RCC and Pre-stressTYS Exp - 246

2016
WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of
Try Yourself Questions

Civil Engineering
RCC & Pre-stressed Concrete
Design of Beams
T1 : Solution
(a)
0.0035
0.002
Xu
3
Xu
7
0.45 fck
4 X
7 u
c1
c2
Section
0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es
Strain diagram
Stress diagram
In strain diagram
0.0035
Xu =
d Xu
=
Xu
Given,
and
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0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es
d Xu
0.87 fy
+ 0.002
Es
0.0035
f y= 415 MPa
Es = 2 105 MPa
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Workbook
d
1 =
Xu
d
xu
0.87 415
+ 0.002
2 105
0.0035
= 2.0872
Xu = 0.479 d
Limiting BM, Mu (lim) = C. (lever arm)

C = C1 + C2
(b)
...(i)
3
4
= 0.45 fck Xu b + 0.45fck X u b

7
3
7
= 0.19 fck bXu + 0.17 fck bXu = 0.36 fck b Xu
CX = C1X 1 + C2 X 2
3
0.19 fck b Xu X u + 0.17

14
3 4 3
fck b Xu + Xu
8 7 7
0.36 fck bX u
X =
= 0.42 Xu
Lever arm = d 0.42 Xu

So from eq. (i)
(c)
Mu lim =
=
C =
0.36 fck bXu =
0.36 fck b(0.479 d) =
As =
0.36 fck b Xu(d 0.42 Xu)

0.36 fck b 0.479 d (d 0.42 0.479 d) = 0.138 fck bd2
T
0.87 fy As
0.87 415 As
4.78 104 fck bd
T2 : Solution
Bf = 2342 mm
Cu
Xu
lever arm = d
380 mm
d = 500 30
= 470 mm
Xa
3
NA
Df = 120 mm
T
Bw = 230 mm
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Stress diagram
Civil Engineering RCC & Prestressed Concrete
Given data:
Spacing of beam = 3 m
Effective span,
l eff = 8.35 m, Bw = 230 mm
Thickness of slab
Df = 120 mm
Area of steel,
Ast = 2
(32 )2 = 1608.50 mm2

4
Effective width of flange
Beff =
l0
+ 6 Df + Bw
6
8.35 1000
+ 6 120 + 230
6
= 2341.6 2342 mm = Bf
Take an effective cover of 30 mm
Effective depth,
d = 500 30 = 470 mm
For M 25 Concrete
Modular ratio,
m =
280
280
= 10.98 11
=
3 8.5
3 cbc
Now for actual depth of neutral axis,

Moment of area of tension side should be equal to moment of area of compression side.
Assume neutral axis lies in theflange portion.
Bf X a
Xa
2
2342
X a2
= 11 1608.50 (470 Xa)
2
= m Ast (d X a )
1171 Xa2 = 17693.5 (470 Xa)

1171 Xa 17693.5 Xa 8315945 = 0
Xa = 77.05 < Df
Critical depth of neutral axis
2+
(hence ok)
mcbc
11 8.5
d =
470
Xc = + m
230 + (11 8.5)
y
cbc
= 135.84 mm
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Xa < Xc
Beam is underreinforced
Ca < cbc or C
cbc = C
Ca
ta
= st
m
m
and
Xc
Xa
Moment of resistance
Xa
M = st Ast d
3
77.05
= 230 1608.50 470
ta
m
= 164.38 106 Nmm = 164.38 kNm

Maximum bending moment =
st
m
W l2
8
W (8.35)
8
164.38 =
W = 18.86 kN/m
Hence safe load including self weight that beam can carry is 18.86 kN/m.
T3 : Solution
Area =
300
202 4 = 1256.63 mm2

4
b
300
xa2
xa2
650
(i) For BM of 90 kNm

1. Actual depth of NA
= mAst (d xa )
= 15 4
(20 )2 (600 xa )
4
4 - 20
50
150 xa2 = 11309670 18849.45xa

xa = 218.85 mm
2. From compression side
BM = MR
90 106 = b xa
Ca
2
xa
d 3
Ca
218.85
600
90 106 = 300 218.85
2
3
Ca = 5.2 N/mm2
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xa
BM = t a Ast d
3
From tension side
218.85
90 106 = t a 1256.64 600
ta = 135.9 N/mm2
2nd method for ta
t /m
Ca
= a
d xa
xa
ta =
mCa (d xa )
xa
= 135.84 N/mm2
For BM of 210 kNm linear interpolation can be done for stress in concrete and steel.
For 90 kNm moment, concrete stress = 5.2 N/mm2
For 210 kNm moment, concrete stress =
Similarly stress in steel =
5.2
210 = 12.13 N/mm2
90
135.9
210 = 317.1 N/mm2
90
T4 : Solution
0.446 fck
A
200
175
75
K
I
500
75
500
C
II
175
Duct
100
III
F
215.55
350
NA
100
125
125
Given, M 20 concrete
Fe 415 steel
fck = 20 N/mm2
f y = 415 N/mm2
b = 350 mm
D = 500 mm
Effective cover = 50 mm
Effective depth (d ) = 500 mm 50 mm = 450 mm
Distance of top edge of duct from top of beam = CK = 75 mm

