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LowCostTechnologyforAnimalProducts
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LowCostTechnologyforAnimalProducts
Processingtechnologyforsmallscalelivestockraisers,19991201

CuringandPreservingLivestockHidesandSkin

PracticalTechnology
ResearchHighlights
TechnicalBulletins
TechnicalNotes

Location:Allregions,Philippines

TechnicalDescription
Intheabsenceoftanneriesinlocalitiesorprovinces,farmerssellhidesandskinsimmediatelyafterthe
slaughterofanimals.Ontheotherhandfarmers/butcherswhoregularlyslaughterlargeanimalssavethe
hidesuntilanadequatenumberareavailable.Goat,sheeporpigskinsareseldomsavedforleather
processing,becausetheskinsofthesespeciescanbeimmediatelyusedasfood.
Hidesandskinsintendedforleatherprocessingarewashedanddrainedimmediatelyafterflaying.Thecuring
andpreservationprocessisusuallybytheapplicationofsalt.Saltinghidesandskinisapracticevery
commonlyadoptedbyfarmersandbutcherswhoregularlyslaughteranimals.
Thesaltappliedwillintroduceanexcessofinorganicsaltsandproducesomedehydration.Thisprocessarrests
thefavorablegrowthofbacteriathatwillotherwisedecomposethehides.
Thehidesandskinsarespreadonaslightlyinclinedslattedplatform,withthefleshupward(Fig.1(2)).The
amountofsaltappliedisabout40%oftheweightofthehideofcattleandwaterbuffalo,and30%ofthe
weightoftheskinofgoat,rabbit,andsheep.Thisisappliedoverthefleshside.Thesucceedinghidesorskins
arepiledontop,usingthesameapplicationrateofsalt.Technically,thefirstsaltingshouldbecarriedout
within5hoursofflaying.Thesecondsaltingisdone23daysafterthefirstsalting.

UsesandMerits
Thepracticeisrelativelysimple.Saltisreadilyavailable,cheapandeffectiveincuringandpreservingtheraw
hidesandskinforarelativelylongperiod.Byobservingproperflayingandpreservationprocedures,hidesand
skincanbesoldtotanneriesatahigherprice.Withgoodrawleathermaterials,thelocalleatherindustryis
likelytothriveandbecomemorecompetitive.

ReservationsonItsUse
Theuseofsaltanditsimproperdisposalcanadverselyaffectthefertilityofthesoil,causingdamagetothe
farm,nearbystreamsandreservoirs.Despitesalting,thesmellfromhidecuringandpreservationmaynotbe
verypleasanttotheneighborhood.

Expert'sComments
Thebesttypeofsaltforhidepreservationissmallroundpelletswhichspreadanddissolveevenly.Also,in
saltingitisbesttomixanantisepticsuchasnaphthaleneorboricacidinevery100kgofsaltused.Theuseof
dirtyandrecycledsaltshouldbeavoidedtopreventcontaminationwithhalophilicbacteria.Becauseofthe
unpleasantsmellfromthehidesandskinbeingpreserved,itisrecommendedthatthestorageshedsbe
locatedinisolatedareas.Ifthisisnotpossible,hidesandskinsshouldbesoldimmediatelyafterslaughter.

ManufactureofCottageCheesefromWaterBuffaloMilk
Location:Philippines

TechnicalDescription
Themanufactureofwhitecheese(othernamesarecottagecheeseandsoftcheese)isquitepopularinsome
provincesinthePhilippines.Thecheeseareoftenwrappedingreenbananaleaves(Fig.2(1)).Dependingon
thematerialsusedintheregion,thequalityoftheproductvaries(eithersoftorhard).Whitecheesesare
usuallymadefrombuffalomilkbecauseoftherelativelyhighbutterfatcontentintheseanimals'milk.White
cheese,beingadelicacy,fetchesahigherpricethanfreshmilkwhenmarketed.

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InLaguna,thewhitecheeseproducedissofterthanthatproducedintheVisayas.Thecoagulantused
determinesthequalityandtextureofthecheese.Insoftercheese,thecoagulantusedisrenninfromthe
rennetextractedfromthedriedabomasumsofyoungcattleorwaterbuffalo.Otherwhitecheesesusevinegar
ordiluteaceticacidasthecoagulant.

