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OBJECTIVE
Determine the contents of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in various food products using small scale
redox titration.
INTRODUCTION
It was as long ago as in mid eighteenth century that the beneficial effects of vitamin C were
discovered. This is when citrus fruits rich in vitamin C were used to prevent scurvy in the sea
sailors. Since then, vitamin C has been claimed a miracle agent in curing and preventing common
colds and known as one of the anti-cancer antioxidants.
Pure ascorbic acid is a white, crystalline solid with a molecular formula C 6H8O6. It is well soluble in
water. Its main chemical property is that it oxidizes extremely easily in solution, thus reducing
anything that can accept electrons. The oxidation process is impeded in acidic environment and at
low temperatures. The process is accelerated by addition of light, heat, in basic solutions, and in
the presence of metal ions such as Cu 2+ or Fe3+.
Chemically, ascorbic acid is similar to sugar molecules. In the body, it is oxidized to
dehydroascorbic acid, the fully functional molecule affecting biochemical reactions.
To read more about vitamin C and its physiological role as well biochemical processes involving
this nutrient click HERE.
Vitamin C is not produced or stored in the human body; therefore there is a need for a constant
and regular supply of this vitamin in our everyday diet. Vitamin C is present in many fruits and
vegetables, the best sources being broccoli, sweet peppers, parsley, Brussels sprouts,
strawberries, papayas, kiwi, oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. Amazingly, potatoes are a
reasonable source of vitamin C, particularly when cooked with skin on. Because vitamin C is so
easily destroyed by the food processing techniques (due to its water solubility and reducing
properties), you may find or ascorbic acid listed as an ingredient on a nutritional label of grocery
items, as foods are frequently artificially enriched in this nutrient.
Analysis of vitamin C
Redox titration is used here to determine the vitamin C content in a sample. The oxidizing agent,
iodine, reacts in an acidic environment with the reducing agent, ascorbic acid, to produce iodide ion
and dehydroascorbic acid.
Clean up
Dispose of the solutions from the tray in an appropriate waste container. Wash all equipment used,
using soapy water, rinse well and replace on the instructor's cart.
Calculations and report
Part A: Standardization
1) Calculate the average number of drops of iodine solution per 1 mg vit.. C:
Avg # drops per 1 mg vit C = (# drops well1 + # drops well2 + # drops well3) / 3
part B
2) Calculate the average # of drops of iodine solution used for titration of your samples:
Avg # drops B = (# drops for sample 1 + # drops for sample 2) / 2
3) Calculate the number of mg of vitamin C in a sample of food used:
mg vit. C in a sample tested = Avg # drops B / Avg # drops per 1 mg vit. C
TOXICINCONTACTWITHSKINANDIFSWALLOWED.
CAUSESBURNS.
MAYCAUSESENSITIZATIONBYINHALATIONANDSKINCONTACT.
SEVERE LACHRYMATOR.
3. What precautions must be taken when working with aqueous iodine solution?
EXPOSURECONTROLS/PERSONALPROTECTION
SAFETYSHOWERANDEYEBATH.
USEONLYINACHEMICALFUMEHOOD.
WASHCONTAMINATEDCLOTHINGBEFOREREUSE.
DISCARDCONTAMINATEDSHOES.
WASHTHOROUGHLYAFTERHANDLING.
DONOTBREATHEDUST.
DONOTGETINEYES,ONSKIN,ONCLOTHING.
AVOIDPROLONGEDORREPEATEDEXPOSURE.
NIOSH/MSHAAPPROVEDRESPIRATOR.
COMPATIBLECHEMICALRESISTANTGLOVES.
CHEMICALSAFETYGOGGLES.
KEEPTIGHTLYCLOSED.
STOREINACOOLDRYPLACE.
HANDLEANDSTOREUNDERARGON.
If you want to test cooked food, please cook it at home. If you need to chop the food, please bring
your own kitchen knife or chop it at home and refrigerate until ready for lab (but no for too long,
why?).
Some ideas
you may want to test:
- fresh food vs. stored in the refrigerator for a long time, or
- food item cooked in a microwave vs. the same item cooked using a traditional method (in a pot) - cooked using various methods (e.g. traditional, pressure cooker, etc.) vs. raw