Limiting depth of neutral axis (xu lim) = 0.48 d = 0.48 (450) = 215.55 mm
Depth of rectangular portion of compressive stress =
3
3
xu lim = (215.55 ) mm = 92.38 mm
7
7
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Divide the area above the balanced neutral axis into 3 parts with
portion ABFE Part I
portion BCKJ Part II
portion CDHG Part III
and
Part I and III are each of width 125 mm and are under the influence of complete compressive stress block
over a depth of xu lim (= 215.55 mm). Part II is of width 100 mm which is under the influence of compressive stress
block for a depth of h = 75 mm. This part II is within the rectangular stress block because h = 75 mm depth
3
< xu lim (= 92.38 mm)
7
Let,
C1 = Compressive force due to Part I
C1 = C3 = 0.36 fck b xu lim

= 0.36 (20)(125) 215.55 N = 193.995 kN
C2 = Compressive force due to Part II

C2 = 0.45 fck bh = 0.45 (20) (100) 75 N = 67.5 kN
C3 = Compressive force due to Part III
From statical equilibrium,
C1 + C2 + C3 = T
193.995 + 67.5 + 193.99 = T
At balanced stage,
T = 455.49 kN
f st = 0.87 fy
T = 0.87 fy Ast = 455.49 103 N
Ast =
455.49 10 3
= 1261.57 mm 2
0.87 ( 415)
Moment of resistance at balanced stage (MOR)

= (C1 + C3) (d 0.42 xu lim) + C2 (d 75/2)
= 2 193.995 103 (450 0.42 215.55) + 67.5 103 (450 37.5) Nmm
= 167.314 kNm
T5 : Solution
Case (a) 3-16 mm bars
400
D = 650 mm
d = 650 50 = 600 mm
162 = 603.2 mm2

4
Limiting depth of NA
xu lim = 0.48 d (for Fe 415)
= 0.48 600 = 288 mm
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650
Area of steel = 3
3-16
Actual depth of NA
C = T
0.36fck bxu = 0.87fy Ast
(Assuming under reinforced section so that fst = 0.87fy)
0.36 30 400 xu = 0.87 415 603.2
xu = 50.41 mm < xu lim (= 288 mm)
Thus assumption of under-reinforced section is correct.
i.e.,
xu < xu lim
MR = 0.36fckbxu(d 0.42xu)
= 0.36 30 400 50.41 (600 0.42 50.41)
= 126.05 kNm
Unfactored moment/working moment
126.05
= 84.03 kNm
1.5
From tension side
MR = 0.87fy Ast(d 0.42xu)

= 0.87 415 60.32 (600 0.42 50.41)
= 126.06 kNm
Unfactored MR =
126.05
= 84.04 kNm
1.5
400
650
Case (b) 6-25 mm bars
Ast = 6
Given :
252 = 2945.24 mm2

4
6-25
Limiting depth of NA = 0.48d
xu lim = 0.48(650 50) mm = 288 mm
Actual depth of NA
C = T
0.36fckbxu = 0.87fy Ast
(assuming under reinforced section)
0.36 30 400 xu = 0.87 415 2945.24

xu = 246.15 mm < xu lim (= 288 mm)
So section is under reinforced section
MR = 0.36fck bxu (d 0.42xu)

= 0.36 30 400 246.15(600 0.42 246.15)
= 528.09 kNm
Unfactored moment/working moment =
528.09
= 352.06 kNm
1.5
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Moment of resistance from tension side
MR = 0.87fy Ast(d 0.42xu) = 528.09 kNm

Unfactored moment =
528.09
= 352.06 kNm
1.5
400
Case (c) 8-25 mm bars
Area of steel = 8
252 = 3927 mm2

4
650
Given:
xu lim = 0.48d = 0.48 600 = 288 mm
Limiting depth of NA
Actual depth of NA
8-25
xu = 0.36fck bxu = 0.87 fy Ast

xu = 328 mm > xu lim (= 288 mm)
Thus section is over reinforced and fst 0.87fy . So limit xu to xu lim
Mu = 0.36fck bxu lim (d 0.42 xu lim)

= 0.36 30 400 288 (d 0.42 288)
= 596 kNm
Alternatively
Mu = 0.138fck bd2 = 596 kNm (for Fe 415)
Unfactored MR =
596
= 397 kNm
1.5
Area of steel for limiting section:
Ast lim =
Mu lim
0.87fy d 0.42xu lim
596 106
2
=
0.87 415 (600 0.42 288) = 3445.9 mm
Alternatively
f
pt lim = 41.61 ck
fy
Ast lim =
xu lim
30

