Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ANSWER BOOK
Exercises
01 - MV substation architectures
02 - MV substation architectures
03 - Industrial C13-200 MV substation
04 - Max. distance between surge arrester and MV equipment (optional)
05 - Calculation of MV cable cross-section
06 - Calculation of Isc
07 - CTs for MV metering
08 - CTs for MV protection
09 - Earth-fault relay settings
10 - Capacitors
QM
IM
IM
43A Solefuse
800 KVA
Wh
630A 16KA/1s
IM
630A 16KA/1s
IM
DM1A
96A
DM1
2500
KVA
CM
Exercise 3: MV substation
Summary of data
An industrial MV consumer is supplied directly with 20kV (24KV, 125kV impulse; Isc = 12.5kA)
The power distribution system is a loop. In case of interruption, a radial feeder powers the entire installation (the
system must automatically switch back to the loop if power is restored to the loop)
The plant includes
1 B1 2000kVA non-priority loop supplying different substations
1 T1 250kVA non-priority transformer
1 B2 2000kVA priority loop
1 T2 800kVA priority transformer
The plant also has a 380V/20kV diesel genset to back up priority loads.
loop
radial feeder
20 kV
20 kV
G
380 V
Automatic return
to N
20 kV
metering
L1
Non-priority
T1
loop
L2
Priority
loop
T2
priority
6
Cubicle arrangement of MV
substation
IM
IM
GBM
NSM
CM
public distribution
consumer substation
/A
X
distributor
radial feeder
STANDBY
GBM
distributor loop
NORMAL
DM1-A
subtransmission
substation
with no backup
DM2
DM1-A
QM
metering
general
protection
A/
X
/ B
non-priority
loop
L1
NSM
subtransmission
substation
with backup
transfo.
T1
DM1-A
DM1-A
QM
X
B/
standby
genset
priority
loop
L2
rransfo.
T2
7
D (m) =
Ucdf - Ursd
Max. D in m
Propagation speed of
impulse wave in m/s
x 300
2r
Steepness of rising
front of lightning
impulse in kV/s
15 kV
PR
Type of conductor
ALU
210 A
DISC
K1
Buried
K2
25C
0.96
Type of ground
K3
Damp
1.1
10
Proximity
K4
Alone
11
Isc upstream
18 kA
12
Tripping time
0.4
I
Rappel: = IZ B
Summery
KT
210A
o
= 199 A 70
70mm
mm22
11 0,96
1,10
1
0.96 1.10 1
S=
18000
Isc
Icc
o
mm22
t=
0,4 = 150
150mm
k
87
R sources
X sources
Z sources
With this method, Z can be calculated regardless of the R/X ratio in the different
portions of the network being studied.
R transfo
Z transfo
X transfo
Transfo R/X=0.15
Simplified method
if similar R/X:
no error
In the corrections, you will find the solution using the detailed method and also, for
substation A only, the same calculations with the simplified method, which may be
used in the majority of cases as a first approximation.
The simplified method (must quicker) cannot be applied to substations B and C since
the connection cables introduce R/X resistance ratios that are very different from 0.15
(e.g. for substation B R/X= 1)
R sources
X sources
However, at the incoming point of the installation (substation A in this exercise), when
precise information is lacking, R/X is often considered constant for the sources (here
R/X= 0.15) making it possible to directly add up the Z values and corresponding Isc
values, without having to calculate the X and R values which are determined once and
for all, for the rest of the calculations, at the level of the main busbar, which the
feeders come from.
