Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Welfare Policies
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Notes
Contents
Juvenile Justice System in India
Transgender recognized as third gender
NHRC: Issues in functioning and steps needed
Human Trafficking in India
Child Labour in India
Issues related to Slums in India
Female Infanticide and Feticide
Issue of Maternal Mortality
Issue of high Infant and Child Mortality in India
Sanitation: Issues and Reforms
Housing for All by 2022 Mission
Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
Skill Development Mission
Issues Related to Undertrials In India
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Notes
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Notes
a)
b)
c)
d)
Drawbacks:
a)
b)
c)
2.
a)
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b)
c)
d)
e)
Drawbacks:
a)
b)
c)
d)
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Child protection units should be set up in states and districts to see to the
implementation of the Act.
Drawbacks:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Notes
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f)
Notes
Treatment of Juveniles
Adoption
Foster care
After-care
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Some penalties provided in the Bill are not in proportion to the gravity of the
offence. For example, the penalty for selling a child is lower than that for
offering intoxicating or psychotropic substances to a child.
b)
c)
Article 21 ensures right to privacy and personal dignity to all the citizens.
d)
The transgender are deprived of social and cultural participation, are shunned
by family and society, have only restricted access to education, health
services and public spaces, restricted rights available to citizens such as
right to marry, right to contest elections, right to vote, employment and
livelihood opportunities and various human rights such as voting, obtaining
Passport, driving license, ration card, Identity Card etc.
The main problems that are being faced by the transgender community
are of discrimination, unemployment, lack of educational facilities,
homelessness, lack of medical facilities like HIV care and hygiene,
depression, hormone pill abuse, tobacco and alcohol abuse, penectomy
and problems related to marriage and adoption.
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Most families do not accept if their male child starts behaving in ways
that are considered feminine or inappropriate to the expected gender role.
Consequently, family members may threaten, scold or even assault their
son/sibling from behaving or dressing-up like a girl or woman.
Notes
Centre and State Governments have been directed to take proper measures
to provide medical care to transgender people in the hospitals and also
provide them separate public toilets and other facilities.
Centre and State Governments have been asked to provide the community
various social welfare schemes and to treat the community as socially and
economically backward classes.
Centre and State Governments are asked to take steps to create public
awareness so that transgender people will feel that they are also part and
parcel of the social life and not be treated as untouchables; take measures
to regain their respect and place in society; and seriously address the
problems such as fear, shame, gender dysphoria, social pressure, depression,
suicidal tendencies and social stigma.
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A Chairperson;
One Member who is, or has been, a Judge of theSupreme Court of India
One Member who is, or has been, the Chief Justice of a High Court;
The Chairperson and the Members of the Commission are appointed by the
President of India, on the recommendations of a Committee consisting of:
Functions
The Commission has a wide mandate including civil and political rights,
economic, social and cultural rights, and group rights. Section 12 lays down
that the Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:
Visiting, notwithstanding anything contained in any other law for the time
being in force, any jail or other institution under the control of the State
Government, where persons are detained or lodged for purposes of
treatment, reformation or protection, for the study of the living conditions
of the inmates thereof and making recommendations.
Notes
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Notes
Analysis of NHRC
A.
Structural limitations
I.
II.
c)
Composition Criteria: The Act requires that three of the five members
of a human rights commission must be former judges but does not specify
whether these judges should have a proven record of human rights activism
or expertise or qualifications in the area. Regarding the other two members,
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the Act is vague, saying simply: persons having knowledge and experience
of human rights. Commissions therefore sometimes become postretirement destinations for judges, police officers and bureaucrats with
political clout.
d)
e)
Practical limitations
Structural limitations apart, the work of human rights commissions are also
being hampered by cultures that exist within governmental spheres. Some of
the practical difficulties faced by human rights commissions include:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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If human rights commissions are to truly protect and promote human rights
in India, changes must be made to enable them to become more effective
institutions. Some suggested proposals are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Human trafficking is labeled as the third most lucrative illicit trade, after
drugs and arms.
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As per the data from Home Ministry, 1379 cases of human trafficking
were reported from Karnataka in the period of four years, in Tamil Nadu
the number is 2,244 whereas Andhra Pradesh has 2,157 cases of human
trafficking.
Delhi is the hotspot for illegal trade of young girls for domestic labour,
forced marriage and prostitution.
Poverty
Political instability
Rural-Urban migration
Special legislations like The Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929, Bonded
Labour Abolition Act 1976, Child Labour Act 1986, Juvenile Justice
Act2000, Offences Against Children Act 2005 and local legislations like
Goa Childrens Act 2003 also attempt to prevent human trafficking.
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Under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act Section 370A has been added
to the Indian Penal Code which criminalizes human trafficking. The
definition provided under the new section is not restricted to prostitution
but also includes other forms of trafficking.
Issues:
The lack of appropriate facilities has meant that the rescued girls are
forced to stay in nari niketans, which is illegal.
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2,000 to 3,000 a month is not viable and the rescued girls often lapse back
into commercial sex work.
Possible solutions
Provide for protective homes for homeless persons and orphaned children
as they are most vulnerable.