= 41.61
(0.48 ) = 1.44%
d
415
1.44
400 600 = 3465.6 mm2
100
T6 : Solution
Width of beam (b)
Overall depth of the beam (D)
Span (L)
Assuming an effective cover of 50 mm,
Effective depth of the beam (d)
Loads and bending moment
Live load
Self weight of the beam
Given:
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= 380 mm
= 700 mm
= 6m
= 700 50 mm = 650 mm
= 20 kN/m
= 0.38 0.7 25 kN/m = 6.65 kN/m
10
Total load =
=
=
Factored load (wu) =
Factored bending moment (Mu) =
Dead load + Live load

Self weight of the beam + Live load
6.65 + 20 kN/m = 26.65 kN/m
1.5 26.65 kN/m = 39.975 kN/m
w uL2
39.975 62
kNm = 179.89 kNm
=
8
8
Limiting depth of neutral axis

xu lim = 0.46d
= 0.46 650 mm = 299 mm
(For Fe 500 steel)
Actual depth of neutral axis

Compression force = Tension force
0.36fckbxu = 0.87 fy Ast
and
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (d 0.42xu)

Mu lim = 0.36fck bxu lim (d 0.42 xu lim)
= 0.36 30 380 299 (650 0.42 299) = 643.5 kNm
Alternatively
Mu lim = 0.133 fck bd2
(for Fe 500)
= 640.6 kNm (which is very close to 643.5 kNm)
Calculation of xu for M u
Mu < Mu lim and thus we require an under reinforced section
Mu
179.89 106
43832.846
xu
Area of tension steel required
=
=
=
=
Ast =
0.87 fy Ast (d 0.42xu)

0.36 30 xu 380(650 0.42 xu)
650 xu 0.42 xu2
70.7 mm
Mu
179.89 10 6
=
0.87f y (d 0.42 xu )
0.87 500 (650 0.42 70.7)
= 666.7 mm2
Alternatively
R =
pt
100
Mu
bd 2
179.89 10 6
380 650 2
= 1.120461
Ast
30
1.120461
=
1 1 4.598
bd 2 ( 500 )
30
pt = 0.2679%
Ast =
0.2697
380 650 = 666.16 mm2 (same as above)
100
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11
T7 : Solution
Step: 1 Unknown Parameters : b, d (and thus D), Ast
Step: 2 Effective Span : As per Cl. 22.2 (a) of IS 456: 2000, effective span is taken as :
(i) Clear span + effective depth

whichever is less
(ii) Centre to centre distance between the two supports
230
230
7000
Clear span = 7000
230 230
= 6770 mm
2
2
Now Cl. 23.2.1 of IS : 456 2000 gives basic ratios of span to effective depth which is 20 for simply
supported beam for beam upto 10 m span.
Here,
Span = 7 m < 10 m
l
d
20
7000
l
=
= 350 mm
20
20
Adopt d = 350 mm
Effective span is
(i) Clear span + d = 6770 + 350 = 7120 mm

whichever is less
(ii) c/c distance between supports = 7000 mm
Hence,
L e f f = 7000 mm = Effective span of beam
Step: 3 Assume percentage of steel reinforcement for calculation of actual effective depth
For Fe 415,
xu lim
d
= 0.48
f x
25
pt lim = 41.61 ck u lim = 41.61
0.48 = 1.203 %
415
fy d
= Maximum percentage of tension steel reinforcement

Also, as per Cl. 26.5 . 1. 1
(a) of IS 456
1(a)
456:: 2000, minimum percentage of steel reinforcement is given by,
Ast lim
bd
Let
0.85
fy
pt = 0.9 % < pt lim (OK)
Step: 4 Effective Depth (d) : The basic value of span/ depth ratio is multiplied by modification factor (kt)
to account for tension reinforcement.
f s = 0.58 fy Area of steel required = 0.58 (415)

Area of steel provided
Assuming area of steel required = Area of steel provided = 240.7 N/mm2
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12
From Fig. 4 of IS 456: 2000,
k t ; 1 for fs = 240.7 N/mm2 and pt = 0.9 % (assumed)
l
Actual span/depth ratio =
kt kc
d basic
Where, kc = 1 for pc = 0 %
= 20 (1) = 20
d =
7000
span
=
= 350 mm
20
20
Which is same as assumed earlier

Let
Effective cover = 50 mm
Overall depth (D ) = 350 + 50 = 400 mm

Width of Beam (b): The ratio
b
should preferably lie between 0.5 and 0.7
D
b = 250 mm
Let
b
D
250
= 0.625
400
(between 0.5 and 0.7) (OK)
Step: 5 Design loads and design bending moment

Cl. 19.2.1 of IS 456: 2000 specifies unit weight of reinforced concrete as 25 kN/m3
Self weight of beam = 0.25 0.4 25 kN/m = 2.5 kN/m