Sources R/X=0.15
Z sources
Detailed method
module
R cables
Z real
X cables
Z cables
module
Z real
Simplified method
if different R/X:
error
Simplified method
MV network design & devices selection
10
Exercise 6
T2
T1
G1
15 MVA
20 MVA
Usc =10%
Usc =10%
CB1
15 MVA
CB2
CB3
10KV busbar
10KV busbar
Substation A
CB4
CB5
T4
T5
CB6
15 MVA
15
15MVA
MVA
Usc=10%
Usc=10%
Usc=10%
CB18
CB7
In each substation
1 single transformer
in operation
11 km
km
Substation
Substation B
B
CB19
0.5
0.5 km
km
Substation
Substation C
C
CB10
CB11
T8
5 MVA
3KV
CB8
CB9
T6
T7
T9
5 MVA
Usc=8%
Usc=8%
CB16
10 MVA
10 MVA
Usc=8%
Usc=8%
CB17
3KV
CB12
CB13
3KV
MV network design & devices selection
11
Exercise 6
(10 . 10 )
3 2
ZR =
2000 . 10
= 0 . 05
R
= 0 ,15
X
ZR =
X
R2 + X
R = 0 . 15 X
2
(0 . 15 . X )2
0 . 05
=
= 0 . 0494
1 . 0112
+ (1 . X
)2
= 1 . 0112 X
R R = 0 . 15 X = 0 . 0494 . 0 . 15 = 0 . 0074
= 0.6667
T1 P 100 15 100
R
= 0.15
R = 0.15 X
T1
T1
X
15 MVA
U2
e
10 2 10
= 0.5
P 100
20 100
R
= 0.15
X
Z T2 = R 2 + X 2 =
X T2 =
R = 0.15 X
0.15X)
0.5
= 0.4945
1.0112
+ (1 X) 2 = 1.0112X
T2
20 MVA
12
Exercise 6
Z'
U
e
Pn
100
100
20
100
15
= 1.3333
15 MVA
R
= 0.15
X
X'
R'
G
G
Z
1,3333
=
= 1.3185
1.0112
1.0112
= 0.15X = 1.3185 0.15 = 0.1978
=
X"
R"
100
15
15
100
1
1 . 0112
= 0 . 9889
G
G
= 1
= 0 . 9889
0 . 15 = 0 . 1483
T 1 T 2 //
R
Z
T1T2//
T 1 T 2 //
=
=
X 1 X2
X1 + X2
R1 R2
R1 + R2
=
=
0 . 6593 0 . 4945
0 . 6593 + 0 ,4945
0.0742
0.0989
0.0989
+ 0.0742
Xe 2 + Re 2 = 0.2857
= 0 . 2826
= 0.0421
R + T 1T 2 //
R + T 1T 2 //
R + T 1T 2 //
T2
T1
CB1
CB2
Xer 2 + Re r 2 = 0.3357
Substation A
13
Exercise 6
Upstream network 63KV
Short-circuit power 2000 MVA
T2
T1
G1
15 MVA
20 MVA
Usc =10%
Usc =10%
CB1
15 MVA
CB2
CB3
10KV busbar
10KV busbar
10KV busbar
Substation A
CB4
CB5
CB6
CB7
R + T1T2//
R'
R + T1T2//
Z'
R + T1T2//
X1 X2
=
X1 + X2
R1 R2
=
=
+G
R1 + R2
= X 2 + R2
+G
+G
0.332 1.3185
= 0.2652
0.332 + 1.3185
0.0495 0.1978
= 0.03959
0.0495 + 0.1978
= 0.2681
X2
=
+ X2
R2
=
+ R2
X 2 + R2
X"
R + T1T2//
R"
R + T1T2//
X1
X1
R1
=
+ G
R1
Z"
R + T1T2//
+ G
+ G
0.332 0.9889
0.332 + 0 . 9989
0.0495
0.1483
0.0495
+ 0.1483
= 0.2513
= 0.2485
= 0.0371
14
Exercise 6
1,1.U/
Z' R+T1T2//+G
10
= 23.689 kA rms
0.2681 3
1.1.U/ 3
10
=
I'k3 =
Z'R+T1T2//+ G 0.2681
= 23.689kArms
1 . 1 .U /
Z'R+T1T2//+ G
2 .5 = 6 3 .18
1.1.U/
Z' R+T1T2//
1 .1 .10
0 .3357
= 18.92 kA rms
15
Exercise 6
Breaking capacity of CB1 (15 MVA transformer) (Ik3 to be considered = Ik3 20 MVA TR + Ik3 genset TR)
Impedance of upstream network + 20 MVA transformer
Z 'e =
I'k3 =
Xe 2 + Re 2 = 0.3894
1 .1 .10 / 3
= 16.31 kA rms
0 .3894
Z " e =
I" k 3 =
X " e
+ R " e
1 . 1 . 10 /
0 . 3548
= 0 . 3509
= 0 . 05264
= 0 . 3548
= 17.90
kA
rms
16
Exercise 6
T1
Example
for comparison
T2
G1
15 MVA
20 MVA
Usc =10%
Usc =10%
CB1
CB2
10KV busbar
15 MVA
Usc Sub =15%
Usc Trans= 20%
CB3
10KV busbar
10KV busbar
Substation A
CB4
CB5
CB6
CB7
Ze
13333
.
= 0.4661
+ 13333
.
1.1 . 10 / 3
= 13.63 kA rms
0 . 4661
0 7167
.
0 7167
.
