Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Valeriu STOIAN
Lecture : 19/06/2014 8.30-10.00/10.30-12.00
European Erasmus Mundus Master Course
Sustainable Constructions
under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
520121-1-2011-1-CZ-ERA MUNDUS-EMMC
COMPOZITES ?
FIBER
RESIN
- carbon
- glass
- aramid
- hybride
- thermoplast
- thermorigide
COMPOSITE (FRP)
(polymers reinforced with fiber)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
FRP TYPES
1. STRENGTHENING
- FABRIC
- LAMELAS (STRIP)
- REINFORCEMENT
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
FPR TYPES
2. REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
FPR TYPES
3. PROFILE
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
TYPES
4. SANDWICH PANELS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
REIFORCEMENT CORROSION
STRUCTURALE CHANGES, NEW SERVICE DEMANDS,
MODIFIED CODES
INCREASE OF THE SAFETY LEVELS
REDUCING THE EXECUTION DURATION
DESIGN OR EXECUTION FAULTS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
STRENGTHENING SYSTEMS
- PREPREG SYSTEMS
- PREFABRICATED SYSTEMS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
FLEXURAL STRENGTHENING OF RC
BEAMS USING CFRP LAMELLAS ANCHORING SOLUTIONS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= OBJECTIVE =
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= TESTED ELEMENTS =
The beams were cast using Class C32/40 concrete.
RB reference beam reinforced with 3 16 bars (ft,med=781 N/mm2)
RB2 second reference beam reinforced with 2 16 bars (ft,med=781 N/mm2)
All of the other beams had the same characteristics as beam RB2, the
strengthening systems being design so that these beams reach the capacity of RB
reference beam.
R-1S RC beam strengthened on bottom face with one C-FRP strip 1,2x50 mm
in section, anchored at both ends with steel plates (150x20...160 mm) connected to
the concrete element by bolts (6 for each steel plate,10 mm diameter)
R-CA-1S RC beam strengthened on bottom face with one C-FRP strip 1,2x50
mm in section, anchored on its entire length with steel bolts (10 mm diameter) that
are chemically anchored in the concrete element
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= RB =
RB - reinforcement distribution
a
415
stirrups 8/15
28
40
2
316
1
20
15
35
30
35
30
35
2 28 L=4,15
4,15
RB - loading scheme
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
15
stirrups 8/15
L=1,15
1 316 L=5,45
35
4,20
= RB =
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= RB =
The element reaching an ultimate displacement of 121 mm and withstanding a load of 187
kN.
RB -> 3F16
220
200
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
25
50
75
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
= RB2 =
RB2 - reinforcement distribution
415
stirrups 8/15
28
40
2
216
1
20
15
35
30
35
30
35
2 28 L=4,15
4,15
RB - loading scheme
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
15
stirrups 8/15
L=1,15
1 216 L=5,45
35
4,20
= RB2 =
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= RB2 =
The element reaching an ultimate displacement of almost 100 mm and withstanding a load
of 126 kN.
220
200
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
140
RB2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
25
50
75
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
= R-1S =
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-1S =
In order to choose the most adequate epoxy resin used for anchoring the bolts into concrete,
a series of pull out tests have been carried out using two different types of resins.
Failure mode
SI
K
A
over 54
over 54
break of bolt
HI
LT
I
over 54
break of bolt
over 54
break of bolt
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-1S =
The steps that need to be carried out for this solution are:
grinding of concrete surface
drilling of 12 mm diameter bores for attaching the steel plate to the concrete
cleaning the dust and all other residues by vacuuming and using compressed air
applying of epoxy resin on the concrete surface
applying of epoxy resin on the lamella
lay up of the lamella and applying pressure with the roller
filling of the bores with anchoring resin
inserting of the bolts into the resin filled bores
applying of epoxy resin onto the steel plates
lay-up of the steel plates in a proper position so that they fit with the bolts
tightening the screw by applying a torque of 40 Nm.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-1S =
The failure mode of the element began with the composite debonding between the
anchorages, followed by concrete crushing in the compression zone, and finally by the
sliding out of the FRP from the anchorage simultaneous with the failure of the strip.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-1S =
The element reaching an ultimate displacement of 87 mm and withstanding a load of 215 kN.
220
R-1S
200
180
LOAD [kN]
160
140
RB2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
25
50
75
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
= R-CA-1S =
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-CA-1S =
In order to verify the resistance of the lamella to local pressure on the hole, a series of
tension tests have been carried out :
solely the lamella for reference
with steel plate of 2 mm in thickness glued with resin on one face
with steel plate of 2 mm in thickness glued with resin on one both faces
with GFRP fabrics wrapped around the lamella in a double layer
with GFRP fabrics glued only on one face in four layers (0-90-45-135)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-CA-1S =
The steps that need to be carried out for this solution are:
drilling of 12 mm diameter bores for attaching the steel plate to the concrete
cleaning the dust and all other residues by vacuuming and using compressed air
creating 10 mm holes in the lamella
positioning the lamella on the RC beam
filling of the bores with anchoring resin
fitting the bolts to match the holes in the lamella
placing the washers
tightening the screws
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
The element failed by concrete crushing in the compressed zone simultaneously with the
rupture of CFRP lamella at the mid span.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= R-CA-1S =
The element reaching an ultimate displacement of almost 70 mm and withstanding a load of
204 kN.
220
R -C A -1 S
200
RB
L O A D [[kN]
kN ]
180
160
140
RB2
120
100
80
R B -> 3 F1 6
60
R B 2 -> 2 F1 6
40
R -C A-1 S
20
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
D IS P L A C E M E N T [m m ]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
105
120
135
R-CA-1S
200
R-1S
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
140
RB2
120
100
RB -> 3F16
80
60
R-CA-1S
40
R-1S
20
0
0
15
30
45
60
75
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
90
105
120
135
= CONCLUSIONS =
The two beams strengthened by the above mentioned methods have resisted to loads
higher than the designed one - RB (187 kN).
The ultimate load capacity for element R-1S was higher with 15% than that of RB
beam, but ultimate reached displacement was 28% lower than in the case of RB
element.
The ultimate load capacity for element R-CA-1S was higher with 9% than that of RB
beam, but ultimate reached displacement was 30% lower than in the case of RB
element.
In terms of structural efficiency the first solution is slightly superior, but in terms of
easiness of application it is inferior to the second solution.
The second solution (R-CA-1S) limits the use of epoxy resin only to anchoring the
bolts into the concrete beam, significantly reducing the exposure to toxic environment
effects that it creates while conducting the strengthening procedure.