Live load = 7 kN/m
Total load = 2.5 + 7 = 9.5 kN/m
Factored load (wu) = 1.5 9.5 kN/m = 14.25 kN/m
(Partial safety factor for dead and live loads is 1.5 for limit state of collapse)
Factored bending moment (Mu) =
w u l 2 eff.
72
= 14.25
= 87.28 kNm
8
8
Step: 6 Effective depth of beam required from design moment consideration

For Fe 415,
Mu lim = 0.138 fck bd 2
87.28 106 = (0.138) (25) (250)d 2
d = 318.11 mm < 350 mm as calculated above

(OK)
Step: 7 Area of steel required
Since d = 350 mm and effective depth required from design moment consideration is 318.11 mm which
is less than adopted effective depth (= 350 mm).
Design moment is on conservative side and need not to be revised.
pt
100
Where
R =
Ast
f
R
= ck 1 1 4.598
bd 2f y
fck
87.28 106
Mu
=
= 2.85 N/mm2
250 3502
bd 2
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13
Workbook
pt
100
25
2.85
Ast
=
1 1 4.598
2 ( 415 )
25
bd
= 9.343 103
pt = 0.9343 %
; pt assumed (=0.9 %)
Ast =
Using 20 mm bars, number of bars reqd. =
0.9343
250 350 = 817.51 mm2
100
817.51
= 2.6 ; 3 nos.
(20 )2
4
Provide 3-20 bars at bottom and 2-10 bars at top for holding the stirrups as hanger bars.
T8 : Solution
b = 230 mm
Effective cover = 40 mm (for both tension and compression)

M20 concrete and Fe 415 steel
2-16
Asc = 2
D = 500 mm
Effective depth (d) = 50 40 = 460 mm
16 2 = 402.12 mm 2
4
2-25
Ast = 2
25 2 = 981.75 mm 2
4
xu lim = 0.479 d = 0.479 (460) = 220.34 mm

Let
f st = fsc = 0.87 fy
Cuc = 0.362 fck b xu = 0.362 (20) 230 (xu) = 1665.2 xu
Cus = (0.87fy 0.447 fck) Asc
= (0.87 415 0.447 20) 402.12 = 141590.47 N
Tu = 0.87 fy Ast = 0.87 (415) 981.75 = 354460.84 N

Cuc + Cus = Tu
1665.2 xu + 141590.47 = 354460.84

xu = 127.83 mm < xu lim (= 220.34 mm)
Assumption of fst = 0.87 fy is correct.
40
Strain in compression steel (sc) = 0.0035 1

= 0.002404795
127.83
Yield strain (y) =
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0.87 415
2 10 5
+ 0.002 = 0.00380525 >s
14
Compression steel has not yielded.
fsc 0.87 fy
Thus,
xu 127.83 mm
d
40
= 0.0869
=
d
460
For
xu = xu lim, fsc = 353.524 N/mm2
Mu lim = 0.362 fck b xu lim (d 0.42 xu lim)+ (fsc 0.447 fck) Asc (d d)
= 0.362 (20) 230 (220.34) (460 0.42 220.34)
+ (353.524 0.447 20) 402.12 (460 40)
= 193 kNm
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Shear, Bond and Torsion
250 mm
T1 : Solution
f y = 250 N/mm2
fck = 15 N/mm2
Cover = 25 mm
450 mm
Given
Bending moment
fy Ast
M = 0.87fy Ast d f b
ck
12 mm ,
6 nos.
Area of steel
Ast = 6
Also, effective depth
2
(12 ) = 678.6 mm2
4
12
= 419mm
2
250 678.6
M = 0.87 250 678.6 419
15
250
= 55.16 kNm
d = 450 25
Then development length
Also development length
s
0.87 250
Ld = 4
=
= 54.375
bd
4 1
M1
+ L0 , L0 = 0
V
55.16
Ld <
200
55.16
1
<
200
54.375
< 5
Ld <
or
or
Since
Hence, beam is not safe in bond.
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16
T2 : Solution
l0
B
Df
B
D2
W
Given, Clear span of the beam

Support width
Thickness of slab,
Width of the beam
Depth of the beam below slab,
Total load,
Reinforcement of 32 mm bar
Effective span, leff = Minimum of
and
Maximum shear force,
=
=
=
=
=
=
10.0 m
450 mm
120 mm
250 mm
480 mm
25.0 kN/m
l0 + W = 10 + 0.45 = 10.45 m
l0 + d = 10 + 0.48 = 10.48 m
l eff = 10.45 m
Vmax =
wL 25 10.45
=
= 130.625 kN
2
2
w/m
wl
2
_
Shear Force Diagram
Assume effective cover = 25 mm

Now, effective depth
Nominal shear stress in the beam
Design shear stress for concrete
wl
2
= (D1 + D2 25) = (120 + 480 25) = 575 mm

v =
V
130.625 1000
=
= 0.90 N/mm2
b.d
250 575
= 0.90 N/mm2
T3 : Solution
Since the beam is reinforced with 4-20 mm diameter bars and thus area of tension steel provided (Ast) is
1256.63 mm2.
Assuming an effective cover of 50 mm, effective beam depth
= 600 mm 50 mm = 550 mm
Percentage tension steel (pt) =
1256.63 100
= 0.7616%
(300 550 )
Now shear reinforcement is designed for factored shear force.