Collective effort must be made by the Police and NGOs to locate addresses
for repatriation of the victims.
II.
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Notes
Domestic work- Largely invisible and silent and hence face higher degree
of exploitation and abuse in the home of employees.
Constitutional Articles that prohibits Child Labour and proposes child development:
1.
Article 14 (No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed to work
in any factory or mine or engaged in any other danger employment.
2.
Article 39-E ( The state shall direct its policy towards securing that the
health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of
children are not abused and that they are not forced by economic necessity
to enter vocations unsuited to there are and strength.
3.
4.
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In April 2013, the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act was passed, which
amended the Indian penal code to protect children and adults from being
trafficked into exploitative situations, including forced labor situations.
Penalties include fines and up to lifetime imprisonment. In 2012, the
Government passed the Protection of Children from Sexual Offence Act.
The law protects children from sexual assault, sexual harassment and
pornography and establishes Special Courts for trials of these crimes. The
amendment includes penalties for those who employ children or adults
who have been trafficked. Penalties include fines and up to lifetime
imprisonment.
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However most of the legislation passed lacks teeth to the effect that nothing
can be effectively enforced or implemented. The machinery to tackle this
problem effectively at the grass root level is lacking. Hence nothing much has
been achieved. The lack of a national minimum age for employment increases
the likelihood that very young children may engage in activities that jeopardize
their health and safety.
Thus the Government must either compensate the family of the child or find
employment for an adult member of the family. State governments also have
the authority to pass legislation establishing a minimum age for work. In 2012,
the State of Rajasthan passed legislation establishing a legal minimum working
age of 18 years.
Amendments proposed in Child Labour Prevention Act
In a significant move to curb the rampant spread of child labour across the
country, the Government of India has proposed amendments in Child Labour
Prevention Act.
The amendments proposed are:
The central government may add or omit any hazardous occupation from
the list included in the Bill.
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b)
c)
Possible Solutions
After the 86th Amendment of the Constitution in the year 2002, the
provision for free and compulsory education between the age group of 6
to 14 years has been included as fundamental right under Article 21A.
Children irrespective of their race, caste, sex, economic condition, religion,
place of birth, and parents to whom they born of need to how to read and
write. They need social and professional skills that only a school and
nurturing environment can provide.
The NGOs also have a big role to play in this regard. Various NGOs are
working for the cause of child labour. MVF in Andhra Pradesh is a striking
example. They have been working for the welfare of children in various
respects.
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Need to provide training and education to the child workers during their
free time.
Notes
At all-India level 44% of slums 48% of notified slums and 41% of nonnotified slums were located on private land.
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b)
In about 60% of all slums, the majority of houses had pucca structures.
The proportion of such slums was 85% among notified slums but only
42% of non-notified slums.
c)
At the all-India level 71% of all slums hadtapas major source of drinking
water, the figure being 82% for notified slums but only 64% for nonnotified slums.
d)
e)
In about 66% of all slums, the road within the slum used by the dwellers
as main thoroughfare was a pucca road. The proportion was 83% for
notified slums and 55% for non-notified slums.
f)
At the all-India level 31% of slums had no latrine facility, the figure being
42% for non-notified and 16% fornotifiedslums.
g)
About 31% of all slums had no drainage facility the figure being
considerably higher for non-notified slums (45%) than for notified slums
(11%).
h)
At the all-India level, 27% of all slums had no garbage disposal arrangement
the figures being about 38% for non-notified slums and about 11% for
notified slums.
i)
In an estimated 32% of all slums, the approach road to the slum usually
remained waterlogged due to rainfall. The figure was 35% for notified
slums and 29% for non-notified slums.
j)
Natural increase in the population of urban poor and migration from rural
areas and small towns to larger cities.
Sky-rocketing land prices due to increasing demand for land and constraints
on supply of land.
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A key area where the urban poor are particularly vulnerable is the lack of
a legislative framework to empower the urban poor. This involves giving
legislative strength to policy initiatives such as inclusive urban planning,
financial empowerment of the poor, enabling livelihood options, and overall,
granting property rights to the urban poor. One area where the urban poor
are particularly vulnerable, due to legislative exclusion, is security of tenure
which is a prerequisite for access to formal financial institution access,
access to basic services and security from evictions.
Peoples called Slum are a black spot and often an unwanted component
in urban civilization. This creates a social problem for slum dwellers. For
economical backdrop unsocial activities are generally conduct by the some
slum peoples. The most vibrant problem is unsocial alcoholic business.
Also the other problems like Murder, Theft, and Extortion is organized
here.
Notes
Interest Subsidy Scheme for Housing the Urban Poor (ISHUP)has been
conceived for providing interest subsidy on housing urban poor to make
the housing affordable and within the repaying capacity of Economically
Weaker Section. The scheme encourages poor sections to avail of loan
facilities through Commercial Banks/HUDCO for the purposes of
construction of houses and avail 5% subsidy in interest payment for loans
upto Rs. 1 lakh.