The execution and curing time it is lower for the second solution in comparison with
first one (one day for R-CA-1S instead of one week for R-1S).
As it can be seen in the comparative load-displacement diagram, the strengthened
elements presented a slightly higher initial stiffness than the reference beams, but were
characterized by a poorer ductility.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CROSS SECTION:
SPAN:
REFERENCE BEAM 1 (RB):
REFERENCE BEAM 2 (RB2):
RETROFITTED SPECIMENS:
20 x 40 CM
400 CM
316
216
216
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
stirrups 8/15
40
28
130
140
400
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
130
216
20
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
R-2W
140
RB2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
25
50
75
DEFLECTION [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
RL-2W-A
140
RB2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
25
50
75
DEFLECTION [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
200
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
140
RB2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
25
50
75
DEFLECTION [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
R-2NSMS
RB
180
LOAD [kN]
160
140
RB2
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
25
50
75
DEFLECTION [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
125
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Authors:
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
C1M
C1C
C1M CW BC
C1C CW BC
C2M GW BC
C2C GW BC
C3M BM AF
Consolidation system
Un-strengthened reference specimen
Un-strengthened reference specimen
Test type
monotonic
cyclic
monotonic
cyclic
monotonic
cyclic
Strengthening for bending using metallic bars anchored into the foundation
(2 bars on one side)
monotonic
C3C BM AF
Strengthening for bending using metallic bars anchored into the foundation
(2 bars on two sides)
cyclic
C4M BM + CW
Strengthening for bending using metallic bars anchored into the foundation
(2 bars on one side) and strengthening by base confinement using carbon fiber fabric.
monotonic
C4C BM + CW
Strengthening for bending using metallic bars anchored into the foundation
(2 bars on two sides) and strengthening by base confinement using carbon fiber fabric.
cyclic
-BM
Bars of Metal
-AF
Anchored into Foundation
-CW
Carbon Wrap
-GW
Glass Wrap
Base Confinement
L10 -BC
B.2 Mechanicalproperties
of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Consolidation system
Test type
C5M
C5C
C6M GW BC
C6C GW BC
C7M BM + GW
monotonic
cyclic
Strengthening for bending using metallic bars anchored into the foundation
(2 bars on one side) and strengthening by base confinement using glass fiber fabric.
monotonic
C7C BM + GW
Strengthening for bending using metallic bars anchored into the foundation
(2 bars on two sides) and strengthening by base confinement using glass fiber fabric.
cyclic
C8M CSS AF
Strengthening for bending using carbon sheet strands anchored into the foundation (2 strands
on one side)
monotonic
C8C CSS AF
Strengthening for bending using carbon sheet strands anchored into the foundation (2 strands
on two sides)
cyclic
C9M CSS + GW
Strengthening for bending using carbon sheet strands anchored into the foundation (2 strands
on one side) and strengthening by base confinement using glass fiber fabric.
monotonic
C9C CSS + GW
Strengthening for bending using carbon sheet strands anchored into the foundation (2 strands
on two sides) and strengthening by base confinement using glass fiber fabric.
cyclic
monotonic
cyclic
-BM
Bars of Metal
-AF
Anchored into Foundation
-GW
Glass Wrap
-BC
Base Confinement
-CSS
- Carbon Sheet Strand
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Steel rods
for bending
Confinement
CFRP wrap
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
20
20
20
20
20
L = 2.40[m]
185
35
20
40
L = 2.40[m]
22 Etr.10/5/10
OB37 L = 1.25[m]
20
25
15
15
22 Etr.8/5/10
OB37 L = 0.85[m]
20
20
9 Etr.8/10/20
OB37 L = 0.95[m]
Section 2-2
35
312 PC52
20
20
20
312 PC52
20
20
20
20
Column
Reinforcement
Layout
185
14
14
Foundation
Reinforcement
Layout
37.5
35
35
3
2
3
L = 1.90[m]
120
412 PC52
L = 1.40[m]
120
20
20
25
25
25
10
10
35
Section 3-3
35
Section 1-1
416 PC52
1.25
416 PC52
412 PC52
L = 1.60[m]
120
L = 1.60[m]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
20
20
120
Force [daN]
2500
2000
1500
1000
D1 - Top displacement
D2 - Midspan displacement
500
0
0
15
30
45
60
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
75
F o rce [N]
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Force [N]
C1C
Envelope Curve
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-100
-75
-50
-25
25
50
75
100
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Displacem ent [m m ]
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
25
50
75
100
125
-1000
-2000
-3000
-4000
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
F orce [N ]
3000
2000
1000
0
0
25
50
75
100
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
6000
4000
2000
0
-100
-75
-50
-25
25
50
75
100
-2000
-4000
-6000
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Force [daN]
5000
4000
3000
2000
C1M
1000
C3M-BM-AF
C4M-BM+CW
0
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-125
-100
-75
-50
-25
25
50
75
100
125
-1000
C1C - left
-2000
-3000
C1C - right
C1C-BM+CW - left
C1C-BM+CW - right
-4000
C1C-CW-BC - lef t
C1C-CW-BC - right
-5000
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Displacem ent [m m ]
Conclusions
Element
Displacement ductility
factor
C1M
C3M-BM-AF
C4M-BM+CW
35.00
38.30
52.00
+9,4%
+48%
3.64
3.95
6.39
C1C
C1C-CW-BC
C4C-BM+CW
32.15
32.50
45.70
+1%
+42%
3.08 3.11
3.89 5.49
4.50 6.39
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
BY
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
INTRODUCTION
Procedure
1. Theoretical investigation
- simplified design (codes)
- numerical analysis
- strut-and-tie
2. Experimental investigations on full scale beam ends
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
For dapped beam end there were identified five potential failure
modes (PCI):
(1) flexure (cantilever bending) and axial tension in the extended end,
(2) direct shear at the junction between the dapped and undapped zone of
the member
(3) diagonal tension on the re-entrant corner
(4) diagonal tension in the extended end
(5) diagonal tension in undapped zone
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
= 150 cm,
- dapped zone
= 80/80 cm
- element width
= 66 cm.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
ELEMENT DETAILS
2
2
2
2
1-1
2
2
2
2-2
12
80
12
12
90
70
1
12
66
2
2
2
1
80
51
50
66
1
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Elastic Analysis
Direction and distribution of the principal stresses
Nonlinear Analysis
Crack pattern at different load levels
Strut-and-Tie
The analysis was performed to determine the maximum force at which the
horizontal bars from the dapped-end are starting to yield.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL TESTS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Test results
The stress level recorded in the reinforcement was comparable for all
the elements;
The unloading behaviour was similar for all the specimens, very close
to the initial starting point;
It was noted a good similarity between the crack pattern for all the
specimens, the general aspect being identical;
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