Factored shear force (Vu) = 1.5 200 kN = 300 kN
So shear stress (v) =
(i)
300 1000
= 1.818 N/mm2
(300 550 )
M 20 concrete and Fe 250 steel

For pt = 0.7616% and M 20 concrete, shear strength of concrete (c) = 0.56 N/mm2 (Table 19 of IS 456:
2000)
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17
Maximum shear strength for M 20 concrete (c max) = 2.8 N/mm2 (Table 20 of IS 456: 2000)
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement (Vus) = Vu cbd
= 300 x 103 0.56 300 550
= 207140.64 N = 207.14 kN
Using 2 legged 10 mm diameter stirrups,
A sv = 2 10 2 = 2 78.54 = 157.08
4
(sv) =
Spacing of shear reinforcement,
0.87f y Asv d
Vus
0.87 250 157.08 550

mm
207140.64
= 90.71 mm = 85 mm (say)
< 300 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75 550 mm = 412.5 mm
(OK)
Check for minimum area of shear reinforcement:
Asv min
0.4 (300)(85)
0.4bsv
= 0.87 250
( )
0.87fv
= 46.89 mm2 < 157.08 mm2

(ii)
(OK)
M 30 concrete and Fe 500 steel

For pt = 0.76% and M 30 concrete, shear strength of concrete (c) = 0.59 N/mm2 (Table 19 of IS 456: 2000)
Maximum shear strength for M 30 concrete (c max) = 3.5 N/mm2 (Table 20 of IS 456: 2000)
Shear force to be resisted by shear reinforcement (Vus) = Vu cbd
= 300 103 0.59 300 550
= 202650 N = 202.65 kN
Using 2-legged 8 mm diameter stirrups,
8 2 = 2 50.27 mm2 = 100.54 mm2

4
0.87f y Asv d
0.87 ( 500)100.54 ( 550 )
=
202650
Vus
A sv = 2
Spacing of shear reinforcement (sv)
= 118.69 mm = 110 mm (say)

< 300 mm
< 0.75d = 0.75 550 mm = 412.5 mm
(OK)
Check for minimum area of shear reinforcement:
Asv min
0.4bsv 0.4 (300 )110

=
= 30.34 mm2<100.54 mm2 (OK)
0.87 ( 500 )
0.87f y
T4 : Solution
Width of the beam (b) = 350 mm
Overall depth of the beam (D) = 650 mm
Assuming an effective cover of 50 mm,
Given:
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18

Effective depth of the beam (d)
Live load
Self weight of the beam
Total load
Bent up bars:
Let us bend only 2 bars
=
=
=
=
Ist location =
=
650 50 mm = 600 mm
68 kN/m
0.35 0.65 25 kN/m = 5.68 kN/m
68 + 5.68 kN/m = 73.68 kN/m
2 a distance for the support

2 jd =
2 0.8 600 mm
= 679 mm < (span/4 = 7500/4 =1875 mm)
(OK)
IInd location = 2 2 a = 2 2 jd = 2 679 mm

= 1358 mm < (span/4 = 7500/4 =1875 mm)
(OK)
There is no possibility for IIIrd location because 3 2 a = 3 679 mm

= 2037 mm > (span/4 = 7500/4 =1875 mm) (Not possible)
Calculation of shear force
Total load = 73.68 kN/m
Factored shear force (Vu) =
Nominal shear stress at support
v =
wl
1.5 73.68 7.5
kN = 414.5 kN
=
2
2
Vu
414.5 103
=
N/mm2
bd
350 600
= 1.97 N/mm2 < c max. (= 3.1 N/mm2)

(for M 25 concrete as per table 20 of IS 456: 2000)
Design Shear strength of concrete
6
Percentage of reinforcement at support (pt) =
25 2 100
4
= 1.4%
350 600
From table 19 of IS 456: 2000, the design shear strength of M 25 concrete,

c = 0.724 N/mm2
SF resisted by concrete,
Vcu = cbd
= 0.724 350 600 N = 152.04 kN
Vus = Vu Vcu
= 414.5 152.04 kN = 262.46 kN
Shear strength of bent up bars
Shear strength of bent up bars (Vs bu) = 0.87fy Asv sin
= 0.87 ( 415) 2
25 2 sin45 = 250.64 kN
4
Vertical shear reinforcement shall be designed for a shear force of

