Outline

Introduction
Elements of power monitoring
system
Some examples
A simple Experiment

Introduction

The technology of power monitoring has evolved

over the last decade from simple failure
notification to the delivery of data about a wide
range of different conditions.
This system should include three elements: 1) a
proactive power monitoring system at the
unmanned site which collects data and directs
reports and alarms to multiple locations; 2) a
data transport system, compatible with the
service provider's telecommunications network,
which communicates data between unmanned
sites, the alarm center and maintenance
personnel; and 3) an intelligent alarm center
which automatically collects and correlates data
from all of the sites, and redirects alarms to
responsible personnel.

Networked power monitoring

systems integrate and carry a variety
of power and facility data. They
include three separate subsystems
for data acquisition, data transport,
and data management

Data Acquisition Subsystem

The system installed at each remote site monitors

electrical and physical parameters 24 hours a day,
seven days a week, 365 days a year.
Proactive monitoring provides analog signals to assist
the user in making intelligent decisions. If a binary
warning signal indicates that a threshold has been
exceeded, the analog measurement provides the
magnitude of the signal. For example, if a cell voltage
generated a binary warning signal at 2.24VDC and the
voltage was stable at 2.23VDC, no maintenance action
would be initiated. However, if the cell voltage had
decreased to 1.7VDC, a dispatch to the site might be
required. In either case, the remote site would
immediately be contacted via the Data Transport
Subsystem to determine the true conditions.

Example: EPM420

Modbus-RTU

SCADAPLC

EPM420

TransducerRTU

EPM
,

(,
, )

, , LED

Data transport subsystem

Data must be moved from the

remote location to a common site
where the user has ready access to
many systems. In the past, this was
done using the PSTN.
Today, users are requesting a more
secure transport system which
encompasses their installed network
elements.

Data Management Subsystem

A Data Management Subsystem has

the capacity to receive all the
information sent by the remote sites,
present the analog readings in a
graphical user interface format.
These Management Subsystems use
generic hardware and firmware, but
each is adapted to the needs of the
particular user.

Some examples

RS-232

(CDCC)
(ADCC)(DDCC)

375 370
(1820)
78
1022 (1198)
506

(1940)
1190
()

IPP
1252
278

x3 1689MW
(464)

608
1124 IPP 563
x2 852MW
790
712
607
x1 1237MW

IPP
263

565
3778MW
65

852
1193
1865
1237

1111
(1194)
(888)
425
3778MW
(4635)

746
1050
792
434
517

93

87

704

310
IPP
810

(800) IPP
1643 820

512

37

IPP
(1656)

573

92
212

IPP

752

756

IPP

1909
(2913)
925

52

53

531
730

2357MW

292
958

(629)

1136

(1039)

519

1107

(1800)

29210MW

171

(D/S: 161/22.8/11.4kV)

(S/S: 69/22.8/11.4kV)

(D/S: 161/22.8/11.4kV)

(P/S: 161/69kV)

()

(%)

2,602

6.8

28,233

74.1

5,144

13.5

2,103

5.5

1,921

5.0

182

0.5

38,082

100.0

96 723 32,791
16.2 %

30,000

25,000

20,000

15,000

(MW) 10,000

5,000

00

06

12
()

18

24

89

6-2 (88)

514.4 442.2
(15.5%)
(18.1%)

452.7

(15.9%)

2,848

810.0
(28.4%)

38.0
(2.6%)

508.7
(17.9%)

1200
(4.2%)

6-1 (88)

145.3
(10.0%)

369.1
(25.3%)

527.3 1,458
(36.2%)

35.0
(2.4%)

253.8
(17.4%)
89.2

(6.1%)

()

()

(
)

 1000 MVA 345kV/23.75kV

()

(a) 345 kV

(c) 69 kV

(b) 161 kV

(d) 11.4 kV

OLTC

(P/S) 200MVA
161kV/69kV/11kV

11kV/220V

ABB (Air Blast Breaker)

161kV


1.

2.

3.

1.

kW

15

1.

( )

(
)(
)

1.

()0730~2230
()10
00~12001300~1700

( )07
30~10 00 12 00~13 00 17 00~22
30()0700~22
30

1.

00 00~07
302230~2400

2.

=
()

/
/

24

10:00 ~ 12:00

13:00 ~ 17:00

2.


&

2.

()
()

()
()

2.

10% ( )
10%

2.

A. ()
B. ( )
C.
(A+B) (80% -0.15%+0.3%)

D. ()

= A+B+C+D

2.
()

()


(/)

3.45
(6 Hrs)

2.00
(9 Hrs)

0.82
(9 Hrs)

(/)

20.7
18.0

1.94
(15 Hrs)

29.1

7.38

0.77
(9 Hrs)

6.93

46.8 /

36.03 /

1 KW()
10.05


(/)

3.45
(6 Hrs)

20.7

2.00
(9 Hrs)

18.0

0.82
(9 Hrs)

7.38

46.8 /

(/)

0.82
(24 Hrs)

19.68

19.68 /

1 KW()
27.1217.55

3.

