Theory of Architecture

: Theory of Architecture - Set A
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THEORY
OF
ARCHITECTURE
What is a Theory ?
- Is defined as a set of rules or principles designed for the study or
practice of an art or discipline. Also, it is a set of statement designed
to explain a phenomenon.
Types of Theory :
1. Descriptive explains a certain phenomenon or events. They are
neutral and do not lean towards any ideology.
Ex: Design Conviction.
2. Prescriptive Prescribes bases or guidelines in design.
Ex: Design process, Color Psychology.
3. Critical It challenges relationships between Architecture and
society.
Ex: Sustainable Design, Green Architecture.
CONTENTS
2. Influences on Architecture
1. Introduction to Architecture
- Definition
- Difference of Architecture
and Building
- Aspects of Architecture
- Architecture as Art and Science
- Architectural Terms
3. Elements of Architecture
- Primary Elements
- Primary Shapes
- Properties of Forms
- Qualities of Architectural Space
- Bldg. Approach and Bldg. Entrance
- Elements of Visible Structure
- Needs of Man
- Maslows Hierarchy of Needs
- Activities of Man
- Orientation on Filipino Culture
4. Principles of Composition
- Proportion
- Scale
- Balance
- Contrast
- Rhythm
- Unity
- Character
5. Color Theory
- Color Spectrum
- Color Wheel
- Color Therapy
- Color Scheme
Introduction to Architecture
DEFINITION
- Architecture is the art and science or profession of designing,
planning and constructing buildings in their totality taking into
account the environment in accordance with the principles of utility,
strength and beauty (RA 9266, The Architecture Act of 2004).
DIFFERENCE OF ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING
- Architecture is the concept or idea which uses the medium of
building, the process or techniques to convey. This is the science
part of the profession. It becomes art when it starts to communicate
its being because it affects people and their behaviours.
Everybody experiences architecture whether you like it or not. It
communicates through a whole range of stimuli like visual, cultural,
aural (spiritual), sensual, tactile, atmospheric and spatial.
Architecture is subject to a wide social, political, geographical,
climatic, economic or cultural influences. It reflects a society and
communicate the values of that society. With this, architecture is a
living history, an unwritten record which is as revealing as any
documents as presented.
ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE
1. Environmental Design
The ordering of physical environment by means of architecture,
engineering, landscape construction, urban design and city
planning.
2. Urban Design
The aspect of architecture and city planning that deals with the
design of urban structures and spaces.
3. City planning
The activity or profession of determining the future of physical
arrangement and condition of a community involving an appraisal
of the current condition, a forecast of future requirements and
proposals for legal, financial and construction programs to
implement the plan.
4. Interior Design
The art, business of profession of planning the design and supervising
the execution of architectural interiors, including their color
schemes, furnishing, fittings, finishes and sometimes architectural
features.
5. Space Planning
The aspect of architecture and interior design that deals with the
planning, layout, design and furnishing of spaces within a proposed
or existing building.
ARCHITECTURE AS AN ART
The conscious use of skill, craft and creative imagination in the
production of what is beautiful, appealing or of more than ordinary
significance.
ARCHITECTURE AS A SCIENCE
When dealing with a body of facts obtain by direct observation,
experimental investigation and methodical study, systematically
arranged and showing the operation of general laws. Also, the use
of technical methods and materials and their interrelation with life,
society and the environment.
ARCHITECTURAL TERMS
Technology
Applied science, the branch of knowledge that deals with the
creation and use of technical methods and materials and their
interrelation with life, society and environment.
Technics
The science of an art or the arts in general.
Tectonics
The science or art of shaping, ornamenting or assembling materials
in construction.
Architectonics
The unifying structure or concept of an artistic work.
Engineering
The art and science of applying principles to practical ends in the
design and construction of structures, equipment, and system.
Sociology The science of human social institutions and relationships