Ik 3 =
17
Exercise 6
= 0.05
Upstream network
63KV
Short-circuit power
2000 MVA
10 2
U
Usc =
10% = 0.285
Z=
Ptr1 + Ptr 2
15 + 20
Impedance of network + 2 TR in //
T2
T1
Ik3 of network + TR in //
1.1.10
IK3 = 1<.1.U/ 3 =
= 18.92 kA rms
Z
0.3357.1.732
0.3357 = Series-connection of network with equivalence of transformer
CB1
CB2
Substation A
Impedance of network + T1
Z = 0.05 +
U 2
10 % = 0.7167
PT 1
Impedance of network + T2
2
Z = 0.05 + U
10 % = 0 . 55
PT 2
MV network design & devices selection
18
3 =
8 . 861 kA
3 =
11 . 55 kA
GE current
I=
P
U
15000
= 866A
10 1. 732
Ik3 GE transient
I ' k3 =
Reminder:
1 .1 .10 kV
3 .1 .333
= 4.764 kA rms
Ik3 GE substransient
100
I " k3 = 1.1.In = 866
= 6.350 kA rms
15
USc
19
Exercise 6
20
Exercise 6
Substation A
10KV busbar
CB6
Substation B :
11 km
km
Substation
Substation BB
CB9
T7
CB8
T6
10 MVA
Usc=8%
10 MVA
Usc=8%
CB13
CB12
3KV
mm2
Substation A
10KV busbar
Substation C
Operational current Ir: 288 A
Installation mode factor
Temperature factor
Proximity factor
Ground factor
5 MVA
10 kV
=
=
=
=
CB7
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5 km
km
Substation
Substation C
C
CB11
T9
5 MVA
CB10
T8
5 MVA
Usc=8%
Usc=8%
CB17
CB16
3KV
21
Exercise 6
1000
L
= 36.103
= 0..15
240
S
Z =
X = 0 .15 / km =
MV network design & devices selection
0.15
= 0 .075
2
Answer Book Oct 2008
22
Exercise 6
R = 0 . 03959
X = 0 . 2652
+ 0 . 075 = 0.1146
+ 0 . 075 = 0.3402
R 2 + X2
Z =
Substation A
CB6
= 0.3590
1 km
Substation B
1.1 .10 / 3 =
17.69 kA rms
0 .3590
R = 0 . 0371
+ 0 . 075
= 0.1121
X = 0 . 2485
+ 0 075
.
= 0.3235
Z =
+ X
10KV
busbar
= 0.3424
CB9
T7
10 MVA
Usc=8%
10 MVA
Usc=8%
CB12
CB13
3KV
I" k3 =
1.1.10 / 3
= 18.55 kA rms
0.3424
23
Exercise 6
CB7
Z = R2 + X2 = 0.36670
0.5 km
Substation
C
I' k3 =
1.1.10 / 3
= 17.32 kA rms
0.36670
10KV busbar
Substation A
CB10
CB11
T9
T8
5 MVA
5 MVA
Usc=8%
Usc=8%
CB16
CB17
3KV
R 2 + X 2 = 0.35036
3 =
18.13 kA rms
24
Exercise 6
X = 0.3402
R = 0.1146
10KV busbar
Substation A
X = 0.3235
R = 0.1121
CB6
Z=
Pn 100 10 10 6
11 km
km
Substatio
Substatio
nn BB
CB9
T7
CB8
T6
10 MVA
Usc=8%
10 MVA
Usc=8%
CB13
CB12
3KV
Exercise 6
= 18 .6 kA rms
26
Exercise 6
Subtransient:
10KV busbar
Substation A
D7
U 2 (sec)
32
R (downstrea m) = R (upstream) 2
= R 2 = 0.09 R (upstream )
U (pri)
10
0.5 km
Substation
C
U 2
e
3 . 10 3
Z =
=
Pn 100
5 . 10 6
CB10
CB11
T9
5 MVA
Usc=8%
T8
5 MVA
Usc=8%
CB16
CB17
0 . 08 = 0 . 144
3KV
Z = 0.17584
Ik 3 (3 kV)
1.1 . 3 / 3
= 10 . 83 kA rms
0 .1758
27
Exercise 6
I"k 3 =
Making
1 .1 .3 /
0 . 1711
capacity
= 10 . 93 kA
rms
= 10 . 93 2 . 5 = 27 . 32 k
28
Summary of data
U= 5.5 KV
Predicted active power P = 760 KW
p.f. = 0.93
Isc = 8.5 kA
Power consumed by meter 2.5 VA
Meter input 5A
CT line < > meter = 20m (total 2 ways)
in 6mm
Ith 12.5KA / 1s
MV network design & devices selection
29
Summary of data
U= 6 KV
Large Motor Feeder, 2500 KW p.f. 0.9 effic. 0.94
Starting I : 6 x In
Isc = 8.5 KA
Power consumed by protection relay: 1.8 VA
Relay input: 5A
Line 42m (total 2 ways); 6 mm
p.f. = 0.9 ==> S= 2955 kVA (2660 /0.9) ==> I primary = 285 A (/6kV)
Starting current = 6x 285A= 1.71 kA rms
Isc=8.5 KA ==> Ith = category 12.5 kA / 1s
U= 6kV ==> Rated voltage 7.2 kV
5A relay ==> CT secondary = 5A
6mm wire over 42m consumes P(va)= K.L(m) / S (mm)
K = 0.44 if Is=5A ==> K = 0.44 P= 0.44 x 42 / 6 = 3.08 VA
Approximate total consumption line +relay P= 3.08 VA + relay 1.8 VA = 4.88 VA
Choice of CT rated output >> 4.88 VA ==> 5VA too close, take 7.5VA
(do not exceed 80 to 85% of load => or else: next highest rating)
Accuracy: application=protection ==> average accuracy
OK at 10% ==> 10P
Saturation elbow (Accuracy Limit Factor) in principle on protection 5 / 10 / 15 / 20
(10% error at 10 In)) also, the 6 In for starting must be detected correctly,
so have an elbow at approx. 2 x Id near 3000A ==> CT In approx. 300A
Standard CT => 300 / 5 7.5VA 10P10 Ith 12.5 kA / 1s
7.2 kV
MV network design & devices selection
30
3.