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b)
c)
d)
The Smart Cities Mission and the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and
Urban Transformation of 500 cities (AMRUT) with outlays of Rs. 48,000
crore and Rs. 50,000 crore respectively has been launched by government
of India. Under the Smart Cities Mission, each selected city would get
central assistance of Rs.100 crore per year for five years. Under smart
cities initiative, focus will be on core infrastructure services like: Adequate
and clean Water supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management, Efficient
Urban Mobility and Public Transportation, Affordable housing for the
poor, power supply, robust IT connectivity, Governance, especially egovernance and citizen participation, safety and security of citizens, health
and education and sustainable urban environment. Further Atal Mission
for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), a mission aimed
at transforming 500 cities and towns into efficient urban living spaces,
with special focus on a healthy and green environment for children.
e)
Housing for All by 2022 has been launched by the Union Cabinet
aimed for urban areas with following components/options to States/Union
Territories and cities:-
Central grant of Rs. one lakh per house, on an average, will be available under
the slum rehabilitation programme. Under this State Government would have
flexibility in deploying this slum rehabilitation grant to any slum rehabilitation
project taken for development using land as a resource for providing houses to
slum dwellers.
Issues in implementation of programmes:
The problems in implementation arise both from the people living in the
slums, who lack sensitivity towards the benefits of improvement on the quality
of their lives and also the implementing agencies which are almost non-
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functional. The lack of political will to contain the problem compounds the
issue manifold. All the state governments in the country are not taking this
problem seriously. Many of them do not use the funds allocated to them by
the central government for the specific purpose and the money, thus allocated,
lapses.
Notes
Despite facing several impediments, the local, state and central governments
in India have been successful in partially dealing with the problems of slum
dwellers. The data on living conditions and demographic profile of the slum
dwellers collected by the NSSO in its 65th round and compared with its 58th
round highlights the fact that there has been a considerable improvement in
the living conditions in the slums and squatters in India over the last one
decade. However, the rate at which the slums are growing as a result of
unplanned urbanization in the country multiplies the slum problems at a rate
much faster than they are resolved or taken care of.
Steps needed:
a)
Countries need to recognize that the urban poor are active agents and not
just beneficiaries of development.
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
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The Census (2011) data showed a significant declining trend in the Child Sex
Ratio1 (CSR) between 0-6 years with an all time low of 918. The issue of
decline in the CSR is a major indicator of women disempowerment. CSR
reflects both, pre-birth discrimination manifested through gender biased sex
selection, and post birth discrimination against girls.
Reasons for female infanticide and feticide
The main reason is the idea that the male offspring will better support the
family. Since sons are seen as the main source of income, even though
today, women have many career options, the common misconception still
remains that it is the male who will help run the house and look after his
parents, while women are viewed as being like cargo, something to be
shipped off to another household.
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goal of many nations like China and India, a total wipeout of one sex is not
the way to achieve this target.
Notes
b)
c)
To ensure education & participation of the girl child: The access and
availability of services and entitlements during the various phases of the
life cycle of the Girl Child has a bearing on her development. Essential
requirements related to Nutrition, Health Care, Education and Protection
have to be fulfilled to enable every girl child to develop her full potential
especially the right to quality early childhood care, elementary and
secondary education. Right to Education (RTE) Act, 2010 provides children
the right to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary
education in a neighbourhood school. Further, SarvaShikshaAbhiyan (SSA)
is a flagship programme for achievement of universalisation of Elementary
Education (UEE) in a time bound manner, as mandated by 86th
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a)
b)
c)
d)
The account will remain operative for 21 years from the date of opening
of the account or marriage of the girl child after attaining 18 years of age.
To meet the requirement of higher education expenses, partial withdrawal
of 50 per cent of the balance would be allowed after the girl child has
attended 18 years of age.
India has recorded a decline in maternal mortality rates between 1990 and
2013 but along with Nigeria it accounted for one third of the global
maternal deaths.
Although the MMR dropped but, India is far behind the target of 103
deaths per live births to be achieved by 2015 under the United Nationsmandated Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
The MMR in southern states fell 17% from 127 to 105, closer to the
MDGs. Assam and Uttar Pradesh/Uttarakhand were the worst performing
states, with an MMR of 328 and 292, respectively. Kerala and Tamil
Nadu have surpassed the MDG with an MMR of 66 and 90, respectively.
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According to the Annual Health Survey (AHS), which covers nine states,
India has made headway in institutionalizing child deliveries, i.e. taking
place in hospitals. More than 40% of child deliveries in Chhattisgarh and
79% in Madhya Pradesh were institutional in 2012, compared with 34.9%
in Chhattisgarh and 76.1% in Madhya Pradesh in 2011.
The states covered by the AHS are Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh,
Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Assam.
More than 85% of the total births took place in government institutions
in Madhya Pradesh and Odisha in 2011, and this was more than 60% in
the other states surveyed, except Jharkhand, according to the latest AHS
data.
Total fertility ratio (TFR), or the average number of children given birth
by a woman, reach a preferred level of 2.1 in only 29 out of 284 AHS
districts, whereas in 2011 it was 20 districts, according to the AHS data.
Notes
The most common direct medical causes of maternal death around the
world are hemorrhage, obstructed labor, infection (sepsis) and hypertensive
disorders related to pregnancy, such as eclampsia. These conditions are
largely preventable and once detected, they are treatable.
