Analog Full Report

1.
0 INTRODUCTION
Massive Dynamics, one of the most modern and efficient multi-purpose electronic company in
South East Asia is located strategically along busy sea lanes between the Far East and Europe
Trade on latitude 03 degree 16 N, longitude 113 degree 04 E on the north-east coast of
Sarawak, Malaysia.
Massive Dynamics has a total land of 120 hectares. Massive Dynamics was founded on
1978 in Malaysia. The company started with approximately RM 1.2 million. After mid 80s,
Dynamics launched its branches in Malaysia. 6 years later Massive Dynamics opened the
international branch.
In November 2005, Massive Dynamics employed more than 163,000 people. The
companys annual revenue in 2009 was almost $6.8 billion, with almost $ 2.3 billion in profit.
One of our companys products is overvoltage and undervoltage monitor which is a
device that functions to detect the overvoltage and undervoltage from any DC source. This
overvoltage and undervoltage monitor schematic circuit is a simple circuit which will light up the
LED when the voltage is over or lack. An alarm, visual for which the space is identified on the
main alarm panel will be activated when the voltage source is connected to the terminal.
Technically speaking, an over/undervoltage condition is reached when the voltage
exceeds/lags the nominal voltage by 10% for more than 1 minute. Both of these conditions
result in voltage that falls outside the acceptable power envelope as defined by the CBEMA
Curve pictured here.
When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper design limit, this is
known as overvoltage. These voltages are perhaps more risky, as under such conditions the
equipment may not get enough time to withstand the jolt and may be instantly burnt or damaged .
The conditions may be hazardous. Depending on its duration, the overvoltage event can be
transienta voltage spikeor permanent, leading to a power surge.
Undervoltage occurs when there is a decrease in the supply voltage to an electric
appliance below 90% of its nominal value for more than one minute. The compressor due to the
lack of sufficient voltage, will try to compensate by drawing heavy currents and may get
damaged if the situation persists.
The circuit provided low voltage and over voltage protection to connected electrical
assets. The part of under voltage circuit detect and warning by light up the LED when the voltage
is in a low condition. It also acts as a high voltage detector circuit and when attached to an
electrical system will warn you of detrimental high voltages or overvoltage.
In conclusion, the over voltage and under voltage tester sense both the levels of bad
voltages and cut the supply under such circumstances to save guard your precious electrical
gadgets. Though these circuits wont be able to stabilize the input voltage, even so may prove
very effective in providing total safety to your precious electrical home appliances against
dangerous input voltages.
2.0 THEORY
Undervoltage and overvoltage monitor is a device purposed to detect the undervoltage and
overvoltage from any electrical appliance. Refer to the schematics circuit, D1 and D2 are the
zener diodes, Q1 to Q3 are the transistors, LED 1 and LED 2 are the Light Emitting Diodes,
while R1 to R7 are the resistors of different resistance. When the value of the voltage has fulfill
the range as an undervoltage, the LED 1 will light up as a warning for the user to identify the low
voltage condition that may harm the electrical appliance. In contrast, LED 2 will light up when
the voltage fall in the range of overvoltage or high voltage that an electrical appliance can resists.
Although the monitor is the combination of undervoltage and overvoltage, but the circuit
of the undervoltage and overvoltage monitor can function individually and divided into 2 parts,
that is, undervoltage detector and overvoltage detector.
Referring to the figure, the circuit utilizes mainly two NPN transistors and a zener diode
to sense a low voltage or undervoltage. The value of breakdown voltage of zener diode D1,
Vz
will determine the value of undervoltage as D1 act as a voltage regulator. The transistors
are function as an amplifier which the circuit applied a multistage amplifiers. The output of