4.
31
Exercise 9
Conn.
Cable
Nb. of cables
in // per phase
Length
km
Linear capacity
F/km
Ic
1*240
0.1
0.5
0..3
1*240
0.1
0.5
0.15
3*70
0.05
0.3
0.05
3*70
0.05
0.3
0.05
3*70
0.2
0.3
0.2
3*95
0.2
0.35
0.2
3*95
0.2
0.35
0.2
1*150
0.15
0.41
0.2
9.1
3*95
0.2
0.35
0.2
9.2
3*95
0.35
1.05
3*95
0.5
0.35
1.05
TOTAL
3.65
32
Exercise 9
IL=20A
Protection relay
ZSG and Busbar zone
Ir = 1.8A
t = 3 or 5s
Accoding to ZSG withstand
2A
X t = 0.25s
2A
X t = 0.25s
Zero-sequence
generator (ZSG)
X
R
zero-sequence generator
2A
t = 0.25s
3
5.5 kV
2A
t = 0.25s
2A
t = 0.25s
2A
t = 0.25s
2A
t = 0.25s
2A
t = 0.25s
4A
t = 0.5s
Ic=1.05 A
Ictot=2.3 A
X
9.1
2A
t = 0.25s
Ic=0.2A
9.2
2A
t = 0.25s
Ic=1.05A
A transformer with power = 630 kVA (410 V) supplies a load with active power
P1 = 250 kW with an average p.f. of 0.75.
There is a plan to double the installation and this will call for additional active power P2: 250 kW with
p.f. = 0.75.
QUESTIONS :
1) Without power factor correction, determine the apparent power at the transformer terminals.
What do you notice?
2) Calculate the maximum reactive power that the 630 kVA transformer can supply for this project.
3) Calculate the total active power to be supplied to the load before power factor correction.
4) Determine the minimum power of the capacitor bank to be installed.
5) What is the p.f. value (transformer load 100%)?
6) A decision is made to raise the p.f. to 0.92. What is the minimum power of the capacitor bank to be installed?
7) Determine the rating of the circuit breaker to be installed.
34
220 kVAR
630kVA
400V 50Hz
250 kW
543 kVA after power factor correction
p.f. > 0.92
220 kVAR
1
Pa = 250 kW
p.f. = 0.75
workshop 1
2
Pa = 250 kW
p.f. = 0.75
workshop 2
630 kVA
35
Exercise 10
For the first charge, determine:
P1
p.f.
apparent power:
S1 =
reactive power:
Q1 = S12 P12 =
Q2 =
250
0.75
= 333 A
= 333 A
1) Without power factor correction, the apparent power at the transformer terminals would be:
S = (P1 + P2)2 + (Q1 + Q2)2 = 665 kVA
therefore greater than the transformer power.
Determine the minimum capacitor power needed to avoid replacing the transformer (transformer with
(100% load).
The total active power to be supplied is:
P = P1 + P2 = 250 + 250 = 500 kW For P=500 kW
2) The maximum reactive power available on the 630 kVA transformer is:
Qm =
S2 P2 =
2
2
630 500 = 383kVAR
36
3) The total reactive power to be supplied to the load before power factor correction is:
500
= 0 . 79
630
I =
Q BAT
u 3
240 . 10 3
400 .
= 346
37