UsesandMerits
Themanufactureofcheeseaddsvaluetofreshmilkcollectedfromfarmanimals.Ifcheeseprocessorsare
presentinacommunity,farmerswillhaveanimmediatemarketfortheirmilk.Cheesemanufacturecaneasily
becomeanewsourceofincome.Anotherspillovereffectinwhitecheesemanufactureisthatbuffaloraisers
willseetoitthattheiranimalsarewellmanaged,andfedandbredregularly,toproducethecalfandmilk.

ReservationsonItsUse
Theprocessingofwaterbuffalomilkintocheeserequiresthedesiredvolumeofmilk,regularcollection,
hygieneandsanitation,andanorganizedmarketingsetup.Milkanddairyproducts,beinghighlyperishable,
requirecoolstorageandahighdegreeofsanitation.Studieshaveshownthatcottagecheesesmanufacturedin
smallholdoperationshaveashortshelflifebecauseoftheirhighbacterialcount.

Expert'sComments
Regardlessofthescaleofoperation,thetypeoftheproductandtheregionwherewhitecheeseisprocessed,
observingtherighthygieneandsanitationisessential.Thehandlingofmilk,theequipmentandcontainers
used,thepackagingmaterials(bananaleaves,waxpaperorplastic),thestorageandtheprocessingareas,all
contributetotheimprovementofthequalityoftheproductintermsoftasteandshelflife.

UseofSheepandGoatManureAsFertilizer
Location:Philippinesandelsewhere

TechnicalDescription
Theuseofgoatandsheepmanureasfertilizerisawidespreadpractice.Goatandsheepmanurewhenapplied
asfertilizeriseitherdriedorcomposted.Thispreventsburningorwiltingofthecrop,whichotherwisemight
occurifmanureisappliedfresh.
Themanureisperiodicallycollectedfromshedfloorsorfromundertheshed,andstoredinpitstodecompose
togetherwithleftoverfeedorfoliage(Fig.3(1),Fig.4(1)).Itcanalsobesundriedbeforeitisspreadinthe
paddyfieldorappliedatthebaseoffruittrees(Fig.5(1)).

UsesandMerits
Goatandsheepmanurecontainsabout1.3gN/100gdrymatter.Itisagoodsourceoforganicmatter.Ona
longtermbasis,itsuseisbeneficialtothesoilsinceitrestoresorimprovesfertility.
Theuseofmanurerelievesfarmersofthehighcostofinorganicfertilizers.Moreover,ithelpscleanthefarm
ofwastesthatcouldotherwisebeabreedinggroundformicroorganismsthatcancauselivestockdiseases.

ReservationsonItsUse
Theuseofgoatorsheepmanureasfertilizer,particularlythatcomingfromfreegrazinganimals,posesa
dangerofspreadingtheseedsofweedsalloverthefarm.Iftheanimalsarefedonmixedforages,especially
thosecollectedfromnativepasture,theproblemofspreadingtheweedsisveryacute.
Hence,ifmanureistobeusedasfertilizer,itisrecommendedthatanimalsarefedonforagethatisnotyet
bearingseeds.Thisiseasierifthegoatsareconfinedinpensratherthanfreeranging.Treeleaves,improved
grassesandlegumesareideal.Goatmanurekeptinpitscanserveasanidealhabitatforbeetlesandvermin,
whichcancausedamagetocropsortreessuchascoconut.

LowCostIncubatorforProductionofEmbryonatedDuckEggsor
&QuotBalut&Quot
Location:LagunaandRizal,Philippines

TechnicalDescription
Embryonatedduckegg,knowninthePhilippinesas"balut",isaspecialfooddelicacyamongFilipinos.Itis
consideredacheapandnutritioussnackfoodsoldcommercially.Theproductisa17dayoldincubatedfertile
duckegg.
Incubationisdoneinthe"balutan",anindigenousincubator.Thisconsistsofcylindricalbaskets,34incheshigh
and21incheswide,openatbothsides.Theseareplacedinchestlikestructures,withthespacesaroundfilled
withricehullupto4inchesfromthebrim(Fig.6(0)).
Beforesettingthefertileeggsinthebaskets,unhuskedrice(`palay')isheatedto43Cinavatorcauldron.A
simpletestfortherighttemperatureiswhenonecanfeeltheheatbutcanstillholdtheheatedriceinone's

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barehands.
Eggbagsarethenplacedinthebasket,alternatedwithbagsofheatedrice.Onebagofheatedriceis
generallyusedforeverybagofeggs.However,forefficientheatconservation,twobagsofheatedriceatthe
bottomandtwoontopofthebasketisrecommended.Thus,foreverybasketcontaining10layersofeggs,13
bagsofheatedunhuskedriceareneeded.Thewholesetupisthencoveredwithjutesacksforbetterheat
conservation.
Eggsarecandledonthe11thand17thdays.Infertileeggsandthosewithdeadembryosareseparatedand
cooked.Theembryonatedeggsareharvestedafter17days,andcookedinacauldronofhotwater.