3.

3.

3.

/
/

(
)
(DTMF ( Dual Tone
Multifrequency ) )

DTMF
EM78567
SIN TONE
DTMF

PC 8051
DTMF MAX232

IC PC RS232

2.3
MT8870
MAX232 IC
RS232 PC RS232
***1***4/0

PSTN

DTMFDial Tone

1.

100V~200V

20Hz
2. On/Off-hook
hook
on-hookoffhook
on-hook off-hook

3. Dial Tone

Dial Tone
350Hz 440Hz
4. DTMF(Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)

DTMF 12

8051

30H~37H
40H~45H
MT8870
74155
OFF8051
MAX232 RS232
VB 3.11

VB

VB

mscomm

VB
VB
8051

VB
ADO(ActiveX Data Objects)
SQL

A 5254154 B
5256416 A
B

125V
90V

B()MT8870
DTMF MT8870 STD Hi Low

4.4
MT8870
***1/0xxx***4
xxxx

EM78567
PC

125V
90V /

1. /
2.
RS232
4.7

4.8

(I)

(I)

30%
Direct
Load Control

51.429.619.0

80%

/
[15]
RS-232

Time of Use Rate

15
15

10
10

FamaOMC-1/E
FBE PLC

Fama PLC

FIX PLC

Fama PLC
FIX

Fama PLC
UPS

PC Windows
NT 4.0
PC-Based
Fama Paradym-31[38]
Intellution FIX32

Fama OMC-1/E

(Fama PLC)

(FBE
PLC)

I/O

1. Fama PLC
I/O FBE PLC

2.
1.
Fama PLC FBEPLC

Fama PLC

1.
RS-232

2.
FBE PLC

RS-232

RS-232


ICP CON SST-900

RS-232

31
()

RS-232

:
(1)

32 ()

kWh meter pulse

kWh meter 1/1000
(1/1000 kiloWatt-hour)
kWh meter 1(Watthour)
n pulse
n1(Watt-hour) /hour =n (Watt)

A
3.5

(1)
(2)
(a)
(b)
(c)

5
(d)

(3)
(a)
RS-232 DCD
PC spDCD

(b)

(c)
spDSR
kW10

(4)

Internet

Internet

VNC

(Ethernet)10 BaseT

(server)(backbone)
(Packets)

kWhkW
1
10
10 100
3.1
3.2 3.3 (N+1)-1
(kWh)PC
(kWh)

1.
(IEEE Std. 141-1993)

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

1.

3. ()

(Circuit-breakers)

(Switches)

(Disconnectors (Isolators))

(Switch-disconnectors)

(Contactors)

(Earthing switches)

(Make-proof earthing switches)

(Fuses)

(Surge arresters)

3. ()

()

()

3. ()

(Air

Blast Circuit Breaker, ABB)

(Magnetic
(Air
(Oil

Blast Circuit Breaker, MBB)

Circuit Breaker ,ACB)

Circuit Breaker ,OCB)

(Mini-oil

or Poor-oil Circuit Breaker, OCB

PCB)
(Vacuum
SF6(SF6

Circuit Breaker ,VCB)

Gas Circuit Breaker ,GCB)

3. ()

(Air Load Break Switch ,LBS)

(Oil Break Switch, OBS)

(Ring Main Unit ,RMU)

(HRC FUSE )

(FUSE LINK)

3. ()

Moving Contact&
Fixed or Stationary Contact

600V
3300V

3. ()

In

2~6In ()

>7In()

(1)
BIL(Basic
Impulse Level)

3. ()

SF6

a.1%
b.

()

SF6

4.

4.

(Power

Transformer)
(Distribution Transformer)

(Furnace Transformer)
(Rectifier Transformer)
(Testing Transformer)
(Instrument Transformer)

4.
V1/V2n1/n2

V1 /(4.44 f n1)

I1/I2n2/n1

V24.44 f n2

4.

--

--

()

--

Y
90

A
105

E
120

B
130

F
155

H
H
180

C 180

 IP (Ingress Protection)

()

IP X X

()

()
0
1 50
2 12.5
3 2.5
4
5
1

6
2

()
0
1
2 15
3 (60)
4 ()
5 ()
6 ()
7
8
1
2
3
4

5. /

(Power Factor)
Active Power
P
Power Factor

Apparent Power S
KW

KVA

3 VL I l cos I l cos

IL
3 VL I L

2
2
VI
P Q

5. /

(Power Factor)

5. /

5. /

5. /

5. /

5. /

PL1 I12 cos 22

cos 21
2
,PL2 PL1
2
PL2 I2 cos 1
cos 22

PL1 PL2

2
I2
I1

cos 21

PL1 1
2
cos 2

5. /

5. /

PO
cos

S
0

PO P1
cos1

PO
cos

P O P1
cos1

cos0
P1 cos1 cos0
(K) =

1
P0
cos1
cos1

28.5%

48 % (1000 KVA -> 480Var)