amplifier Q1 is the input to the next amplifier Q2. Thus, based on the theory of multistage
amplifiers circuit, the collector current of Q2 is equal to the base current of Q1.
I C 1=I B 2+ I R 3
V B 1=V CCV Z
V B 2=V CC( I R 3)
Where:
I C 1 = Collector current of transistor Q1
I B 2 = Base current of transistor Q2
I R 3 = Current across resistor R3
V B 1 = Base voltage of transistor Q1
VZ
= Zener voltage or breakdown voltage of zener diode D1
V CC
= Input voltage
While the resistors (R1, R2, R3) will resists the current flow in the circuit or act as fuse in the
circuit.
Most LED will light up when the value of voltage across the LED is equal as the forward
voltage of the corresponding LED,
Vf
. Thus, the value of voltage across the resistor and
transistor Q1 must be controlled carefully so that the value of voltage across LED 1 is equal to
the forward voltage
Vf
. In order the control the value of voltage, NPN transistors Q1 and Q2
connected as the multistage amplifiers to amplify the voltage across the node. In the circuit, the
transistor Q1 functioned to amplify the voltage across resistor R3 while the other transistor Q2
amplified the voltage across resistor R1.
In order to calculate the undervoltage
V /V CC
, the theory of DC analysis of transistor
circuit can be used. By applying the Kirchoff Voltage Law (KVL) at the input loop, formulae can
be constructed.
I B 1=
V CCV Z V B 1V BE
R1 R2
I C = I B
Where:
V Z = Breakdown voltage of zener diode D1
V BE = Base-Emitter voltage of transistor Q1
V CC = Undervoltage
As for the analysis of transistor Q2, formulas can be applied to calculate base current.
I B 2=
V CCV B 2V BEV f
R3 +( +1) R E
Where:
V CC = Undervoltage
V f = Forward voltage of LED 1
As for the overvoltage part, theory applied is similar as the undervoltage part which the
value of breakdown voltage of zener diode D2 controlled the value of overvoltage and the
resistors R5 to R7 function to resist the dangerous current flow. Besides, LED 2 will light up
when voltage across LED 2 is equal to its forward voltage,
Vf
However, different from the undervoltage part, the amplification applied is single
amplifier circuit that used only one transistor Q3. Thus, to calculate the value of overvoltage,
apply the KVL at input part and using DC analysis of transistor circuit theorem.
I B 3=
V CC V Z V BEV f
R 4 R5 + ( +1 ) R E
I C = I B
Where:
V Z = Breakdown voltage of zener diode D2
V f = Forward voltage of LED 2
V CC = Overvoltage
3.0 METHODS
This circuit is specially design for detecting the undervoltage and overvoltage of any DC supply
connected to it. This can be applied most suitable in order to make sure the correct amount of DC
source is needed. It prevents the damage of components from overvoltage and making sure the
components are not supplied with undervoltage source. This circuit will shows the visual alarm
when the voltage in range is applied.
4
R3
D1
1N4732A
4.7k
D2
1N4732A
Q2
8
3
R1
470
Q1
1
MPS3704
MPS3704
R4
11
470
Re
100
R2
1k
R5
10
1k
LED1
Q3
5
V1
MPS3704
2
Re2
100
6
LED2
3.1 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Based on the circuit, the input of the product is the V1 that will be tested to identify the
undervoltage or overvoltage. While for the outcome or output of the circuit is the light of LED,
where LED 1 will light up when undervoltage applied and LED 2 will light up when is
overvoltage.
As for the control devices in the circuit, most important are the zener diodes (D1, D2)
and the transistors (Q1, Q2, Q3). Zener diode acts as a voltage regulator to limit the voltage that
8
will be across the whole circuit. Which mean that the current will flow first to the zener diode.
While for the transistors, will be function as the amplifier in the circuit which amplify the current
and voltage. Thus, the transistors function to control the output power of the circuit by using its
terminal current. Last but not least, the resistors act as fuse to limit the current flow in the circuit,
so that the LED will not be spoiled by high or low voltage.
The tester can be function independently by undervoltage and overvoltage testers which
both part of the circuit are working in the same time when the input voltage was applied.
V1
Zener diode D1 regulated the