1
RC1
Components
SikaWrap 230C
Fabric 300 x 0,12 mm
SikaDur 330 Resin
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Tensile
Strength
[N/mm2]
Tensile
Modulus
[N/mm2]
Strain at
Failure []
4100
231000
17
30
3800
2800
165000
17
30
12800
2600
640000
45
3500
15
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
180
160
140
LOAD [t]
120
100
80
60
40
C1
RC1
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
180
G3 - RC1
G4 - RC1
G5 - RC1
G6 - RC1
140
LOAD [t]
120
100
80
G4/G6
60
40
G3/G5
160
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
STRAIN []
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
200
180
160
LOAD [t]
140
120
100
80
60
40
RC2
C2
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
180
160
S1 - C2
S1 - RC2
G3 - RC2
G4 - RC2
G5 - RC2
140
LOAD [t]
120
100
80
60
40
G
4/
G
5
G3
S1
20
0
0
STRAIN []
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
180
160
140
LOAD [t]
120
100
80
60
40
C3
RC3
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
180
S1 - C4
S2 - C4
S1 - RC4
S2 - RC4
G3 - RC4
G4 - RC4
G5 - RC4
160
140
100
80
60
G4 G5
40
S1
G3
LOAD [t]
120
20
0
0
STRAIN []
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
180
160
140
LOAD [t]
120
100
80
60
40
C4
RC4
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
DISPLACEMENT [mm]
180
160
S1 - C3
S1 - RC3
G3 - RC3
G4 - RC3
G5 - RC3
140
2
1
LOAD [t]
120
100
80
60
G4/G5
40
S1
S2
G3
20
0
0
STRAIN []
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
+ SL (%)
+ UL (%)
max(mm)
RC1
11
34
RC2
45
10
18
RC3
25
27
RC4
40
19
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
BY
Tams NAGY-GYRGY,
TIMISOARA
Valeriu STOIAN,
Janos GERGELY,
Daniel DAN,
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
OBJECTIVES
STUDY THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE UNREINFORCED CLAY BRICK
MASONRY WALLS SUBJECTED TO IN-PLAN SHEAR LOADS
STRENGTHENED WITH FRP COMPOSITES ON ONE SIDE
Field of applications:
- SEISMIC RETROFIT OF STRUCTURAL MASONRY WALLS
- IMPROVE THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF THE MASONRY BUILDING
BEFORE EARTHQUAKE
- RESTORE THE SHEAR CAPACITY OF THE WALLS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RESEARCH ACTIVITY
PERFORMING AN ANALYTICAL STUDY
-
conceive a device in which the load system creates a pure in-plane shear
of the wall, without much influence from the bending moment
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Clay Brick
Masonry Wall
BIOGRAF
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Clay Brick
Masonry Wall
AXIS VM
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
TEST RESULTS
HORIZONTAL LOAD H [kN]
200
180
160
140
UM1L
UM1R
RM1L
RM1R
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
efrp=0.50%
FAILURE
EXTENSIVE OPENING OF THE EXISTING CRACK
FOLLOWED BY COMPOSITE DEBONDING AT THE CRACKS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
TEST RESULTS
HORIZONTAL LOAD H [kN]
400
350
300
250
UM2L
UM2R
RM3L
RM3R
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
e =0.15%
TEST RESULTS
HORIZONTAL LOAD H [kN]
350
300
250
UM3L
UM3R
RM4L
RM4R
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
efrp=0.12%
TEST RESULTS
HORIZONTAL LOAD H [kN]
350
300
250
UM4L
UM4R
RM5L
RM5R
200
150
100
50
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
Differences in capacity : + 4%
Difference in displacement :
+138%
FAILURE
efrp=1.78%
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
TEST RESULTS
HORIZONTAL LOAD [kN]
300
250
200
UM5L
UM5R
RM6L
RM6R
150
100
50
0
0
10
12
14
16
18
20
e =0.18%
CONCLUSIONS
- The correction and injection mortars had an important role in restoring the
load bearing capacity
- A considerable capacity increase was observed for the precracked shear
walls retrofitted with FRP composites
(practically, the load bearing capacity of the cracked walls was negligible)
- The failure of the retrofitted walls was caused by extensive cracking
followed by FRP debonding and not due to tensile or shear failure of the
FRP (vertical applied composites debonded just in the vicinity of the major
crack, while those applied horizontally debonded in large areas)
- The maximum horizontal displacements increased at least twice
compared with the displacements of the reference specimens that
demonstrated the increase of the ductility
- The most advantageous system glass fabric applied dry application
process
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
ON-GOING PROJECT
FP6 - PROHITECH
EARTHQUAKE PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL BUILDINGS BY REVERSIBLE MIXED TECHNOLOGIES
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
SIMPLIFIED MODELS
FOR SHEAR RETROFIT OF
MASONRY WALLS
USING FRP (Glass, Carbon, Steel) AND
STEEL SHEATHED TECHNOLOGY
Dan DUBINA, Ph.D., Professor, POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Valeriu STOIAN, Ph.D., Professor, POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Tams NAGY-GYRGY, Ph.D., Ass. Prof., POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Daniel DAN, Ph.D., Lecturer, POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Cosmin DAESCU, Ph.D.Stud. POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Dan DIACONU, Ph.D.,Stud.,POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Codrut FLORUT, Ph.D.,Stud. POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Adrian DOGARIU, Ph.D.,Stud.POLITEHNICAUNIVERSITY NOF TIMISOARA
Aurel STRATAN, Ph.D.,Lecturesr POLITEHNICAUNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
Sorin BORDEA, Ph.D.,Student, POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
PURPOSE
- establish a simplified design formula
PROCEDURE
- study the behavior of the structural elements test
- push over test of experimental specimens
- establish the collapse mechanism
- propose the design formula
- calibrate the parameters in the design formula for the
retrofitted masonry using:
- experimental tests
- numerical analysis
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
IMPORTANT NOTICE:
- full displacement compatibility between the
retrofitting material or system and the masonry up to
collapse
- different damage process of the retrofitting system:
debonding of the GFRP or CFRP
yielding of the SFRP
plastic bearing of Steel Sheet accompanied by
vanishing the composite character (equivalent to
debonding)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
SMEARED CRACKS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
DIAGONAL CRACK
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
DEBONDING GFRP
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
DEBONDING CFRP
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
YIELDING SFRP
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
PLASTIC BEARING
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Q f .t .l 1 1 c
f
rm
cap
rm
0 1
0.2 - 0.8
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
PARAMETERS TO BE EVALUATED
f rm , , c
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CALCULATION EXAMPLE
frm= 0.5 N/mm2
t = 250 mm
l = 2151 mm
o = 0.5 N/mm2
c = 0.8,
= 1.0
Q = 360 kN
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL REZULTS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CONCLUSIONS:
-THE PRPOSED MODEL SEEMS TO BE
SUITABLE FOR THE PRACTICAL DESIGN OF
RETROFITT MASONRY WALLS
-THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS IS PERFORMED
USING BIOGRAF SOFTWARE
-THE PROPOSED DESIGN FORMULA AND THE
SOFTWARE CAN BE APLLIED FOR R.C.