Vus Vs bu = 262.46 250.64 kN = 11.82 kN
262.46
Vus
= 131.23 kN
=
2
2
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19
Using 2 legged 8 mm dia. stirrups,
2
0.87f y Asv d 0.87 415 2 4 8 600
mm
=
sv =
Vus
131.23 10 3
2
= 165.95 mm
Spacing as per minimum shear reinforcement requirement
sv
0.87f y Asv
0.4b
0.87 415 2
0.4 350
82
mm
259 mm
Maximum spacing of shear reinforcement
1. 0.75d = 0.75 600 mm = 450 mm
2. 300 mm
whichever is less = 300 mm
For portion 1 provide 2 legged 8 mm dia. bars @ 160 mm c/c
Shear reinforcement design for portion 2

Shear force at a section just beyond the bent up bar
Vu1 =
3071
414.5 = 339.45 kN
3750
8
Percentage of steel reinforcement (pt)
25 2
4
100 = 1.87%
350 600
Design shear strength of M 25 concrete as per table 19 of IS 456: 2000

= 0.8 N/mm2
Vcu = cbd = 0.8 350 600 N = 168 kN

Vsu = Vu Vcu = 339.45 168 = 171.45 kN
Spacing of 2 legged 8 mm dia. shear stirrups
2
0.87fy Asv d 2 4 8 0.87 415 600
sv =
mm
=
Vus
171.45 10 3
= 127.02 mm
For portion 2, provide 2-legged 8 mm dia. bars @ 120 mm c/c
Shear reinforcement design for portion 3
x
168
=
3750
414.5
x = 1520 mm
Copyright
20
3
1
x = 1520
mm
Vu
Vu1
3
x = 1520
mm
Vcu
679
mm
3071 mm
3750 mm
Length of portion 2
8mm@
160mm c/c
= 3750 679 1520 mm = 1551 mm

8mm@
250mm c/c
8mm@
120mm c/c
8mm@
120mm c/c
8mm@
160mm c/c
2-25
2 a = 679mm
1551 mm
3040 mm
1551 mm
2 a = 679mm
Shear reinforcement detailing

T5 : Solution
Factored shear force (Vu) = 1.5 x 105 kN = 157.5 kN
Let clear cover to reinforcement = 30 mm
Thus effective depth of the beam (d) = 500 30
20
mm = 460 mm
2

2
2
2
Area of tension steel (Ast) = 3 20 mm = 942.5 mm
4
Calculation of depth of neutral axis:

xu =
0.87f y Ast
0.362fck b
0.87x 415x 942.5

= 125.34 mm
0.362 x 25x 300
Limiting depth of neutral axis (xu lim) = 0.479d = 0.479 460 mm = 220.34 mm >xu (=125.34 mm)
Thus beam section is under-reinforced and fst = 0.87fy is correct in the above calculation of depth of
neutral axis.
Calculation of moment of resistance:
Moment of resistance of the beam section (Mr) = 0.87 fy Ast(d 0.416xu)
= 0.87 415 942.5(460 0.416 125.34) = 138.79 kNm
For M25 concrete and Fe415, design bond stress (bd) = 1.4 x 1.6 N/mm2 = 2.24 N/mm2
(Cl. 26.2.1.1 of IS 456: 2000)
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21
Workbook
Development length:
Ld =
0.87fy
4bd
0.87x 415
= 40.296
4x 2.24
Anchorage length:
For 90 degree bend, anchorage length (Lo) = 8 = 8 20 mm = 160 mm
40.296 1.3
138.79 10 6
+ 160
157.5 10 3
32.4 mm
So there is no need to increase the anchorage length.
If the diameter of bar provided was larger than 32.4 mm then in that case, the anchorage length had to
be increased either by extending the bar length beyond the anchorage value provided or by providing
the anchorage in the form of a U bend (anchorage value = 16).
T6 : Solution
230
uc = 0.36 N/mm2 [For M20] for
Ast
100 = 0.25
bd
uc = 0.48 N/mm2 [For M20] for
Ast
100 = 0.5
bd
450
4 12
Factored SF =45 kN = Vu
We have to calculate the dia of Fe 500 2-Legged stirrup to be used at a spacing of 325 mm c/c
v =
Vu 45 1000
=
= 0.4348 N/mm2
bd 230 450
(12 )
4
100 = 0.437%
%tensile steel =
230 450
4
c = 0.36 +
0.12
( 0.437 0.25) = 0.45 N/mm2
0.25
Since v c < 0
Min shear reinforcement is required
Min shear reinforcement is given by
0.4
Asv
bSv = 0.87 fy
Asv =
0.4 (Sv )(b)