specifically the study of the origin, development, structure,
functioning and collective behaviour of organized groups of human
beings.
Influence on Architecture
NEEDS OF MAN
1. Physical Needs
Self Preservation
Food, shelter, clothing. Power, water, transportation, ecological
balance, education, sports, medical, livelihood.
Reproduction
For the population to increase and continue in existence.
2. Emotional Needs
The emotional reactions of man have something to do with the
instincts stirred by the forces of religion and art and with the desires
to indulge in recreation. Art in its broadest interpretation assumes the
various familiar forms painting, sculpture, music and literature.
3. Intellectual Needs
Education, science and government demand a proper
architectural setting. Intellect or reason alone may erect a utilitarian
building; emotion will endow it with beauty and interest.
The modern mans shelter shall have:
Necessities
Warm, dry house with glazed doors, windows, sanitation and
permanency.
Conveniences
Rooms shall be arranged economically. Circulations are studied
according to functions such as the kitchen for food preparation,
bedroom for sleep and bathroom for cleanliness.
Comforts
This must contain the labor-saving devices which provide heat,
ventilation and instant communication. The furnishings are designed
for comfort.
MASLOWS HEIRARCHY OF
NEEDS
Self Actualisation
Personal growth and fulfilment.
Esteem Need
Status, responsibility, reputation
respect and confidence.
Social Needs
Belonging to a group, trust and
acceptance.
Safety Needs
Security, structure and stability.
Physical Needs
Shelter, warmth, food and drink.
ACTIVITIES OF MAN
If life is to exist and civilization is to develop, there are fundamental
impulses or desires which must be satisfied.
1. Desire for Preservation
In obtaining food, shelter, clothing and security, civilized man must
have commerce, government and religion.
2. Desire for Recognition
This is desire for prestige, pride and ambition, social status, physical
supremacy, intellectual attainment,,, this result to mans building
palaces, skyscrapers and monuments.
3. Desire for Response
This arises from the gregarious nature of man, from his wish, love,
friendship and sociability. In seeking the companionship of his fellow
creatures, man congregates. His social instinct call for fraternal
buildings and city clubs.
4. Desire for Self-Expression
This is the urge of man to assert himself as an individual, to do things
in his own particular way. This is responsible for aesthetic expression
which result in building of theaters, museum, etc.
ORIENTATION ON FILIPINO CULTURE
Philippines Culture
Due to colonial domination, our countrys culture reflects the
complex history of the Philippines through culture blends of
indigenous civilizations with certain characteristics that were
introduced through foreign influences.
Pre-Hispanic
Indigenous Filipino culture and civilization had many cultural
influences from India through the Indianized kingdoms of Southeast
Asia like Malaysia and Indonesia, especially in our mythology that
has strong influences from Hinduism and Budhism.
Muslim Mindanao
As an Islamic part of the archipelago, has embraced Islamic cultures
based from their beliefs where they celebrate their own customs
and traditions. It is where also one can find distinctive influences of
Moorish architecture.
Chinese Influences
Can be traced back to pre-colonial era when they are exchanging
trade through the barter norm and has find ways of settling and
inter-marriage with the local populace. It influenced our way of
thinking about business and commerce and our preponderance to
eat noodles.
Spanish Colonization
Country from Mexico and government from Spain exacted a strong
Spanish-Mexican in many aspects of our customs and traditions and
most visible in our folk music, dance, food, religion, art and
architecture.
American Colonization
Imbibed their influence and are manifested strongly in the use of
Englilsh language and the youths pre-occupation with pop culture
such as fast foods, music, fashion, sports and movies.
Contemporary Culture
Took roots as soon as the Filipinos gained its full independence after
world war two. As the nation brace for its statehood, it tried to
emulate the ideas of our ancestors with the dynamic thinking of
imbibing our heritage as well. Many thought that our culture is rich,
yet fragmented as we are as diverse geographically and culturally
as our thoughts and conviction as a people.
Elements of Architecture
PRIMARY ELEMENTS
1. Point - Indicates a position in space.
2. Line
- A point extended becomes a line with properties of