Education level has been noted by experts as one of the most important
indicators of womens status related to maternal mortality, in light of its
affects on fertility rates and access to employment and health care. Female
education and female literacy rates are strongly correlated to high rates of
maternal mortality around the world. Some national-level comparisons
show that literacy is a stronger predictor of maternal health than economic
wealth. Lack of education adversely affects womens health by limiting
their knowledge about nutrition, birth spacing and contraception.
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Most maternal deaths are attributable to the three delays: the delay in
deciding to seek care, the delay in reaching the appropriate health facility,
and the delay in receiving quality care once inside an institution.
Operationalizing round the clock facilities for delivery services in the 24X7
Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and First Referral Units (FRUs) including
District Hospitals, Sub-district Hospitals, Community Health Centres and
other institutions.
Augmenting the availability of skilled manpower thorough various skillbased trainings of Skilled Birth Attendants; training of MBBS Doctors in
Life Saving Anesthetic Skills and Emergency Obstetric Care including
Caesarean Section.
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Some NGOs are working for pregnant ladies in hard to reach area like
hilly areas and delta islands like Sundarban.
Notes
Issues in implementation
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New Initiatives
The process of maternal death review (MDR) has been implemented &
institutionalized by all the States as a policy since 2010. Guidelines and tools
for conducting community based MDR and Facility based MDR have been
provided to the States. The States are reporting deaths along with its analysis
for causes of death.
All the States & Union Territories have identified DPs above a certain minimum
benchmark of performance to prioritize and direct resources in a focused manner
to these facilities for filling the gaps like trained and skilled human resources,
infrastructure, equipments , drugs and supplies, referral transport etc. for
providing quality & comprehensive RMNCH (Reproductive, Maternal, Neonatal
& Child Health) services.
Name Based Tracking of Pregnant Women and Children has been initiated by
Government of India as a policy decision to track every pregnant woman,
infant & child upto 3 yrs, by name for provision of timely ANC, Institutional
Delivery, and PNC along-with immunization & other related services.
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare and Ministry of Women and Child
Development (MOWCD) has been launched as a tool for documenting and
monitoring services for antenatal, intranatal and postnatal care to pregnant
women, immunization and growth monitoring of infants.
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Tracking of severe Anaemia during pregnancy & child birth by SCs and
PHCs:
Notes
Severe anemia is a major cause for pregnancy related complications that may
lead to maternal deaths. Effective monitoring of these cases by the ANM as
well as the Medical Officer in charge of PHC has been started to line list these
cases and provide necessary treatment.
GoI has developed & disseminated standard technical guidelines & service
delivery posters for standardizing the quality of service delivery during ANC,
INC, PNC, etc from tertiary to primary level of institutions.
2.7 million children under 5 die every year. At 43 deaths per 1000 live
births, Indias Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is worse than many countries
in Sub- Saharan Africa. One out of ten Indian children will not reach the
age of 5.
India has the highest number of neonatal deaths (within the first 28 days
of birth) in the world. Indias Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR) of 40 per
100,000 live births (2002) amounts to 60 per cent of infant mortality and
over half of all deaths of children under 5 years of age.
At any one time, one fifth of all children suffer from diarrhoea and nearly
a third have fever.
India has the lowest child immunisation rate in South Asia. The proportion
of children who have not had a BCG vaccine in India is twice as high as
in Nepal, more than five times as high as in Bangladesh, and almost 30
times higher than in Sri Lanka.
One in four pregnant women have not had a single antenatal checkup, and
a majority of deliveries take place without the assistance of a health
professional. About one-third of expectant mothers in India are not
immunised against tetanus, which helps prevent both mother and child
infection at birth.
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Shorter birth interval (below 18 months) between the two live births pay
a significant role in the higher risk of dying among the infants as compared
to the infants where the interval was higher than 18 months.
IMR and U5 mortality rates are consistently higher among children living
in families who do not have access to drinking water from a safe source.
IMR and U5 mortality rates are consistently higher among children living
in families with no access to an improved toilet.
Initiatives taken:
Under the National Health Mission (NHM), following interventions are being
implemented to bring down mortality rate among children in all States:
a)
b)
c)
Home based newborn care through ASHAs has been initiated to improve
new born practices at the community level and early detection and referral
of sick new born babies.
d)
India Newborn Action Plan (INAP) has been launched with an aim to
reduce neonatal mortality and stillbirths.India Newborn Action Plan is
guided by the principles of Integration, Equity, Gender, Quality of Care,
Convergence, Accountability and Partnerships. Its strength is built on its
six pillars of intervention packages impacting still births and newborn
health. The six pillars include: Preconception and antenatal care; Care
during labour and child birth; Immediate new born care; Care of healthy
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newborn; Care of small and sick newborn, and Care beyond newborn
survival.