voltage across the whole
undervoltage circuit.
V B 1 < 0.7V
no
yes
Transistor Q1
will on.
Transistor Q1 will
I
off and C 1 =
V B 2 < 0.7V
no
yes
Transistor Q1
will off and
IC 2
= 0A
Transistor Q1
will on.
Voltage across LED1
Vf
yes
no
LED 1 will light up.
LED 1 will not light up.
V1
Zener diode D1 regulated the voltage

across the whole overvoltage circuit.
10
V B 3 < 0.7V
no
yes
Transistor Q3
will on.
Transistor Q1
will off and
IC 2
= 0A
Voltage across LED1

Vf
yes
LED 1 will light up.
no
LED 1 will not light up.
3.2 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
11
In order to produce a well functioned undervoltage and overvoltage tester, the main part is
choosing the components. After analysis of the circuit through formulas and decided the value of
undervoltage and overvoltage, we have came out to a decision to choose 1N4732A zener diodes
which have zener voltage or breakdown voltage of 3.5 4.0V. Besides, we have also chosen the
MPS3704 npn transistor where the collector current
IC
is 600mA refer to the datasheet. While
for the resistors, we have decided the value of each resistor by calculating the voltage and current
at each node using Kirchoff Voltage Law and Current Law. Value of the resistors has been
determined according to the current that flowing through the corresponding node.
12
MPS3704 npn transistor
1N4732A zener diode
To analyze the circuit, we have decided to use simulation software called NI Multisim
10.0 to design the circuit and simulate it to check whether the circuit can function or not.
Multisim can also be used to analyze the relationship between the zener diode with transistor and
between the zener voltage with the forward voltage of the LED.
Hardware of our product was consists of LED, resistors, npn transistors, zener diodes and
wire. We decided to use normal circuit board, which just need to solder the components to the
board in order to connect the circuit. The components that we found are basically bought from a
components selling store.
Process of the hardware production was mainly divided in the stages, that is, simulation,
modification of circuit and soldering of the circuit.
Design undervoltage and overvoltage monitor

schematic circuit.
Determine the component used based on the terminal

voltage and current of the components, example
1N4732A zener diodes and MPS3704 npn transistor.
13
Run the simulation using software tool like Multisim

10.0 to check whether the circuit can be function as
expected.
Connect the components in the breadboard to test

run the hardware manually.
Prototype hardware has been modified many times when

the circuit not functioned well as in the simulation. After
the modification, prototype was test run again and again
until it can be functioned as expected.
Connect the prototype in circuit board and

soldered the components to the circuit board.
Test run and modify the hardware until it is

functioned well.
Final product has been achieved.
4.0 RESULTS/DISCUSSION
4.1 RESULTS
Based on the simulation results, the range of undervoltage is 4 5V, while the range of
overvoltage is 8 10V.
14
When the input voltage V1 is in the range of undervoltage, that is, 4V, the LED1 will
light up. Based on the simulation, Channel A is the green wire while channel B is the red wire.
As the results, the voltage across LED1 is equal to 1.66V which is the forward voltage of LED1.
Let
I R 3=83.045 A
, = 153,
V B 2=V CC( I R 3)
= 4 (83.0454.7k)
= 3.61V
15
I B 2=
V CCV B 2V BEV f
R3 +( +1) R E
43.610.71.66
4.7 k + ( 154 ) 100
= 98.5A
Thus, the base current of transistor Q2,
I B2
will reach 98.5A when undervoltage applied and
make the voltage across the LED1 becomes 1.66V and then light up LED1.
When the input voltage V1 is in the range of overvoltage, where in the simulation is 9V.
The LED2 will light up as the voltage across Channel A is equal to the forward voltage of LED2,
that is, 1.66V.
16
Let
VZ
I B 3=
= 4.636V, = 153,
V CC V Z V BEV f
R 4 R5 + ( +1 ) R E
9 4.636 0.71.66
4.7 k 470+ ( 153+1 ) 100
= 126.6A
Thus, mean that when base current
I B3
reach in the range of 126.6A, the voltage across the
LED will be equal to 1.66V and LED will light up.
4.2 ANALYSIS
17
4.2.1 Undervoltage, when V1 = 4V
At undervoltage stage, the current will first flow to the zener diode D1. Then, zener diode will
limit the voltage across the R1 and transistor Q1. As forward voltage of the zener diode D1 will
affect the value of base voltage of transistor Q1,
V B1
V B1
. Based on the theory, when the value of
< 0.7V, the transistor Q1 will be off. According to the simulation result,
V B1
4.013nV.Thus, transistor Q1 was off and value of emitter and collector current of Q1 is nearly to
zero.
At this moment, the circuit will become single amplifier circuit as Q2 becomes the main
control device of the circuit. The value of collector current of transistor Q2 will determine the
voltage across the LED1.
18
As shown at the figure above, the value of collector current of Q2,