length, direction and position.
3. Plane - A line extended becomes a plane with properties of

length and width, shape, surface orientation and position.
4. Volume
- A plane extended becomes a volume with properties

of length, width and depth, form and space surface,
orientation and position.
PRIMARY SHAPES
Circle - Triangle - Square
PRIMARY SOLIDS
Sphere - Cylinder - Cone - Pyramid - Cube
PROPERTIES OF FORM
1. Shape The characteristic outline or surface configuration of a
particular form. Shape is the principal aspect by which we identify
and categorized forms.
2. Size The physical dimension of Length, Width and Depth of a
form. While these dimensions determine the proportions of a form, its
scale is determined by its size relative to other forms in context.
3. Color A phenomenon of light and perception that maybe
described in terms of individuals perception of hue, saturation and
tonal value. Color is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes a
form from its environment. It also affects the visual weight of a form.
4. Texture The visual and especially tactile quality given to a
surface by the size, shape, arrangement and proportion of the part.
Texture also determines the degree to which the surfaces of a form
reflect or absorb incident light.
QUALITIES OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACE
The spatial qualities of form, proportion, scale, texture, light and
sound ultimately depends on the properties of the enclosure of
space. Our perception of these qualities is often a response to the
combined effects of the properties encountered and is conditioned
by culture, prior experiences and personal interest or inclination.
Properties of Enclosure
-
Shape
Surface
Edges
Dimensions
Configuration
Openings
Qualities of Space
: Form
: Color
: Texture, Pattern, Sound
: Proportion, Scale
: Definition
: Degree of Enclosure (form of the space)
: View of Outlook (focus of the space)
: Light (illumination of its surfaces and forms)
BUILDING APPROACH and BUILDING ENTRANCE
1. The Building Approach The approach to a building and its

entrance may vary in duration from a few paces through a
compressed space to a lengthy and circuitous route.
A. Frontal Leads directly to a

building entrance.
B. Oblique Enhances the

effect of perspective on a
buildings form.
C. Spiral This path prolong

the sequence of the
approach and emphasize the
true dimensional form of the
building.
2. The Building Entrance Entering a building, a room within a
building or a defined space involves the act of penetrating a
vertical plane that distinguishes one space from another.
Passing through and emptied plane or a change in level marking
the passage from one place to another for visual and spatial
continuity between two spaces.
ELEMENTS OF VISIBLE STRUCTURE
The Invisible and the Visible Structure Whatever the type or

character of the building, parts of it are more evident to the
observer than others. The exterior is more readily seen and
understood than the arrangement of rooms which is called plan.
1. Structural Elements
- Columns
- Walls
- Beams
- Framework
- Trusses
2. Protective Elements
- Roofs
- Domes
- Vaulting
- Balustrades
3. Decorative Elements
- Mouldings
- Ornaments (Abstract, Pictorial, Non-pictorial)
Two Forms of Decoration:
* Two-Dimensional (painting, music, inlay)
* Three-Dimensional (ornament, sculpture)
4. Circulatory Elements (Movement Through Spaces)
- Openings To permit passage from the exterior to the interior or
from one space to another.
- Corridors To allow travel from one part of the building to
another.
- Stairs, Ramps, Elevators, Escalators Make possible the
communication between the various floors.
Principles of Composition
1. PROPORTION
The visual effect of the relationships of various objects and spaces
that make up a structure to one another and the whole. The intent is
to create a sense of order and harmony among the elements in a
visual construction.
Relative Proportion Relationship

between the parts of an object
and the whole object.
Absolute Proportion Relationship