STRUCTURAL WALLS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Introduction
COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS ARE REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS
OBTAINED BY REPLACING THE VERTICAL REINFORCEMENTS FROM THE EDGES BY
STEEL ENCASED PROFILES
Daniel Dan
Alexandru Fabian
Valeriu Stoian
Tamas Nagy-Gyrgy
Politehnica University of Timisoara
Experimental specimens
Introduction
COMPOSITE STEEL-CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS ARE OFTEN USED AS LATERAL LOAD
RESISTING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH RISE BUILDINGS PLACED IN SEISMIC AREAS
u
1.1
Composite walls structural systems
1
Type 1
Type 2
Steel or composite
Type3
Concrete walls
moment frame with
Composite or concrete
reinforced by connected
connected concrete infill
walls coupled by steel
encased vertical steel
panels
or composite beams
sections
Ductility class
Ductility class
u
1
u
1
u
1
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
u
1
Ductility class
H
4.5 u
1
3 u
1
Experimental program
50 70
Partially encased
U10 steel profile
760
vertical reinforcement
10@100
400
h=3000
2600
345
CSRCW-6
70 50
760
70 50
A
70
100
CSRCW-5
11 78 11
70
70
100
CSRCW-4
11 78 11
70
100
50 70
CSRCW-3
70 50
1000
345
11 78 11
760
50 70
11 78 11
50 70
CSRCW-2
horizontal reinforcement
8@150
shear connector
13@150
Lateral load
CSRCW-1
11 78 11
70
100
Headed shear
stud connector
Steel reinforcements
70 50
steel encased profile
(70x70x5)
11 78 11
1000
b=1000
70
RC foundation
860
70
400
100
1000
1500
250
100
250
vertical reinforcement
10@25
1000
ties
8@400@450
Experimental program
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON CSRCW2 SPECIMEN
400
400
Load [kN]
200
200
0
-200
P [kN]
-400
0
2
4
Time [hours]
LOAD HYSTORY
FAILURE DETAIL
-200
-400
-100
-50
50
D [mm]
100
Displacement [mm]
100
50
0
-50
-100
0
2
4
Time [hours]
DISPLACEMENT HYSTORY
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
FAILURE DETAIL
Experimental program
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ON CSRCW4 SPECIMEN
400
Load [kN]
400
200
200
0
-200
P[kN]
-400
0
2
4
Time [hours]
FAILURE DETAIL
LOAD HYSTORY
Displacement [mm]
100
-200
-400
-100
-50
50
100
D [mm]
50
0
-50
-100
0
2
4
Time [hours]
DISPLACEMENT HYSTORY
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
FAILURE DETAIL
Experimental program
Experimental investigation on the overall behavior of the damaged and retrofitted composite
steel-concrete walls
Restore the load bearing capacity caused by damages
Investigate the effectiveness of retrofitting by using externally bonded CFRP composites
150
700
150
1000
strip
1 layer
strip
2 layers
150
315
strip
anchor.
400
400
150
900
strip
1 layer
310
150
2000
3000
3000
plate
1 layer
250
1000
1500
250
BARE ELEMENT
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
plate
anchor.
250
1000
1500
250
RETROFITED ELEMENT
Experimental program
PLAIN
CSRCW2 / CSRCW4
SPECIMENS
RETROFITTED POST-DAMAGE
CSRCW2_R / CSRCW4_R
150
700
150
1000
strip
1 layer
strip
2 layers
Scale 1:3
Aspect ratio H/L=3
1000
150
315
150
900
400
400
250
1000
1500
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
250
760
steel encased profile
70x7
70 50
vertical reinforcement
10@100
shear connector
13@150
CSRCW-4
11 78 11
250
11 78 11
1000
50 70
70
1000
1500
plate
anchor.
70 50
CSRCW-2
100
250
760
70
strip
anchor.