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Appropriate Infant and Young Child Feeding practices are being promoted
in convergence with Ministry of Woman and Child Development.
j)
Village Health and Nutrition Days (VHNDs) are organized for imparting
nutritional counselling to mothers and to improve child care practices.
k)
Mother and Child Tracking System (MCTS): A name based Mother and
Child Tracking System has been put in place which is web based to ensure
registration and tracking of all pregnant women and new born babies so
that provision of regular and complete services to them can be ensured.
l)
Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) for health screening and early
intervention services has been launched to provide comprehensive care to
all the children in the age group of 0-18 years in the community. The
purpose of these services is to improve the overall quality of life of
children through early detection of birth defects, diseases, deficiencies,
development delays including disability.
Notes
m) Under National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI), through life cycle approach,
age and dose specific IFA supplementation programme is being
implemented for the prevention of anaemia among the vulnerable age
groups like under-5 children, children of 6 10 years of age group,
adolescents, pregnant & lactating women and women in reproductive age
along with treatment of anaemic children and pregnant mothers at health
facilities.
n)
o)
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b)
c)
Recent studies have shown that breastfeeding within an hour of birth can
reduce the risk of neonatal mortality by almost a third. It is the role of
community health workers ASHAs, ANMs, Dais to ensure that women
are aware of this and provided with effective counselling and support
immediately after delivery. A support system should also enable weekly
home visits to assist in exclusive breastfeeding. There needs to be formal
written guidelines and training for those who work in the field to ensure
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that women are armed with the skills and information to give their children
the best chance of survival.
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Notes
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both in households and across communities. The word sanitation also refers
to the maintenance of hygienic conditions, through services such as garbage
collection and wastewater disposal.
Present situation of Sanitation in India:
According to Houselisting and Housing Census 2011, 58% of the households
have bathing facility within the premises, showing an Increase of 22 pts over
2001. Around half of the households have drainage connectivity with twothird have the open drainage and one-third have the closed drainage. 47% of
the households have latrine facility within premises with 36% households have
water closet and 9% households have pit latrine. There is 11 pt declines in
households having no latrine from 64% to 53% in 2011. Most of these numbers
are made up by people who live in urban slums and rural areas. A large
populace in the rural areas still defecates in the open. Slum dwellers in major
metropolitan cities, reside along railway tracks and have no access to toilets or
a running supply of water. Further, eighty per cent of Indias surface water
pollution is on account of sewage alone. As many as 4,861 of 5,161 cities
across the country do not have even a partial sewerage network.
The above data clearly showcase the true picture of India where sanitation and
hygiene is a major issue.
Impact of Poor sanitation:
a)
On economy
The economic impacts of inadequate sanitation fall into the following categories:
Access time impacts: Cost of additional time spent for accessing shared
toilets or open defecation sites; absence of children (mainly girls) from
school and women from their workplaces.
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The poorest 20 percent households living in urban areas bear the highest
per capita economic impacts of inadequate sanitation of Rs. 1,699
(US$37.5)this is 75 percent more than the national average per capita
losses (Rs. 961 or US$21, that exclude mortality impacts), and 60 percent
more than the urban average (Rs. 1,037, US$22.9). Rural households in
the poorest quintile bear per capita losses in excess of Rs. 1,000 (US$22)
which is 8 percent more than the average loss for households in rural areas
(Rs. 930, $20.5). The total losses for the rural households in the poorest
quintile is substantial (Rs. 204 billion, US$4.5 billion) as compared to
their counterparts in urban areas (Rs. 16 billion, US$0.35 billion).
b)
On health
Notes
A direct link exists between water, sanitation and, health and nutrition and
human well being .Consumption of contaminated drinking water, improper
disposal of human excreta, lack of personal and food hygiene and improper
disposal of solid and liquid waste have been major causes of many diseases
in India and it is estimated that around 30 million people suffer from water
related illnesses. Children particularly girls and women are the most affected.
Contact with human excreta is a source of many deadly diseases with symptoms
of diarrhea. Some of the common pathogens that cause diarrhea are viruses
andbacteria (Vibrio cholerea, E.coli, Salmonella). Adults and children get
diarrhea and other diseases from ingesting diseasecausing germs in human
excreta. This results in dehydration, malnutrition, fever, and even death,
especially of children and those with compromised immune systems, like
older persons and HIV/AIDS patients. In turn, malnutrition resulting from
diarrhea can lead to enhanced vulnerability to diseases like measles, malaria,
and respiratory infections, especially in children. Other illnesses linked with
fecal transmission are polio, hepatitis A and E, intestinal worms, skin diseases
like scabies, and eye infections like trachoma that can cause blindness. Polio
can cause physical deformities and disability, hepatitis can lead to liver infections
and related problems, and intestinal worms can cause cognitive impairment
and anemia.
Poor farmers and wage earners are less productive due to illness, and national
economies suffer. Without safe water and sanitation, sustainable development
is impossible.
The Burden Of Sanitation-Related Disease In India
5 of the 10 top killer diseases of children aged 1-4 in rural areas are
related to water and sanitation
c)
On water resources
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On welfare
Apart from causing mortality and morbidity and polluting water, poor sanitation
in India has harmful effects on many aspects of human welfare: education,
mobility, use of public space, life choices, and, ultimately, livelihoods, incomes,
and general well-being. Health and health-related quality of life play major
roles in educational and economic outcomes. When sanitation is absent, this
imposes restrictions on peoples time, movement, and choices in daily life.
