar problem.

b. Application of System Integration Bus and rail-based transport

Rail-based transportation would be more efficient and effective, in terms of both cost and
time. But one thing that is not owned railway is the ability to deliver goods or passengers from
door to door. Rail stop is the station, so that the necessary additional transport as feeder (feeder)
toward the intended location. Therefore, the necessary transport Bus as a means of support to
take passengers up to the appropriate address and other goods transportation to deliver goods.
This system has proven successful in Guangzhou, China. Bus transportation system that
is integrated with the train network, bicycle lanes wide and lined with trees become the deciding
factor Guangzhou became the winner in "Sustainable Transport Award" organized by the
Institute for Transportation and Development Policy. Bus transportation system that began
operating in February 2010 serving 800,000 thousand people per day. This system became one of
the largest in the world.
If it has been proven successful in other countries it is probable that this system can also
be applied and successful in Indonesia. The Government should really focus prioritize
development of this rail-based mode rather than opening the way or boost the automotive
industry.
a. This System is One of Sustainable Transportation
Some aspects which prove that this is a sustainable transportation system including:
- Equality and Accessibility
This concept will uphold equality and will be accessible to all levels of society because of
the cost can be reduced.
- Low Impact for Environtment
Let imagine the pollution caused by vehicles on the highway. Besides being wasteful of
fuel, congestion exacerbate the condition. Greening around the path, the more difficult because
the space on the side of the road is typically grown to become the center of economic activities.
Not infrequently, growth is difficult to control.
Though the mode of transportation accounted for 27 percent of CO2 emissions, higher
than the industry or plant, which produces 21 percent of emissions. While KA, only accounted
for 1.6 percent, or at least lower than the result of emissions of all modes of transport. Based on
research, road transport accounts for 72 percent of CO2 gas and sea transport as much as 15
percent.
Keep in mind, on the side of the road for the long-distance train, it will be easier greened.
This could be some kind of compensation for the resulting emissions. Rail use in urban areas, not
even trigger the growth centers of economic activity of non-formal uncontrolled, except in the
area around the station. However, the arrangement is relatively easy to do.

More Energy Saving

Based on the study of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2010),
which is dominated by road transport vehicles, the most wasteful use of energy, reaching
90 percent. Meanwhile, the air transport only 8 per cent, and sea transportation is only 2
percent. The study also predicts growth in energy use in the transport sector, about 12
percent per year until 2025.
Compare if KA only takes fuel oil (BBM) 3 liters per kilometer to transport 1,500
passengers, on the other side of the bus requires 0.5 liters / km for transporting 40
passengers. While aircraft can carry 500 people with 40 liters per kilometer, and the ships
of 1,500 people with 10 liters / km.
If compared with other road transport in Indonesia such as Angkot, Taxi,
Travel/Tranex, Ojek the combination of trains and Bus will be much more energyefficient, effective, efficient and lower tariffs.
- More Safety
It can be said, rail transport mode to be the most secure mode other than air. In
2007, with mileage totaling 46 million kilometers, the railway accident rate reached 14
events. This figure is down significantly in 2011 that there is only one scene of the
accident, although the mileage increase to 50 million kilometers.
Definition train crash, according to the KAI is the case between trains, or trains
that rolled from its rails. If anyone, or another vehicle was hit by a train while crossing
the tracks, is not regarded as a train accident.
D. Conclusion
Various transportation problems have occurred in Indonesia. Not only the traffic
jam but also problems caused by poor transport system. Therefore, it is necessary to
accelerate the development of sustainable transport in Indonesia.
The most appropriate system to be applied is the integration system bus and railbased transportation. This system is a system that is sustainable and has a lot of positive
impact on Indonesia. By applying this system will improve the efficiency, effectiveness
and economic growth can also reduce transportation costs.
With a variety of positive impacts that this system should be applied in Indonesia
as soon as possible. So that the problems that have occurred can be overcome and prevent
that to happen.

E. Refference
http://mediaindonesia.com/mipagi/read/15637/Era-Baru-Transportasi-Publik/2015/09/22
http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2011/01/guangzhou-china-jawara-transportasiberkesinambungan
https://www.ugm.ac.id/id/berita/1487-pengembangan.transportasi.yang.berkelanjutan
http://seputarpengertian.blogspot.co.id/2014/09/pengertian-sistem-transportasiberkelanjutan.html
http://ainiplanologi.blogspot.co.id/2010/05/sutainable-transportation-transportasi.html
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportasi_umum
https://beritagar.id/artikel/laporan-khas/mengapa-tranportasi-berbasis-rel
http://telusur.metrotvnews.com/read/2015/09/12/168745/indonesia-lamban-bangun-transportasiberbasis-rel