50 70
100
strip
1 layer
310
150
2000
3000
3000
plate
1 layer
horizontal reinforcement
8@150
Transverse
reaction frame
Rod
Transverse
reaction frame
CSRCW
specimen
+3.00
250
200
150
100
50
50
100
150
200
Transverse
brace
250
Rigid plate
Hydraulic
jack (400kN)
CSRCW
specimen
Rigid plate
Transverse
brace
3000
Lateral
reaction frame
250
1000
Bolts
RC foundation
Rods
250
0.00
Bolts
a) Elevation
Bolts
RC foundation
Anchorage bolts
Rigid floor
P
3
AXIAL
Py
N = 100 kN
/y
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0 3
6
9
12
15
Number of cycles
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
LATERAL
Experimental program
RETROFITTING
PHASES
RETROFITTING
- REPAIRING OF THE CRUSHED CONCRETE
- PREPARING OF THE CONCRETE SURFACE
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Experimental program
RETROFITTING
DETAILS
Confinement anchorage
Intermediate
RC wall
CFRP
sheets
Flexural anchorage
35
Foundation
130
30
L 100x100x10
fixing profile
Completed
16...130
anch. bolt
resin
18
Intermediate
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Anchorage detail
Completed
Experimental program
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Experimental program
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
BARE ELEMENTS
200
200
P [kN]
400
P [kN]
400
-200
-400
-400
-50
50
100
-100
150
CSRSW2 / CSRCW2_R
-200
-100
CSRCW2
-50
D [mm]
200
200
P[kN]
400
P[kN]
400
50
100
D [mm]
CSRCW4
0
CSRSW4 / CSRCW4_R
-200
-200
-400
-400
-100
-50
-100
-50
0
50of cast 100
150
L10 B.2
Mechanical
properties
iron, mild
iron and steel at historical structures
D [mm]
D [mm]
50
100
-100
400
400
200
200
P [kN]
P [kN]
BEHAVIOR COMPARISON
LOAD DISPLACEMENT ENVELOPE CURVES
0
-50
50
100
150
-200
-100
0
-50
50
100
-200
CSRCW2
CSRCW4
CSRCW2_R
CSRCW4_R
-400
-400
D [ mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
D [ mm]
150
BEHAVIOR COMPARISON
STIFFNESS DEGRADATION
25
Secant stiffness degradation
[kN/mm]
1
CSRCW2
0.8
CSRCW2_R
Kj/Kfirst
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
CSRCW2
CSRCW2_R
20
15
10
5
0
0
50
D/D y
Secant stiffness degradation
[kN/mm]
1
CSRCW4
0.8
CSRCW4_R
0.6
Kj/Kfirst
100
150
Drift [mm]
0.4
0.2
0
25
CSRCW4
CSRCW4_R
20
15
10
5
0
50
Drift [mm]
100
150
DISPLACEMENT DUCTILITY
6
150
5.92
5.50
5.20
105.65
103.59
97.45
104.49
100
Displacement ductility
5.06
5
50
4
3
2
1
0
CSRCW2
CSRCW2_R
CSRCW4
CSRCW4_R
CSRCW2
CSRCW2_R
CSRCW4
P
E n ergy D issipa ted
(E D )
Pj
Pmax
P85%
K85%
Py
Ky
j
CSRCW4_R
D rift
M axim um
E ne rg y D issip ate d
Pj
(Eat
D historical
m ax)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel
structures
Kfirst
y
u Drift
Du
Dy
Conclusions
SEISMIC PERFORMANCE
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Conclusions
1. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PERFORMED ON COMPOSITE STEEL CONCRETE
WALLS
TO RESTORE THE CAPACITY CAUSED BY DAMAGES
TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE EXTERNALLY BONDED
CFRP
RETROFIT OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE
SHEAR WALLS WITH
CFRP COMPOSITES
BY
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
OBJECTIVES
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CFRP
COMPOSITES FOR THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF R.C. SHEAR WALLS
WITH STAGGERED OPENINGS
BEHAVIOUR OF THE ELEMENTS
ANCHORAGE DETAIL
STRENGTHENING SYSTEM
CHANGES IN STIFFNESS AND DUCTILITY
COLLAPSE MECHANISM
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
5 SHEAR RC WALLS SPECIMENS, SCALE 1:4
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
1. TESTING THE BASELINE WALLS UP TO FAILURE
V = 50 KN
HE and HW
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
1. TESTING THE BASELINE WALLS UP TO FAILURE
RESULTS
- SW1 (without openings)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
2. RETROFITTING OF THE WALLS UNIDIRECTIONAL CFRP
FABRIC ON ONE SIDE
-
CFRP
3,6
Foundation
15
L 70x70x5...1250
fixing profile
RC wall
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
12...150
anchorage
resin
1,5
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
3. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE EQUIVALENT
ELASTO-PLASTIC CURVE (EEPC) STIFFNESS AND DUCTILITY
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW1
RW1
16000
14000
12000
SW1
RW1
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
0
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT [m m ]
Difference in capacity :
+35%
Difference in displacement: +42%
Strain in composite :
0.54%
=11.2
=4.8
RW1 : CFRP TENSION FAILURE CONCRETE CRASHING AND CFRP DEBONDING IN COMPRESSION
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
48
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW23
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW23
RW23
DEBONDING
CRACKING IN
COMPRESSION
RW23 :
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW23
RW23
RW23
16000
14000
12000
SW23
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -2000
-5 0
10 15 20
25 30 35
40 45
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT [m m ]
W =10.2 / E = 6.6
W = 3.0 / E = 3.6
Difference in capacity :
Difference in displacement :
Strain in composite :
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
W // E
+58% // +22%
+42% // +46%
0.63%
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW45
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW45
RW45
DEBONDING
TENSION
FAILURE
RW45 :
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW45
RW45
14000
RW45
12000
10000
SW45
8000
6000
4000
2000
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
-5
-2000 0
10
15
20
25
30
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000
-14000
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT [m m ]
W =11.5 / E =11.3
W =2.1 / E =3.2
Difference in capacity :
Difference in displacement :
Strain in composite :
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
W // E
+71% // +19%
+1% // +1%
0.79%
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW67
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW67
RW67 :
RW67
DEBONDING
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CRACKING IN
COMPRESSION
TENSION
FAILURE
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW67
RW67
14000
RW67
12000
10000
SW67
8000
6000
4000
2000
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
0
-5
0
-2000
10
15
20
25
30
35
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000
-14000
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT [m m ]
W =7.1 / E =6.3
W =2.2 / E =3.1
Difference in capacity :
Difference in displacement :
Strain in composite :
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
W // E
+48% // +57%
+6% // +0%
0.58%
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW8
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW8
RW8
DEBONDING
TENSION IN
COUPLING BEAM
TENSION
FAILURE
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
4. TEST RESULTS
SW8
RW8
14000
RW8
12000
10000
SW8
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -2000
-5 0
10 15 20
25 30 35
40 45
-4000
-6000
-8000
-10000
-12000
-14000
HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT [m m ]
W =7.9 / E =3.2
W =2.6 / E =3.4
Difference in capacity :
Difference in displacement :
Strain in composite :
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
W // E
+21% // +63%
-33 % // +180%
0.83%
CONCLUSIONS
THE LOAD BEARING CAPACITY OF THE RETROFITTED WALLS
INCREASED CONSIDERABLY OVER THE BASELINE VALUE
practically, the load bearing capacity of the pre-tested walls was
negligible
THE FAILURE OF THE RETROFITTED WALL WAS CAUSED BY:
1. gradually opening of the existing cracks
2. debonding of the FRP in compression
3. cracking of the FRP in compression followed by tension failure
4. concrete crashing
THE RESULTS WERE HIGHLY DEPENDENT BY THE INITIAL STATE
OF THE RETROFITTED ELEMENT (width and number of cracks,
yielded steel reinforcement, rehabilitation method and material),
RESPECTIVELY BY THE EVALUATION METHOD.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CONCLUSIONS
BASED ON THE USED METHOD :
- the elastic limit of the walls increased, in average, with 47%
- the failure load of the walls increased, in average, with 45%
- the stiffness of the elements decreased, in average, with 53%
- the ductility of the elements decreased, in average, with 60%
THE ANCHORAGE SYSTEM BEHAVED EXCELLENTLY, WITHOUT
DEGRADATIONS.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Istvn
DEMETER
Sorin-Codru
FLORU
PhD, Professor
PhD Student
PhD Student
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
2570
3950
3950
1280
1060
2650
RCS-RLC-01
1590
2650
RCS-RSC-01
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
100
1060
1540
3950
2890
2410
100
1280
1270
2650
RCS-CC-01
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Load
Concrete beam
250x250
250
125
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
2400
2650
500
1000
Masonry
250x500
250
RC slab
250
120
360
340
OSB Pad
Oriented Strand Board
250
125
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
350 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 350
3950
2410
RCS-RSC-01
6 CFRP sheets
100x0.12...3700 mm
5 NSMR-CFRP
1.2x10...2400 mm
1540
3950
NSMR-CFRP
1.2x10...2000 mm
325
1 CFRP lamella
1.2x50...2250 mm
1060
1590
2650
Retrofitting solution for the full slab and the for the one with rectangular
small cut-out opening
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
(1.2x102000 mm)
(0.12x1003700 mm)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RCS-FS-UU-01
- max load level: 113 kN (past this value, the strain in numerous
reinforcement bars has reached yielding point and the vertical
mid-span displacement has past the maximum allowable
deflection (L/250=2400/250=9.60 mm).