between the object and the
whole structure.
2. SCALE
Refers to how we perceive or judge the size of something in relation
to something else. In dealing with the issue of scale, therefore, we
are always comparing one thing to another.
Generic Scale The size of
building element relative to other
forms in its context whose sizes
are known.
Human Scale The size of
building element or space
relative to the dimensions and
proportions of the human body.
3. BALANCE
Balance in a composition is the foundation upon which
arrangement, harmony and adjustment of weights, tones, values
and others are developed.
Symmetrical Balance
Unsymmetrical Balance
4. CONTRAST
A building can be seen because of the contrast in the shape and
textures of surfaces which enclose space to make architecture. Not
only it is possible to see a building through the elements of contrast
but also the building is given beauty and interest by the difference
between the types of treatment. Elements of contrast are; Form,
Line, Size and Tone.
5. RHYTHM
Rhythm refers to the regular or harmonious of lines, shapes, forms or
colors. It incorporates the fundamental motion of repetition as a
devise to organize forms and spaces in architecture. Elements of
Rhythm; Movement, Repetition, Spacing.
6. UNITY
It suggests harmony. Also, the height of all elements of design. All the
unrelated parts of an architectural arrangements are brought into
proper relation to each other so that a satisfactory composition is
obtained.
7. CHARACTER
Character grows out of the function of the building and the
consideration of all the creative principles of composition.
Character in architecture maybe divided into three types.
A. Function or use of the building. (museum, school building, shop,
factory, bank, cinema house).
B. Association or influence of traditional type. We have come to
recognize buildings by features which have long been associated
with particular structure. A spire atop a building with stained glass
windows told us that the edifice was a church.
C. Personality or the human quality or emotional appeal. A large
house displays evidence of wealth. A dilapidated house has a
feeling of humility.
Color Theory
COLOR SPECTRUM
The beam of white light is split up by a prism into all the visible colors
of the spectrum. The colors are always in the same order. Violet
which has the shortest wavelength is at one end of the spectrum
and red which has the longest wavelength is at the opposite end.
Color Theory
COLOR WHEEL
Color Theory
COLOR WHEEL
Hue
Other name for Color.
Chroma Intensity or saturation of

color.
Value
Lightness or darkness of
color.
Tint
Color + White.
Tone
Color + Grey.
Shade Color + Black.

Key Color Dominant color in a
color scheme or
mixture.
Color Theory
COLOR THERAPY
RED Relates to instinct, survival and physical drive. It is the color of
strength, vitality, sexuality and passion.
ORANGE The color of joy, movement and dance. It encourages
creativity, vibrancy and humor.
YELLOW The color of detachment and is related to optimism,
objectivity and ego.
GREEN Is balancing, harmonizing and restful. It soothes the emotion
and heals the heart, closely associated with nature.
TURQUOISE The color to boost immunity, very cooling, youthful and
expressive color.
BLUE Calms and comfort. It is restful, truthful and peaceful. Color of
honesty, devotion and aspiration, eases stress, tension and pain.
VIOLET Color of introspection, meditation, contemplation, dignity,
respect and boast self esteem.
MAGENTA Color of letting go and moving on. Nurturing and
protective color of unconditional and spiritual love.
Color Theory
COLOR SCHEME
Color scheme is
a combination
of colors that
harmonize with
each other.
Color Theory
Monochromatic Using one color throughout, utilizing that color

various tins, tones and shades. With this scheme using multiple
textures, creates character and maintains unity.
Color Theory
Complementary Using two colors that are opposites such as red

green or violet and yellow. Choose varying tints tones and shades
will give the bold dramatic effect.
Color Theory
Analogous Using three colors that are neighbouring each other in

the color wheel. These scheme can be warm or cool since they are
adjacent in the color wheel.
Color Theory
Triadic Using three colors that are equal distance apart in the color
wheel such as red, yellow and blue or using secondary colors
yellow-green, blue-violet and red-orange.
Thank You
and
Good Luck

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: Theory of Architecture - Set A

Talking about Board Exam,,, it is good to