0.87 fy
Since we limit fy to 415 N/mm2 hence,

2
0.4 325 230
( ) = 0.87 415 = 82.814 mm2
4
= 7.26 mm
adopt = 8 mm
Asv = 2
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Design of Slabs
T1 : Solution
Load calculations
Dead load, DL = 6 kN/m (for unit width)
Live load, LL = 4.5 kN/m
A
14.25 kN/m
E
RA
RB
3.5 m
1.5 m
1
dtotal = deff + clear cover+ dia. of bar
2
= 125 + 15 + 4 = 144 mm
Take
d = 150 mm
Unit weight of RCC = 25 kN/m3
Safe weight = 25 0.150 kN/m = 3.75 kN/m
Total load = DL + LL + Self weight
= 6 + 4.5 + 3.75 = 14.25 kN/m
Now, RB 3.5 = 14.25 5 2.5
or
RB =
14.25 5 2.5
= 50.89 kN
3.5
RA = 20.36 kN
Critical moment either at B or mid span of AB (say E)
At B,
MB = 14.25
1.52
= 16.03kNm
2
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Workbook
ME = 20.36 1.75 14.25
23
1.752
= 13.80 kNm
2
Again,
Mmax = 16.03 kNm = Rbd2

R = 0.898
Where,
d =
16.03 106
= 133.60 (safe)
0.898 1000
M = Astjd
or
or
106
16.03
= Ast 230 90 125
Ast = 619 mm2
Area, A =
2
(8) = 50.3 mm2
4
Spacing of 8 mm bar =
1000A
Ast
1000 50.3
= 81.26 mm
619
T2 : Solution
(i) Calculation of design constants
For M 20 concrete, m = 13.33, c = 7 N/mm2 = cbc
For Fe 415 steel, t = 230 N/mm2 = st
mc
13.33 7
= 0.2886
k = t + mc =
230 + 13.33 7
j = 1
k
02886
.
=1
= 0.9038
3
3
1
1
cjk =
7 0.9038 0.2886 = 0.9129
2
2
(ii) As per the vertical deflection criterion, the span to effective depth ratio for spans upto 10 m for a
simply supported slab is given by
Q =
l
= 20
d
4000
l
d =
=
= 200 mm
20
20
(iii) Effective span

(a) clear span + effective depth = 4.00 + 0.2 = 4.2 m
(b) centre to centre distance between supports = 4.0 + 0.23 = 4.23 m
Hence lesser of the above two will be adopted i.e. le = 4.2 m
(iv) Bending moment and shear force
Assuming a nominal cover of 20 mm, the total depth of the slab will become 200 + 20 = 220 mm.
(a) Load calculations:
Load due to self weight of slab = 0.22 1 1 25 = 5.5 kN/m2
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24

= 4.0 kN/m2
= 1.0 kN/m2
Superimposed live load

Load due to surface finishing
Total = 10.5 kN/m2

(b) Bending moment per meter run of slab
b g
M =
wle2
10.5 4.2
=
8
8
V =
wle
10.5 4.2
=
= 22.05 kN
2
2
= 23.15 kN-m
(c) Shear force
(v) Design of section

M
QB
d =
[B = 1000 mm]
2315
. 106
0.9129 1000
d = 159.24 mm < 200 mm. Hence OK
Now taking
d = 160 mm and nominal cover = 20 mm
we get
D = d + 20 = 160 + 20 = 180 mm.
(vi) Main reinforcement
Ast =
M
2315
. 106
=
= 696 mm2
st jd
230 0.9038 160
Minimum reinforcement should be 0.15% of total cross sectional area

015
.
180 1000 = 270 mm2
100
Ast is more than minimum reinforcement.
Spacing of bars, s =
1000 A
A st
Adopting 10 mm bars, we get A =
s =
102 = 78.54 mm2

4
1000 78.54
= 112.84 mm
696
Adopting s = 120 mm c/c, we get actual Ast =
1000 78.54
= 654.5 mm2
120
Spacing is less than 3d and 300 mm both.

Bend every third bar at the support, at a distance of
le
4.2
=
= 0.84 m
5
5
from the edge of support

Ast at support =
2
654.5 = 436.33 mm2 which is more than minimum reinforcement (0.15%).
3
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Workbook
25
(vii) Check for development length at the support

The code stipulates that at simple supports, the diameter of the reinforcement be such that
Ld 1.3
M1
+ L0
V
M1 = st . j . d Ast at support
= 230 0.9038 160 436.33
= 14.51 106 N-mm
V = 22.05 kN
Assuming a clear cover of 25 mm is provided at the side (end) and providing a U-hook
Given width of support = 230 mm = ls
L0 =
=
Ld =
Now
1.3
ls
x + 13
2
230
25 + 13 10 = 220 mm
2
10 230
st
=
= 299.48 mm (60% increase for HYSD bars)
4
1.6 1.2
4 bd
M1
13
. 14.51 106
+ L0 =
+ 220
V
22.05 103
= 1075.46 mm > Ld Hence ok.