- max strain in reinforcement was 7.52
- max vertical mid-span displacement: 10.28 mm
- four cracks appeared on the direction of the yield lines. The cracks
originated at the corners of the load patch, being inclined at
angles of 37, 45, 52, and 55.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RCS-FS-DS-01
- max load level: 180 kN (corresponding to a vertical mid-span
deflection of 50 mm
- rupture in EB-FRP sheets and the NSMR-FRPs that were
intersected by the principal cracks
- max vertical mid-span displacement: 110 mm
- four cracks appeared on the direction of the yield lines. The cracks
originated at the corners of the load patch, being inclined at
angles of 37, 45, 52, and 55.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RCS-FS-UU-01
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RCS-FS-DS-01
Load [kN]
200
RCS-FS-DS-01
180
RCS-FS-UU-01
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Displacement [mm]
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
110
The slab was able to deflect almost 110 mm before failure, thus giving an
ample visual warning before collapse.
The EB-FRP sheets and the NSMR-FRPs that were intersected by the
principal cracks (the ones highlighted with thicker lines), have failed due
to CFRP rupture, no type of premature failure (e.g. slipping, debonding,
delamination, etc) being observed.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
The principal cracks in the case of the strengthened element are not
necessarily on the same direction as the cracks that were opened after
the test on the unretrofitted element.
For the retrofitted element the high number of cracks, that appeared at
various directions and are distributed on large areas of the slab, is in
contrast with the unretrofitted elements, for which only the four cracks on
the direction of the yield lines have opened.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
The principal cracks in the case of the strengthened element are not
necessarily on the same direction as the cracks that were opened after
the test on the unretrofitted element.
For the retrofitted element the high number of cracks, that appeared at
various directions and are distributed on large areas of the slab, is in
contrast with the unretrofitted elements, for which only the four cracks on
the direction of the yield lines have opened.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Daniel DAN
Assoc.prof.,PhD.,Civ.En g.
Tams NAGY
Lect.,Ph.D.,Civ.Eng.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Istvn DEMETER
Codrut FLORUT
Carla TODUT
Asist.Ph.D.,Civ.Eng. Asist.Ph.D.,Civ.Eng.
Ph.D.Stud.,Civ.Eng.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Architectural
Floor plan: 4 flat units and a
staircase
Floor area: 200300 sqm
(total 10001500 sqm)
Utility basement, Terrace roof
Structural indices
Wall to floor area (I1): 6%
Weight to wall a.(I2):0.9 MPa
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
RC flat blocks
>57 000 buildings (28%
of the total room area)
>40 000 are 5-storey
PRCLP buildings
> 3500 are 9-storey
> 4500 are 11-storey
Source:
Rom. Nat. Inst. of
Statistics www.insse.ro
Census of Population
and Dwellings 2002
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
History of PRCLPs
Early period in the 1960s
Wide application started in
1970
1970-1990 the decades of
5-storey PRCLPs (>36000
buildings constructed)
1990 decline
Source:
Rom. Nat. Inst. of Statistics
www.insse.ro
Census of Population and
Dwellings 2002
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
matrix
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Opening configuration
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Line 1
Weakening effect of
doorway cut-out
REFERENCE: solid wall
VARIABLE: cut-out width
Lines 2 and 3
Strengthening effect of
CFRP-EBR
REFERENCE: bare wall
with cut-out door
VARIABLE:
strengthening condition
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Concrete: precast
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Element designation
PRCWP 1-S-T
PRCWP 3-S/E1-T
PRCWP 5-S/E3-T
PRCWP 3-S/E1-T/R
PRCWP 4-S/E1-R/T
PRCWP 5-S/E3-T/R
PRCWP 6-S/E3-R/T
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Strengthening condition
Bare (T)
Post-damage strengthened (T/R)
Prior-to-damage strengthened
(R/T)
Post-damage strengthened (T/R)
Prior-to-damage strengthened
(R/T)
CFRP-EBR
reinforcement
S1-type CF sheet
Unidirectional
Thickness: 0.122 mm
S1 CFsheet
S2 CFsheet
3900
Tensile elongation at
break (%)
1.5
1.5
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
S2-type CF sheet
Unidirectional
Thickness: 0.337 mm
Impregnation resin
Tensile strength:
3045 MPa
CFRP-EBR
reinforcement
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading degree:
4 = (2N+2V)
Base and cap beams:
heavily reinforced steel
concrete composite
Base beam not fixed,
only supported
Specimen-to-base beam
anchorage: lap-welding
of 4 re-bars (ratio 0.17%)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Displacement
10+ transducers
Arrangement:
horizontal, vertical,
diagonal
Support: external,
internal
Strain gauges
16 gauges
Steel bars and CFRP
Load
3 pressure transducers
on the hydraulic lines
Observation grid lines
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CFRP-EBR
CF-strips of 50/100 mm
width
Average CFRP usage
(4RT):
CF 0.85
Resin 1.2 kg/sqm
Arrangement: FL, SH,
CNF
Note inclined diagonal
strips at the upper
corners
Improvements: end
anchorage of SH-strips
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Pier-beam
connection
Substrate
preparation
Flexural strips
Through-wall
anchorages (CFRP
tows)
Shear strips
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Confinement
strips
Base anchorage
Solution 1
Bolted steel
angles
Solution 2
CFRP tows
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
CFRP-strips
subjected to
alternating
tensioncompression
reversals parallel
to fiber direction
are likely to fail
prematurely.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Further subjectoriented
investigations are
necessary on this
issue.