5. /

Vr = Vs - BC
= Vs IR + j IX
Vs
Vr

Vd = Vs - Vr
= Vs Vs IR + jIX
= IR + jIX
= Vd / Vs

5. /

EXTR1000 KVA with 6% impedance

300 kVar capacitor bank

5. /

80%

1%0.3%
80%1%

0.15%

5. /

5. /

B480V

C 11.4KV

5. /

5. /

Harmonics
(

60Hz)

(Fourier series)

5. /

(VSD)
(Rectifier
(UPS)

AC to DC)

5. /

5. /

(Total

Harmonic

Distortion, THD)
V2 V3 V4 .....
2

VTHD %

V1
I 2 I 3 I 4 .....
2

I THD %

I1

100%

100%

cn
cn %
100 %
c1

5. /

H = n P 1; n= 1, 2, 3,
P=6

H= 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19,

P=24

P=12

H= 11, 13, 23, 25,

P=18

H= 17, 19, 35, 37,

H= 23, 25, 47, 49,

5. /

()

5. /


IEEE/Std 519-1992

1.3.3kV~22.8kV
2.34.5kV~161kV50%
*ISC /IL20
ISC
IL12


69kV

69kV

69kV

(%)

3.0

1.5

1.0

(THD%)

5.0

2.5

1.5

161kV
0.10.1
34.5~161kV
0.150.15
3.3~22.8kV
0.30.3

5. /
---

(single-tune band-pass,
ST)(high-pass, HP)

5. /

RLC

(R)

Z R j( L 1

C )

0
L
Q
R

1
LC

L
1
C
R
LC

5. /

RLC

1
1
1 1
Z
(
)
jC
R jL

1
L( R 2 C L)


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

1.

()

1.

PROTECTION PREVENTION

1.

2.
(1). (Reliability)

(2). (Selectivity)

(3). (Speed)

(4). (Simplicity)

(5). (Economics)

2.

(1).

(2).

(3).

(4).
VIpfPfT

3.

3.

(CT)

(PT, VT)

3. -

(CT, Current Transformer)

3. -

3. -


VS

Ie

3. -

1.5

1440A2000/5A

1.5
3A

3. -

burden
CTCT

CT
1020
10%5%
CT

3. -

CT
(VA)
()
(V)(saturation

voltageknee voltage)CT
(Excitation curve)CT

3. -
(CT)
()CT
CT()
()
()
(VA)(5)2 (CT5A)
(V)(5)(1020)

3. -
ANSI C57.13CCT20
10%2000/5100VAC

()100VA/(5A)24
()5A204400
CT2000/5A100VAC400
IEC-185CT 2000/5
10P20100VA
10P20ANSI-C57.13CCT20
(100VA)10%
10P105P105P20

3. -

CT
CT
CT(

CTCT)
CT

CT
1.CT
2.CT
CTY
3.CT

4.CT
back-up
5.CTCTCT

6.CT

7.(change-over-switch)3
(transducer)CT

3. -

(PT, Potential Transformer)

110V115V120V

PT

Class 1.0

(MCB)

3. -

3. -

3. -

(Protective)
(Monitoring)
(Regulating)
(Auxiliary)
(Reclosing)
(Sync check)

3. -

Current relays
Voltage relays
Power relays
Frequency relays
Temperature relays
Flow relays
Vibration relays
Pressure relays

3. -

Electromechanical relays-EM
Type
Solid state relays
Static relays
Digital relays
Thermal relays
(Intelligence Electronic Device, IED)

3. -

Full Feeder Functionality

Feeder Data Base

System Automation

3. -

Overcurrent relays
Differential relays
Distance relays
Undervoltage relays
Overvoltage relays
/Inverse/Definite time relays
Directional relays
Phase comparison relays
Over speed relays

3. -

1.

2.

3.

a)

b)

c)

d)

3. -

(50/51/50N/51N)
(Definite Time)
(Inverse Time)
IECNIVIEILI
ANSILIMIDIAIVISIEI
--

(I/I P ) - 1

TP

t(

(I/I P ) - 1

) D s

(I/I P ) - 1

TP

Tp

I/Ip

3. -

(50/51/50N/51N)
(Definite Time)
(Inverse Time)
IECNIVIEILI
ANSILIMIDIAIVISIEI
--

3. -
(IEEE Std C37.2-1996)

21

25

27

32

40

41

43

3. -
(IEEE Std C37.2-1996)

46

50/50N

51/51N

52

59/59Vo

67/67N

68

3. -
(IEEE Std C37.2-1996)

79

81

85

86

87

89

94

3. -

86/94

DCUPS

4.

CT/PT

5.

5.

A
B

5.

(Coordination Time IntervalCTI)

0.3~0.5
ANSI CTI0.2 ~0.50.3

5.

T-Back-upT-Main + 0.3
T-Main

T-Back-up

5. -

5. -

6.
1).
-

2).
ANSI

3).

6.

6. -Protection Scheme

6. -Protection Scheme
(<1MW)

(>1MW)