Based on the calculation result,
I B2
across LED1 equal to forward voltage,
I B 2=82.601 A
must be in the range of 98.5A in order to let the voltage

Vf
= 1.66V. The percentage different between
simulation and calculation result is 19% as the simulation consider the time base when the switch
is on. Thus, current value will be changed when the switch is on for a long time. As result, the
LED1 will light up when
I B2
was in the range of 82.601A 98.5A. Thus, value of
I B2
will determine the range of undervoltage.

At the same time, current also flow to the zener diode D2, the zener voltage of D2 will
limit the voltage across the transistor Q3. Voltage across transistor Q3 was very small thus made
the collector current of Q3,
I B3
became very small. Based on the result, the LED2 not lighted
19
up when undervoltage applied is because the voltage across the LED2 was 13.191mV, far less
than 1.66V.
4.2.2 Overvoltage, when V1 = 9V
When overvoltage (9V) was applied, the current will flow to the zener diode D2 and
voltage across the transistor Q3 will be limited by the zener voltage of 4.636V. Based on the
calculation, the voltage across the LED2 will be equal to its forward voltage 1.66V when base
current of transistor Q3 is 126.6A. Compare to the value found in the simulation (115.651A),
the value of
I B3
was close to the calculation value by different of 8.65%. Which mean the
voltage across the LED2 in the simulation is satisfied the condition which equal to its forward
voltage, 1.66V. Thus, LED2 will light up when
I B3
was in the range between 115.651A -
126.6A.
20
As for the undervoltage part, the voltage across the transistor Q2 was very small, where
V B2
equal to 22.928mV. The value of base voltage was less than 0.7V, thus transistor Q3 was
off. This condition made the base current of Q2,

I E2
I B2
became 0A. Therefore, the value of
became very small and cause the voltage across the LED1 (13.191mV) less than forward
voltage of LED, 1.66V.
21
4.2.3 When the V1 is neither at undervoltage nor overvoltage, V1 = 6V
When 6V was applied, both LED were not light up. For the undervoltage part, the base
voltage of transistor Q2 (28.082mV) was less than 0.1V. Thus, transistor Q2 was off. This made
the base current
I B2
became 0A and
I E2
very small. Voltage that across LED1 was equal to
1.588V, which less than forward voltage, 1.66V that not satisfied the condition to light up LED1.
As for the overvoltage part, the value of base voltage of transistor Q3,
V B3
= 1.394V.
Transistor Q3 was on by value of base voltage greater than 0.7V. However, by using the
formulas,
I B3
was more than the range of current value that will allow the voltage across the
LED2 equal to 1.66V. Thus, the LED2 will not light up when 6V was applied.
22
I B 3=
V CC V Z V BEV f
R 4 R5 + ( +1 ) R E
6 1.394 0.71.66
4.7 k 470+ ( 153+1 ) 100
= 141.9A
5.0 CONCLUSIONS
Undervolatge and overvoltage monitor is a device functions to detect the low voltage or
undervoltage and high voltage or overvoltage of any DC sources. This product will warn the user
by light up the LED when the electrical appliance have reach undervoltage or overvoltage stage.
It is important to test the voltage of the electrical appliance as undervoltage and
overvoltage were a stage that harmful to electrical appliance. When the voltage supply is too low,
the electrical appliance will try to compensate by drawing heavy currents and may get damaged
if the situation persists. As for the high voltage, some components of the electrical appliance are
not get enough time to withstand the jolt and will be burnt or damaged.
Undervoltage and overvoltage monitor can be function individually, which divided into
undervoltage detector and overvoltage detector. The undervoltage detector applied multistage
amplifier circuit while overvoltage applied single amplifier circuit. The main control components
in the circuit were the zener diodes and npn transistor. The zener diode which acts as a voltage
regulator, limited the voltage across the circuit while transistor functioned to amplify the voltage
and current in the circuit. Thus, the value of zener voltage
transistor
IB
Vz
, and the base current of
will affect the value of undervoltage and overvoltage. In order to light up the
LED, voltage across the LED must be equal to the forward voltage of the LED,
The input of the circuit was the input voltage
V CC /V
Vf
while the output is the LED
voltage that will make the LED light up. To control the output, the zener diode will first regulate
23
the voltage across it and pass to transistor. The value of base voltage of the transistor will
determine whether the transistor is on (
base current of transistor
IB
V B > 0.7V
) or off (
V B < 0.7V
) stage. The value of
will control the voltage across the LED. Therefore, LED will
light up when the voltage across it is equal to 1.66V.