Children miss school, fall behind in class due to illness, and suffer the shame
of using open spaces to relieve themselves.
e)
Inadequate sanitation also impacts tourist visits and causes illnesses among
tourists. Over a third of tourists visiting the Indian subcontinent suffer from
gastrointestinal illnesses linked to lack of sanitation. Tourists are also at risk
of getting malaria, which is partly attributable to lack of sanitation and prevalent
standing water. Tourists also mention the poor quality of toilets as areas on for
their dissatisfactory tourism experience. Not having access to good toilets or
seeing people defecate or urinate in the open take away from the tourism
experience.
f)
On women
Women often suffer from lack of privacy, harassment and need to walk large
distances to find a suitable place for defecation in the absence of household/
appropriate neighbourhood toilet facilities. Girls have the additional burden of
inconvenience, lack of safety, and inadequate arrangements for their special
needs during menstruation. The lack of sanitation facilities at educational
institutions, at workplaces, and in public places causes considerable inconvenience
and loss in welfare.
A senior police official in Bihar said some 400 women would have escaped
rape last year if they had toilets in their homes. Women living in urban slums
of Delhi reported specific incidents of girls under 10 being raped while on
their way to use a public toilet.
Earlier schemes of the central government to improve sanitation
A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation
have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include demanddriven approaches in rural water supply since 1999, community-led total
sanitation, publicprivate partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water
supply in Karnataka, and the use of microcredit to women in order to improve
access to water. Earlier schemes of the central government dealing with
sanitation are outlined below.
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Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (2012): In 2012, the Total Sanitation Campaign was
replaced by theNirmal Bharat Abhiyan(NBA), which also focused on the
previous elements. According to the Ministry of Drinking Water and
Sanitation, the key shifts in NBA were: (i) a greater focus on coverage for
the whole community instead of a focus on individual houses, (ii) the
inclusion of certain households which were above the poverty line, and
(iii) more funds for IEC activities, with 15% of funds at the district level
earmarked for IEC.
Notes
Generate awareness among the citizens about sanitation and its linkages
with public health.
Budgetary allocations;
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About 590 Million persons in rural areas defecate in the open. The Mindset
of a major portion of the population habituated to open defecation needs
to be changed. Many of them already have a toilet but prefer to defecate
in the open. The biggest challenge therefore is triggering behaviour change
in vast section of rural population regarding need to use toilets.
The lack of any resources for maintenance of school toilets and community
sanitary complexes could result in rapid deterioration and subsequent nonusage of these over time, severely impacting the sustainability of the
programme.
The reliance on PPP for the implementation of project could constrain the
ability of the government to address the already existing inequities based
on caste, class and gender in both rural water and sanitation. In fact, it has
been argued that the experience of PPP in sectors such as drinking 3 water
has often raised concerns, particularly for the vulnerable and disadvantaged
sections of the population.
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Notes
b)
c)
58% of the households have a bathing facility within the premises, showing
an increase of 22 percentage points over 2001.
d)
e)
47% of the households have a latrine within premises, with 36% households
having a water closet (WC) and 9% households having a pit latrine. There
is an 11 percentage points decline in households having no latrine from
64% to 53% in 2011.
f)
61% households have a kitchen with 55% having the kitchen within the
premises and 6% outside. Two-third of the households are using firewood/
crop residue, cow dung cake/coal etc. and 3% households use kerosene.
There is an increase of 11 percentage points in use of LPG from 18% in
2001 to 29% in 2011.
g)
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h)
Transport 45% of the household have a bicycle, 21% two wheelers and
5% four wheelers. There is an increase of 9 percentage points in two
wheeler and 2 percentage points in four wheelers, with bicycle showing
increase of 1 percentage points only. 59% of the households use banking
facilities with 68% in urban and 54% in rural areas. The rural urban
difference has reduced from 19 to 13 percentage points.
i)
Hence the Union Cabinet has given its approval for launch of Housing for
All by 2022 aimed for urban areas with following components/options to
States/Union Territories and cities:-
a)
b)
c)
d)
Central grant of Rs. one lakh per house, on an average, will be available
under the Slum Rehabilitation Programme.
b)
c)
d)
e)
The Mission also prescribes certain mandatory reforms for easing up the
urban land market for housing, to make adequate urban land available for
affordable housing. Houses constructed under the mission would be allotted
in the name of the female head of the households or in the joint name
of the male head of the household and his wife.
f)
The scheme will cover the entire urban area consisting of 4041 statutory
towns with initial focus on 500 Class I cities and it will be implemented
in three phases as follows, viz. Phase-I (April 2015 - March 2017) to cover
100 Cities to be selected from States/UTs as per their willingness; Phase
- II (April 2017 - March 2019) to cover additional 200 Cities and PhaseIII (April 2019 - March 2022) to cover all other remaining cities. However,
there will be flexibility in covering number of cities in various phases.