Atypical lab
behaviour of RC
walls
Unexpectedly high
shear resistance,
extremely pinched loaddispl. hysteresis loops
Response analysis
Strength, displacement,
stiffness, energy
dissipation
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading degree
Number and location of
the axial and lateral
loads
Boundary
conditions
Cantilever
Restrained rotation
Additional moment
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Flexural failure
Ductile, large hysteretic
loops, significant energy
dissipation
Shear failure
Brittle, pinched
hysteretic loops,
reduced energy
dissipation
FAILURE MODE
CONTROLLED BY
Shear span ratio
Shear to flexural
strength ratio
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Lateral loading
Principal characteristics:
quasi-static, in-plane,
reversed cyclic
Control: drift ratio
Drift ratio increment:
constant, 0.1%
Number of cycles on a
level: 2
Failure criterion: 20%
load carrying capacity
loss
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Axial loading
Constant axial load level
Normalised axial load:
6%
Alternating component
Control: displacement
(uplift) of the cap
beams loaded end
Rate: 100 kN/mm
(based primarily on testsetup limitations)
Note that the base
beam is not fixed to the
laboratory floor
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Outrigger effect
Outrigger canoe
source http://www.ballinaoutriggers.com.au
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Restrained rotation
by additional
eccentric axial
loading
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Loading points
Cyclic envelope
Equiv.
monotonic
Average loading
Backbone
Elasto-plastic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Monotonic envelope
stiffness
secant; tangent
Backbone stiffness
secant; tangent
Secant stiffness
Tangent
stiffness
Reloading
stiffness ratio
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Cyclic
Cumulative
dissipation 1
Cumulative
dissipation 2
Dissipation rate
CED/CD
Dissipation
ratio
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Cyclic
Cumulative
dissipation 1
Cumulative
dissipation 2
Dissipation rate
CED/CD
Dissipation
ratio
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Cyclic
Cumulative
dissipation 1
Cumulative
dissipation 2
Dissipation rate
CED/CD
Dissipation
ratio
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Cyclic
Cumulative
dissipation 1
Cumulative
dissipation 2
Dissipation rate
CED/CD
Dissipation
ratio
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Diagonal
tension
VDT=nAss
P/M ratio: 0.37
Diagonal
compression
VDC=FDCsin
P/M ratio 0.82
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Shear transfer
is compression
dominated
Diagonal
tension
VDT=nAss
P/M ratio 0.37
Diagonal
compression
VDC=FDCsin
P/M ratio: 0.82
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Shear transfer
is compression
dominated
Diagonal
tension
VDT=nAss
P/M ratio 0.37
Diagonal
compression
VDC=FDCsin
P/M ratio 0.82
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Shear transfer
is compression
dominated
Diagonal
compression
dominated
shear response
Reloading stiffness
ratio: 0.20.33
Energy dissipation ratio:
10%
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Seismic analysis
Laboratory
investigations on
cantilever walls tend to
overestimate the shear
span conditions relative
to the as-built situation.
A reduced shear span
condition may change
the failure mode from
flexural to shear for the
same specimen.
Further investigations
are necessary on this
topic
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Numerical analysis
A number of five RC shear walls were modelled and analysed
in order to compare the behaviour, critical parts and failure
mode with the tested ones.
The tested specimen had a lateral loading, reversed cyclicdisplacement controlled, with increasing displacement
amplitude load/displacement history. In comparison with the
tested wall, in the modelled wall the lateral load were
displacement controlled increments of 0.1 mm.
The axial loads for the tested specimen were composed of two
parts, namely a constant and a variable part. For the modelled
wall the axial loads consist of a constant part (95 kN + 95 kN)
and an additional part composed of an axial load imposed on
the left side by adding 10kN (for the large door opening) and
15 kN (for the narrow door opening) each step performed by
the analysis in order to restrain the rocking rotation of the
laterally loaded walls. The value of 10 kN and 15 kN were
adopted considering the total load applied in the case of the
L10 tested
B.2 Mechanicalspecimen
properties of cast iron, mildand
iron and steel
at historical
structures
the
number
of steps.
Solid wall
comparison results
BARE SOLID WALL RESULTS
First inclined cracks
Tested
Modelled
= 2.87 mm drift
level
= 0.70 mm drift
level
8.6 mm
1380 kN
7.43 mm
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Crack state at (a) 0.70 mm, (b) 2.87 mm and (c) 7.43 mm drift level
800
600
400
200
0
0.00
1.50
3.00
4.50
6.00
7.50
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
9.00
450
LOAD (kN)
The load
displacement
diagram and the
primary results of the
tested and modelled
wall with large door
cut-out are presented
in these two figures.
300
Experimental S/E1
Atena Model S/E1
150
0
0
1.5
4.5
6
7.5
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
10.5
12
9.42 mm
541.8 kN
4.7 mm
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Crack state at (a) - 1.23 mm, (b) - 4.67 mm and (c) - 6.29 mm drift level
Compressive strain at (a) - 5.02 mm, compressive stress at (b) - 5.54 and
(c) - 9.68 mm
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
LOAD (kN)
The load
displacement
diagram and the
primary results of the
tested and modelled
wall with large door
cut-out are presented
in these two figures.
450
300
Experimental S/E1 consolidat
150
12
16
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
Element
Tested
6.28 mm
625.3 kN
14.13 mm
Modelled
6.48 mm
642 kN
6.48 mm
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Crack state at (a) - 1.53 mm, (b) - 3.13 mm and (c) - 6.48 mm drift level
(a)
(b)
(c)
Crack state at (a) - 3.3 mm, (b) - 5.85 mm and (c) - 7.49 mm drift level
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
(a)
(b)
(c)
Compressive strain at (a) 5.25 mm, compressive stress at (b) 5.85 mm
and (c) 7.49 mm
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
250
LOAD (kN)
300
200
150
100
Experimental S/E3-R/T
50
0
0
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
8
10 12 14 16
DISPLACEMENT (mm)
18
20
22
24
(a)
(b)
(c)
Crack state at (a) 2.25 mm, (b) - 5.2 mm and (c) - 7.27 mm drift level
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
(a)
(b)
(c)
Compressive strain at (a) 5.2 mm, compressive stress at (b) 5.2 mm
and (c) 7.27 mm.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Conclusion
The analysis predicted well the tendency of the experimental
curves, sharing the same critical regions of the specimens.
In terms of the maximum load supported by the element, the
modelled wall with a narrow door cut-out recorded 541.8 kN
while the tested specimen had 581.8 kN.