The value of undervoltage determined in the range of 4 - 5V, while the range of
overvoltage is between 8 - 10V. In order to get output with these voltage values, 1N4732A zener
diode and MPS3704 npn transistor have been chosen based on the information provided in the
datasheet. To complete the product, several steps have to be followed carefully. First, schematic
circuit must be simulated using proper software tools. Second, prototype must be tested and
modified on a breadboard. After that, prototype can be connected on a circuit board and soldered
to complete the connection. Lastly, test run the hardware for a few time to check whether the
product are well functioning.
According to the analysis using formulas and simulation tools, when undervoltage
applied, LED1 will light up. This was due to the zener diode D1 limited the voltage across
transistor Q1 and thus made Q1 off. Transistor Q2 running and the base current
I B2
allow the
LED1 to light up when its reach 82.601A 98.5A. When input voltage falls in the range of
overvoltage, zener diode D2 limited the voltage across the circuit and the base current of
transistor Q3 reached 115.651A - 126.6A, which made the LED2 to light up when voltage
across LED equal to 1.66V. As for the input voltage in between the undervoltage and
overvoltage, both LED were not lighted up as the voltage across the LED less than 1.66V.
Undervoltage and overvoltage monitor can be used to sense low and high level of
dangerous voltage stages. It used to provide protection to your electrical appliance by warning
the user when condition satisfied. To improve the circuit by making the range between
undervolatge with overvoltage becomes wider, type of components like zener diode can be
changed according to its zener voltage value.
24
6.0 REFERENCES
1. Siti Hawa Ruslan and Cheng Leong Yeok and Mohd Zalnizan Sahdan and Masnani
Mohamed and Marlia Morsin and Nabiah Zinal, Analog Electronic (BEL 10203). UTHM
Johor: Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, UTHM, 2011.
2. Michael Tooley, Electronic Circuits: Fundamentals and Applications. Oxford: Elsevier
Ltd, 2006
3. Robert Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2006
4. Electroniq.net. (2011) Overvoltage and undervoltage monitor schematic, [Online].
Available: circuithttp://www.electroniq.net/other-projects/overvoltage-and-undervoltagemonitor-schematic-circuit.html.
5. Swagatam. (2011) Over Voltage And Low Voltage Protection Circuits: Easy Home
Projects, [Online]. Available:
http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/articles/68396.aspx brighthub.com.
25
7.0 APPENDIX
26
JEDEC
TYPE
NUMBER
(Note 1)
1N4728A
1N4729A
1N4730A
1N4731A
1N4732A
1N4733A
1N4734A
1N4735A
1N4736A
1N4737A
1N4738A
1N4739A
1N4740A
1N4741A
1N4742A
1N4743A
1N4744A
1N4745A
1N4746A
1N4747A
1N4748A
1N4749A
1N4750A
1N4751A
1N4752A
1N4753A
1N4754A
1N4755A
1N4756A
1N4757A
1N4758A
1N4759A
1N4760A
1N4761A
1N4762A
1N4763A
ZENER
VOLTAG
E (Vz)
(Note
4)
TEST
CURREN
T (IZT)
MAXIMUM
DYNAMIC
IMPEDANC
E (ZZT @
IZT)(Note
2)
OHMS
10 10 9 9
MAXIMU
M
REVERSE
CURRENT
VOLTS
3.3 3.6
3.9 4.3
mA
76 69 64
58
4.7 5.1
5.6 6.2
TEST
VOLTAGE
TEST
CURREN
T (IZK)
MAXIMUM
(SURGE)CU
RRENT (IS)
(Note 3)
mA
276 252 234
217
MAXIMUM
KNEE
IMPEDANC
E (ZZK @
IZK)(Note
2)
OHMS
400 400 400
400
A
100 100
50 10
VOLTS
1111
mA
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
mA
1380 1260
1190 1070
53 49 45
41
8752
10 10 10
10
1123
193 178 162