Technology Sub-Mission
a)
b)
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d)
It will also coordinate with other agencies working in green and energy
efficient technologies, climate change etc.
e)
ii)
Notes
Identification of villages
MPs can select any gram panchayat, other than their own villages or that of
their spouses, to be developed as an Adarsh Gram. The village must have a
population of 3000-5000 people if it is located in the plains, or 1000-3000
people if located in hilly areas.
Lok Sabha MPs can choose a village from their constituency, and Rajya Sabha
MPs from the state from which they are elected. Nominated members can
choose a village from any district of the country. MPs which represent urban
constituencies can identify a village from a neighbouring rural constituency.
Funding
No new funds have been allocated for the Yojana. Resources may be raised
through:
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Funds from existing schemes, such as the Indira Awas Yojana, Pradhan
Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Scheme, and Backward Regions Grant Fund, etc.,
Implementation
A Village Development Plan must be created for each Adarsh Gram. While
each village will develop a list of activities to be carried out, based on its own
resources and requirements, possible activities have been listed in
theguidelinesfor the scheme. For example, Adarsh Grams can work towards
providing universal access to basic healthcare facilities, promoting diversified
livelihoods through agriculture related livelihoods and skill development,
providing pension for all eligible families, housing for all, and promoting social
forestry.
Monitoring
A web based monitoring system will be established to enable the MP and
other stakeholders to monitor the scheme. Outputs relating to physical and
financial targets will be measured each quarter. A mid-term evaluation and
post-project evaluation will be conducted through an independent agency.
Implications of the scheme:
The past experiences related to local level development depict many challenges
such as:
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Notes
Therefore Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana will work on the following approaches:
Engaging with and mobilizing the community for participatory local level
development.
The Saansad Adarsh Gram Yojana, unlike other Schemes, does not look at the
beneficiaries as receivers and the Government as the doer. The Yojana aims to
empower the villagers to make choices and provide them with opportunities to
exercise those choices.
This is not a new fund allocated scheme, but a peoples participatory scheme
and is a demand-driven scheme.In fact,MPLAD funds are to help the few
selected villages to become the model villages.
The SAGY requires each MP to identify one village with a population in the
range of 3,000-5,000 in the plains and 1,000-3,000 in the hills within a month.
MPs can choose any village except their own or their spouses. There is no
other criterion.
It envisages integrated development of the village across multiple areas such
as agriculture, health, education, sanitation, environment, livelihood etc. It seeks
to not only provide physical infrastructure and access to basic amenities but
also improve the standard of living, enrich social capital and build community
spirit. These are the ingredients that will ensure long term positive change and
sustainability of this change. Strengthening of local democracy through strong
and transparent Gram Panchayats and active Gram Sabhas and facilitating
good governance is an important objective of the Scheme.
The activities and outcomes will cover broad development indicators such as
health, nutrition and education through organizing immunization drives,
improving mid-day meal schemes, improving Aadhaar enrolment, setting up
smart schools with IT-enabled classrooms and e-libraries, improving panchayat
infrastructure under schemes such as MGNREGA and Backward Regions Grants
Fund. A series of measures speak of better implementation of existing and
new schemes and laws including RTI Act, National Food Security Act, National
Rural Livelihood Mission, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana, while at the same
time emphasizing activities to improve hygienic behaviour by encouraging
bathing among villagers, use of toilets and exercising for thirty minutes every
day. It envisions social development in villages through identifying a village
day, a village song, and focusing on alternative methods of dispute resolution.
The Members of Parliament (MP) will lead and guide this initiative in their
respective constituencies. They will motivate the community to not only take
up development works but also affirm the values specified in the Scheme. The
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MPs should nurture these Adarsh Grams to serve as demonstration villages for
the surrounding areas to learn and replicate these efforts. The Yojana will also
require planned coordination and convergence between different government
ministries and departments.
2.
One bank account will be ensured for every household by August 2015,
along with a RuPay debit card and an accident cover worth Rs.1,00,000.
If the credit history is satisfactory during the first six months, the account
holder will become eligible for an overdraft worth Rs.5,000;
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3.
4.
5.
6.
Notes
The advantage of Jan Dhan Scheme over other financial inclusion scheme
such as Swalambhan is that PMJDY focuses on coverage of households as
against the earlier plan which focused on coverage of villages. It focuses on
coverage of rural as well as urban areas. Earlier plan targeted only villages
above 2000 population while under PMJDY whole country is to be covered by
extending banking facilities in each Sub-Service area consisting of 1000 1500
households such that the facility is available to all within a reasonable distance,
say about 5 Km.
Though the Pradhan MantriJan Dhan Yojanahas successfully exceeded its
financial inclusion target by opening 115 million bank accounts, most of these
are zero-balance. According to data, only 28 per cent of the accounts opened
under the scheme are active, with about Rs 9,000 crore deposited in these.
Of the accounts opened at public sector banks (PSBs) under the Jan Dhan
Yojana, 71 per cent are zero-balance, against 64 per cent for private banks.
Among private lenders, the percentage of zero-balance Jan Dhan accounts
atYES bank is 89, at Kotak Mahindra Bank is 77 and 75 at Axis Bank.
Among PSBs, 95 per cent of State Bank of Indias Jan Dhan accounts are zerobalance; for Indian Overseas bank, it stands at 84 per cent.