UsesandMerits
Thelowcosttechnologyhasbeenadoptedasacottageindustrysupportingthelocalduckindustry.The
technologyissimpleandneedsverylittleinvestment.Theincubationofeggsinlargenumberscanbedone
withoutelectricity.

ReservationsonItsUse
Onelimitationofthetechnologyisthatitrequiresconsiderablehandlingofeggs,particularlytheturning,while
theheatoftheunhuskedricemustbemaintainedtosustaintheidealtemperatureofthelocalincubator.Too
muchhandlingofeggscanresultinthedeathofthedevelopingembryos.
Withinconsistentorinaccuratemonitoringoftemperatureandhumidity,ahighpercentageofembryosmay
dieatanearlystageoftheincubation.Theuseofthissystemofincubationrequiresexperienceandskill,
particularlyinmaintainingtherightconditionsforembryodevelopment.

CuringSaltedDuckEggsinClay
Location:Philippinesandelsewhere

TechnicalDescription
Processingofduckeggsintosaltedorredeggsisawayofprolongingtheshelflifeandaddingvaluetothe
product.Theclayusedispreferablyfromananthillortermitehill.Thisissticky,andmixeswellwithsaltand
water.Theimmersionofuncookedegginthemediumtakes19days,usingamixtureoffourpartsofclayand
onepartoftablesalt(byvolume)(Fig.7(0)).Theshelflifeofthesaltedeggusingtheprocessis39daysin
ordinarytemperatures.

UsesandMerits
Thegeneralpurposeofsaltingeggsismerelytoprolongthestorageandshelflifeoftheegg.Italsoadds
valuetothisfarmproduct.Anothercommonprocedureistopreserveeggsinasaturatedsaltsolution.
Clayproducesgoodqualitysaltedeggs.Theyolkisofabrighteryellow,andoilisdistinctlypresentinit.
Thesecharacteristicsaredesiredbyconsumers.Becauseoftheslowabsorptionofsalttotheinsideofthe
egg,thefinalproductisnotverysalty.

ReservationsonItsUse
Theuseofclayinsaltedeggmakingisrelativelylaborious,sincethesaltedeggsmustbecleanedandwashed
beforemarketing.Theprocessofmixingtheeggswithclayandwaterisrathermessy.Anotherpossible
reservationontheuseoftheclayasamediumisthehighincidenceofcontaminationfrommicrobesthatgain
entryintotheeggthroughtheshell.Sterilizationoftheclayisrecommended.

Acknowledgements
Weareindebtedtothefollowingpersonsforprovidingtheinformationaboutlowcostfarmingpracticesfor
livestockproduction.

DR.YongKyunPak
LivestockSection,ExtensionServiceBureau,
RuralDevelopmentAdministration
250,SeodunDong,KwonseonKu,Suwon441707,
RepublicofKorea

DR.EdwinC.Villar
LivestockResearchDivision
PhilippineCouncilforAgriculture,
ForestryandNaturalResourcesResearchandDevelopment,

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DepartmentofScienceandTechnology(PCARRDDOST)
LosBanos,Laguna4030,Philippines

MR.ShingShiHuang,MR.MeengTerKoh,MR.JengYongLin,DR.LinRenChen,MR.Shuen
RongLee,MR.HsinTenHuang,andMR.ChinShiungChen
TaiwanLivestockResearchInstitute
112,Muchang,Hsinhua,Tainan712,Taiwan,ROC

DR.ChanvitVajrabukka
DepartmentofAnimalScience,
FacultyofAgriculture,
KasetsartUniverstiy,Bangkok,Bangkok10900,Thailand

IndexofImages

Figure1PreservationofHidesandSkins.

Figure2LocalCottageCheeseProductioninthePhilippines

Figure3CollectionofFreshManurebeneathGoat/SheepShed

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Figure4SundriedorStoredinPitsAsCompost

Figure5UsedAsFertilizer

Figure6LowCostIncubatorUsedtoProduceEmbryonatedEggsinthePhilippines.

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Figure7CuringSaltedDuckEggsinClay

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