146
500 550 600

700
1.0 1.0
1.0 1.0
970 890 810

730
6.8 7.5
8.2 9.1
37 34 31
28
3.5 4.0 4.5

5.0
10 10 10
10
4567
133 121 110

100
700 700 700

700
1.0 0.5
0.5 0.5
660 605 550

500
10 11 12
13
25 23 21
19
7 8 9 10
10 5 5 5
7.6 8.4 9.1

9.9
91 83 76 69
700 700 700

700
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
454 414 380

344
15 16 18
20
17 15.5
14 12.5
14 16 20
22
5555
11.4 12.2
13.7 15.2
61 57 50 45
700 700 750

750
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
304 285 250

225
22 24 27
30
11.5 10.5
9.5 8.5
23 25 35
40
5555
16.7 18.2
20.6 22.8
41 38 34 30
750 750 750

1000
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
205 190 170

150
33 36 39
43
7.5 7.0
6.5 6.0
45 50 60
70
5555
25.1 27.4
29.7 32.7
27 25 23 22
1000 1000
1000 1500
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
135 125 115

110
47 51 56
62
5.5 5.0
4.5 4.0
80 95 110
125
5555
35.8 38.8
42.6 47.1
19 18 16 14
1500 1500
2000 2000
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
95 90 80 70
68 75 82
91
3.7 3.3
3.0 2.8
150 175
200 250
5555
51.7 56.0
62.2 69.2
13 12 11 10
2000 2000
3000 3000
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.25
65 60 55 50
(VR)
(IR @ VR)
MAXIMUM
REGULATO
R CURRENT
(IZM)TA =
50oC
27
1N4764A
100
2.5
350
76.0
3000
0.25
45
28
29
Prototype
Final Product
30
BEL10203 ANALOG ELECTRONIC MEETING NO.1
Tarikh : 25st Jan 2011
Masa : 11.00am 1.00pm
Tempat : Makmal Radio Communication and Antenna
Kehadiran :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Amirah Binti Abdul Rahman (Chairperson)

Tan Chee Yang (Secretary)
Ong Kim Muar
Mohammad Eddy Shawdil Bin Lallo
Muhammad Zaim Bin Adnan
Hassan Hussien
Action taken by
Welcoming address by the chairperson
Chairperson greets all the board members
Chairperson
2. Discussing
Appoint the post of each member to direct the company in
management, development, production, marketing and etc.
Broad member
Amirah Binti Abdul Rahman (CEO)

Tan Chee Yang (COO)
Ong Kim Muar (TECHNICAL ENGINEER)
31
Mohammad Eddy Shawdil Bin Lallo (R&D DEVELOPMENT)

Muhammad Zaim Bin Adnan (SALES
ENGINEER)
Hassan Hussien (TECHNICAL ENGINEER)
Conclusion
The chairperson concludes the meeting by dividing the
task to the board members to present on the next
meeting. Meeting ends at 1:00 p.m
Chairperson
Prepare by,
Minutes confirmed by,
_________________
________________________
(Tan Chee Yang)
(Amirah Binti AbdulRahman)
Secretary
26th Jan 2011
Chairperson
26th Jan 2011
32
Tarikh : 26st Jan 2011
Masa : 12.00am 12.30pm
Attend :
7. Amirah Binti Abdul Rahman (Chairperson)
8. Tan Chee Yang (Secretary)
9. Ong Kim Muar
10. Mohammad Eddy Shawdil Bin Lallo
11. Muhammad Zaim Bin Adnan
Absent :
1.
Hassan Hussien
33
Action taken by
Chairperson
2. Discussing
Discuss the product. Come out with a conclusion that want

to do a LED clock.
Broad member
Discuss and brainstorm about :

i.
The method on doing the program
ii.
The design of the program
Conclusion
Chairperson
Prepare by,
________________
_____________________
(Tan Chee Yang)
(Amirah Binti Abdul Rahman)
Secretary
Chairperson
27th Jan 2011
27th Jan 2011