Of the bank accounts opened under the scheme, about 90 million were at
PSBs, while private banks accounted for only 4.1 million accounts (3.6 per
cent of the overall number). The rest were accounted for by regional rural
banks. Five major private lenders ICICI bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank, YES
Bank, IndusInd Bank and Karur Vaisya Bank have opened 0.9 million accounts
under the scheme.
Despite progress on the opening of bank accounts, access to credit still lags.
Officially, India has over 130 million credit accounts, which deal with loans,
with an average of Rs. 3.7 lakh outstanding in each account However, credit
is highly skewed towards big cities. Personal loan accounts (55 million), the
single largest category of credit accounts, outnumber agricultural loan accounts
and the vast majority of these accounts are in metropolitan cities. Delhi alone
accounts for 13 per cent of all of Indias outstanding credit.
There are
second is
addresses
borrowers
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of Indias workers work in the unorganised sector and acquire skills through
informal channels and lack formal certification.
Notes
Hence to meet the challenge following major steps have been taken by the
newly created Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship a)
Skill development and entrepreneurship efforts across the country have been
highly fragmented so far. Recognizing the need and urgency of quickly
coordinating the efforts of all concerned stakeholders,to achieve its vision of
a Skilled Indiathe Department of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship
was created which was later converted into a full fledged Ministry of Skill
Development and Entrepreneurship.
National Skill Development Agency (NSDA), National Skill Development
Corporation (NSDC), National Skill Development Fund (NSDF) and 33 Sector
Skill Councils (SSCs) were brought under the Ministry of Skill Development.
The thrust of the Ministry is the co-ordination of all skill development efforts
across the country, removal of disconnect between demand and supply of
skilled manpower, building of new skills and skill upgradation, and encouraging
entrepreneurship.
To create further convergence between the Vocational Training system through
ITIs and the new Skill Initiatives of the government, two vertical from
Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGET) - DDG (Training)
and DDG (Apprenticeship Training) have been transferred to the Ministry of
Skill Development and Entrepreneurship.
b)
The government has formally unveiled theNational Policy for Skill development
and Entrepreneurship 2015.The National Policy for Skill Development and
Entrepreneurship 2015 is a maiden attempt at providing an integrated policy
for comprehensive roadmap for growth of skilling as well as entrepreneurship
in the country by addressing the needs of job seekers as well as job creators.It
aims to create an ecosystem of empowerment by for Skilling on a large Scale
at speed with high Standards and to promote a culture of innovation based
entrepreneurship which can generate wealth and employment so as to ensure
sustainable livelihoods for all citizens in the country.
c)
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Under the scheme, loans ranging from Rs 5,000-1.5 lakhs will be made available
to 34 lakh youth of India seeking to attend skill development programmes
over the next five years.
f)
The program aims at skill certification and reward to enable and mobilize a
large number of youth for outcome based skill training and become employable
and earn their livelihood. Under the scheme, monetary reward would be provided
to trainees who are successfully trained, assessed and certified in skill courses
run by affiliated training providers.
g)
The Ministry has entered into agreements with several countries such as UK,
USA, Australia, France, Germany, Canada with the purpose of technology
transfer in vocational training, training of trainers, setting up of centres of
excellence, international mobility through mapping of job roles and development
of transnational standards.
j)
Sector skill gap studies have been completed for 24 sectors. The objective of
these skill gap reports is to understand the sectoral and geographical spread of
skill requirements.
l)
Udaan
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The NHRC also found that 10,414 women were in jail in India, accounting for
3.42 per cent of the jail population . Mizoram leads with 10 per cent of
prisoners in the State being women. This is followed by Tamil Nadu with 6.59
per cent of all prisoners being women and Dadar and Nagar Haveli with 6.45
per cent.
The Commission said children younger than 5-6 years are allowed to live with
their mothers in jail, and 1,369 women prisoners had their children living with
them. But it does not say how many children in total are part of the prison
population.
The only let-up in the grim lists of figures is the fact that in an international
comparison of the number of prisoners per 100,000 of population India does
well. It has 29.69 prisoners per lakh of population against 700 per lakh in the
U.S. 650 in Russia, 400 in South Africa, 300 in Thailand, 132 in U.K. and 102
in Canada.
The immediate task is to identify those who are eligible for bail and ensure
their release.
Challenges Faced By Under-Trials
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a.
Systemic delays.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
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Right to bail is denied even in genuine cases. Even in cases where the
prisoner was charged with bailable offence, they are found to rot in prisons
due to exorbitantly high bail amount.
Large number of persons including women and children are detained under
Section 109 of the Criminal Procedure Code provides for failure to furnish
requisite security for keeping good behaviour.
The police usually pick them up "because the number of cases had to be
brought up to the specified figure". The authorities refuse to release them
without bail whereas the standing law on Section 110 says that you cannot
ask for bail from such persons, only the history ticket is required.
Notes
Recommendations
The directions of the Supreme Court of India in the DK Basu case (AIR
1997 SC 610) should be implemented to protect the rights of the arrested
persons.
Free legal aid should be provided to the needy person under detention and
quality of the service should be improved.
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