The maximum drift level obtained by the modelled wall with a
narrow door cut-out was 9.68 mm while for the tested
specimen was 10.98 mm.
Failure of the modelled wall with narrow door cut-out
occurred due to concrete crushing in pier 2 and for the
modelled post-damage strengthened wall with narrow door
cut-out due to FRP reinforcement yielding at the left upper
corner of the opening and concrete crushing in pier 2.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Conclusion
In terms of the maximum load supported by the element, the
modelled wall with large door cut-out recorded 303 kN while
the tested specimen had 317.7 kN.
The modelled prior-to-damage strengthened wall with large
door cutout recorded 257 kN and the tested specimen had
339.8 kN.
Concluding upon the performance of the strengthening
system this was efficient from the point of view of the load
bearing capacity.
Also from the recorded data available one can remark that
the loss of bearing capacity caused by a door cut-out with
respect to the solid wall is more than significant.
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Valeriu
STOIAN
Istvn
DEMETER
Mihai
FOFIU
PhD Student
PhD, Professor
PhD, Assistant
PhD Student
272
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
273
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
274
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
275
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
276
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
277
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
278
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
279
PRCWP (11-L1-TR)
600
600
400
[kN]
400
200
200
[mm]
0
-19.35 -15.05 -10.75 -6.45 -200
-2.15
[kN]
2.15
6.45
-400
-400
-600
-600
-800
-800
-1000
-1000
-1200
-1200
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
[mm]
0
2.15
6.45
280
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Prior to damage strengthened wall with large door cut-out using mixed
NSM-EBR technique results
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Strenghten
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Unstrenghten
Slide 283
A1
Author, 6/18/2014
CONCLUSIONS
From the results it can be clearly seen that the retrofitting strategy was a
success
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Slide 284
A1
Author, 6/18/2014
575
1000
438
63
188 125
152
135
500
127
63
438
124
1575
200
500
1750
518
200
3150
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Slide 285
A2
Author, 6/18/2014
350
[kN]
[kN]
250
200
150
100
50
0
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
-100
-15
-10
-5
-50 0
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
Strenghten
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Unstrenghten
10
15
Slide 286
A2
Author, 6/18/2014
CONCLUSIONS
The objective was to reestalish the load bearing capacity of a PRCWP with an
initial large window opening
From the results it can be clearly seen that the retrofitting strategy was a
success
The retrofitting technique was able to reestablish 90,2% of the initial load
bearing capacityThe drift was 8.4 % smaller on the retrofitted specimen
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
Slide 287
A2
Author, 6/18/2014
STRUCTURAL REHABILITATION OF
PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL
PANELS USING CFRP COMPOSITES
Carla Todu, Mihai Fofiu
Politehnica University of Timioara
1. Motivation
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
289
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
290
f7
f4
f2
f1
f3
2150
2150
f5
f6
200
750
500
1500
200
200
500
750
1500
200
3150
3150
c5
50
c5
c4
2150
200
c4
sh 3
sh 1
sh 2
sh 3
c1
c1
c3
c2
500
750
1500
200
c5
c4
75
200
375
325
750
325
775
291
200
c5
400
100 300
400
f1
f2
f4
f4
f3
f3
f5
f5
975
530
2150
530
f6
150
425
540
2150
f2
200
375
500
325
1750
400
950
500
400
325
200
200
500
100
375
1750
1000
100
2150
sh 1
1850
2150
530
615
c2 c3
sh 2
c3 c2
c3
c3
c3
c3
sh 2
sh 1
375
300
c1
100
500
1750
500
200
c1
c3 c2
c2 c3
200
200
200
1000
3150
3150
530
500
950
375
500
325
1750
500
1750
292
3150
325
200
375
700
500
1750
750
1000
750
650
f7 f2
f1
2150
f4
CU
T-O
UT
975
f3
700
500
f5
200
200
700
500
1750
750
700
500
1000
200
3150
225 75
315
c2
c2
Hoops
300
225 75
315
3150
Hdr
530
sh 2
sh 1
c1
150
150
325
325
530
2150
2150
530
530
Hst
650
200
f6
425
CU
T-O
UT
2150
130 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 50
1000
500
500
1750
750
1000
600
500
2750
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
c1
c2
c2
500
500
1750
750
1000
2750
600
500
293
2150
130 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 180 50
1600
200
500
700
1750
750
1000
NSM
FRP
700
500
200
3150
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
294
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
295
5. Failure details(PRCWP-7-E1-T/R)
L10 B.2 Mechanical properties of cast iron, mild iron and steel at historical structures
296
5. Failure details(PRCWP-8-E3-T)
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5. Failure details(PRCWP-8-E3-T/R)
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5. Failure details(PRCWP-9-E1/E3-R/T)
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6. Results
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7. Conclusion
The main objectives of the retrofit were to restore the initial load bearing capacity
of the element or to obtain an increase in the value of it. In the current case the
values of the load bearing capacity for the unstrengthened (7-E1-T) and strengthened
specimen (7-E1-T/R) were close.
Analysing the experimental data for specimen 8-E3, one can say that the load
bearing capacity of the wall was restored. According to the strain records, the most
active CFRP reinforcement was the third shear CFRP strip counted from the bottom
to the top height of the panel, on the right pier, where G3 strain gauge was located.
For G3, strain ranged from approximately -2.2 in compression until +3.0 in
tension.
One can remark here the significant tension-compression alternation on the
diagram. During the experimental test the horizontal shear strip where G3 strain
gauge was located started debonding together with concrete surface at -15.05 mm.
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7. Conclusion
The experimental test of (9-E1/E3-R/T) shows the effect of the cut-out in the wall
compared to specimen (7-E1-T) and (7-E1-T/R) by a significant loss in load bearing
capacity, and also the effect of initial retrofit towards (8-E3-T/R) by a significant gain
in the value of the load bearing capacity, yet in the second statement we should not
neglect the difference in the compressive strength of concrete, 17.5 MPa for (8-E3)
and 44.5 MPa for (9-E1/E3) and the quantity of initial steel reinforcement available in
the wall panel.
Analyzing the costs we obtained a strengthening cost per square meter of 67.51
EUR/m2 for the post-damage strengthened wall (7-E1-T/R), 57.21 EUR/m2 for the postdamage strengthened wall (8-E3-T/R) and 94.65 EUR/m2 for the prior-to-damage
strengthened wall (9-E1/E3-R/T). The strengthening strategy using combined CFRPEBR and NSM-CFRP was the most expensive method in this case, implying more
labor and material costs.
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valeriu.stoian@upt.ro
http://steel.fsv.cvut.cz/suscos