34
Tarikh : 8st Feb 2011
Masa : 3:30pm 5:30pm
Attend :
14. Ong Kim Muar
17. Hassan Hussien
Action taken by
Chairperson
5. Discussing
i.
ii.
Board members
Conclusion
35
Chairperson
Prepare by,
________________
_____________________
(Tan Chee Yang)
Secretary
Chairperson
8th Feb 2011
8th Feb 2011

36
Tarikh : 13st March 2011
Masa : 10.00am 11.30am
Tempat : Library (24 Hours Room)
Attend :
20. Ong Kim Muar
22. Hassan Hussien
Absent :
Action taken by
Chairperson
8. Discussing
i.
Discuss about previous agenda in the previous

meeting.
ii.
Discuss about the linking part of the program.
iii.
Continue the work that undone.
Broad member
37

iii.
ii.

Conclusion
meeting. Meeting ends at 11:30 a.m
Chairperson
Prepare by,
________________
____________________
(Tan Chee Yang)
Secretary
Chairperson
13th March 2011
13th March 2011

38
Tarikh : 2st April 2011
Masa : 8pm 11pm
Attend :
25. Ong Kim Muar
27. Hassan Hussien
Absent :
Action taken by
Chairperson
11. Discussing
i.

meeting.
ii.
iii.
Broad member
Construct and build up the component.

39
Some changes were done in order to make the

program more tidy and interactive.
Conclusion
meeting. Meeting ends at 11pm.
Chairperson
Prepare by,
________________
(Tan Chee Yang)
________________________
Secretary
Chairperson
3th April 2011
3th April 2011

40
Tarikh : 16st April 2011
Masa : 9am 12pm
Attend :
30. Ong Kim Muar
Absent :
4. Hassan Hussien
Action taken by
Chairperson
14. Discussing about matters arising

i.

meeting.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Compile all the work into a full report.
Broad member
41
Conclusion
The chairperson concludes the meeting and ends the meeting at
12 pm.
Chairperson
Prepare by,
_______________
(Tan Chee Yang)
Secretary
17th April 2011
________________________
Chairperson
17th April 2011
42

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1.

= Zener voltage or breakdown voltage of zener diode D1

. Thus, the value of voltage across the resistor and

. In order the control the value of voltage, NPN transistors Q1 and Q2

, the theory of DC analysis of transistor

3.1 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Zener diode D1 regulated the

LED 1 will light up.

LED 1 will not light up.

Zener diode D1 regulated the voltage

Voltage across LED1

LED 1 will light up.

LED 1 will not light up.

3.2 HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT

is 600mA refer to the datasheet. While

MPS3704 npn transistor

1N4732A zener diode

Design undervoltage and overvoltage monitor

Determine the component used based on the terminal

Run the simulation using software tool like Multisim

Connect the components in the breadboard to test

Prototype hardware has been modified many times when

Connect the prototype in circuit board and

Test run and modify the hardware until it is

Final product has been achieved.

will reach 98.5A when undervoltage applied and

reach in the range of 126.6A, the voltage across the

LED will be equal to 1.66V and LED will light up.

4.2.1 Undervoltage, when V1 = 4V

. Based on the theory, when the value of

As shown at the figure above, the value of collector current of Q2,

across LED1 equal to forward voltage,

must be in the range of 98.5A in order to let the voltage

= 1.66V. The percentage different between

was in the range of 82.601A 98.5A. Thus, value of

will determine the range of undervoltage.

4.2.2 Overvoltage, when V1 = 9V

was in the range between 115.651A -

off. This condition made the base current of Q2,

became 0A. Therefore, the value of

voltage of LED, 1.66V.

4.2.3 When the V1 is neither at undervoltage nor overvoltage, V1 = 6V

very small. Voltage that across LED1 was equal to

, and the base current of

while the output is the LED

) stage. The value of

light up when the voltage across it is equal to 1.66V.

193 178 162

500 550 600

970 890 810

3.5 4.0 4.5

133 121 110

700 700 700

660 605 550

7.6 8.4 9.1

700 700 700

454 414 380

700 700 750

304 285 250

750 750 750

205 190 170

135 125 115

BEL10203 ANALOG ELECTRONIC MEETING NO.1