The reinforcement should extend by a length equal to
299.48
Ld
=
= 100 mm beyond the face of
3
3
support.
(viii) Check for shear
p = % reinforcement at support =
For p = 0.15%, c = 0.28
For p = 0.25%,
c = 0.36
For p = 0.24%, c = 0.28 +
Now v =
436.33
100 = 0.24%
180 1000
FG 0.36 028
. I
(0.24 0.15) = 0.352 N/mm
. 015
. JK
H 025
V
22.05 103
=
= 0.138 N/mm2
Bd
1000 160
v < c Hence safe.

(ix) Distribution reinforcement
Ast =
Copyright
015
. BD
015
. 1000 180
=
= 270 mm2
100
100
26
Using 6 mm bars, each having A =
Spacing of bars =
1000 A
A sd
62 = 28.27 mm2
4
1000 28.27
= 104.7 105 mm
270
This is less than 5d and 450 mm both. Hence provide 6 mm bars @ 105 mm C/C. Near the edge of the
support, the distribution reinforcement may be provided both at top as well as the bottom. The details
of the reinforcement are shown below.
10 @ 360 C/C
6 @ 105 C/C
180 mm
a, b, c
820 mm
820 mm
10 @ 120 C/C
4000 mm (4 m)
820 mm
820 mm
T3 : Solution
y
(a) Edges are simply supported and corners are not held down
= 150 15
x
3.5 m
Let overall thickness of slab = 150 mm

Effective depth of slab assuming 15 mm as clear cover (d)
10
= 130 mm
2
4.5 m
Effective span along y(ly) = clear span + depth

= 4500 + 130 mm = 4630 mm
Effective span along x(lx) = clear span + depth
= 3500 + 130 = 3630 mm
ly
lx
4630
= 1.28 < 2 Two way slab
3630
Short span moment (Mx) = x w lx2

Short span moment (My) = y w lx2
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Workbook
ly
For
lx
27
= 1.28,
x = 0.0912 (for simply supported slab)
(Table 27 of IS 456: 2000

2000)
y = 0.0558
Loads
Self weight of slab = 0.15 25 kN/m2 = 3.75 kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
Assume miscellaneous loads like finishes etc = 1 kN/m2
Total load = 3.75 + 4 + 1 = 8.75 kN/m2
Factored load (w) = 1.5 8.75 = 13.125 kN/m2
Mx = x w lx2 = 0.0912 (13.125) 3.632 = 15.77 kNm/m

My = y w lx2 = 0.0558 (13.125) 3.632 = 9.65 kNm/m
Calculation of effective depth required
Ultimate moment of resistance for Fe415 is given by 0.138 fck bd 2
15.77 106 Nmm/m = 0.138 fck bd 2
15.77 106 = 0.138 (30) (1000) (d ) 2
d = 61.72 mm
Adopt overall depth (D ) = 100 mm
Effective depth (d) = 100 15
10
= 80 mm
2
Self weight of slab (= 0.1 25 = 2.5 kN/m2) need not to be received since already a higher design load
is taken.
Reinforcement in short direction
Rx =
pt x
100
Mx
bd
15.77 10 6
1000 80 2
= 2.464
Ast
f
4.598 R x
= ck 1 1
bd
2 fy
fck
30
2.464
3
1 1 4.598
= 7.63 10
2 ( 415)
30
= 0.763%
pt x
As t x =
Using 10 bars,
0.763
1000 80 = 610.432 mm 2 / m
100
1000 A
=
spacing =
As t x
10 2
4
= 128.66 mm c/c
610.432
1000
Provide 10 bars @ 120 c/c in short direction.

Reinforcement in long direction
Ry =
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My
bd 2
9.65 10 6
1000 80 2
= 1.5078
28
pt y
100
Asty
(1.5078) = 4.45 10 3
30
1 1 4.598
=
bd
2 ( 415)
30
pt y = 0.445%
As t y =
0.445
1000 80 = 356 mm2 / m
100
1000
Using 10 bars,
4
356
spacing =
10 2
= 220.62 mm c/c

Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS:456, minimum reinforcement should be 0.12%
=
0.12
1000 80 = 96 mm 2 / m
100
< As t x (= 610.432 mm 2 /m)

< As t y (= 356 mm 2 /m)
10 @120 c/c
(OK)
10 @ 200 c/c (nominal)

x
10 @ 200 c/c (nominal)
100
10 @ 200 c/c
10 @ 120 c/c
SECTION X-X
10 @ 200 c/c
PLAN
Reinforcement detailing
(b) Edges are simply supported with corners held down

Let overall thickness of slab (D) = 130 mm
Effective depth (d ) = 130 15
10
= 110 mm
2
Effective short span (lx) = 3.5 + 0.11 = 3.61 m

and,
effective long span (ly) = 4.5 + 0.11 = 4.61 m
Assuming that the slab is resting on 230 mm thick supports (one brick wall) centre to centre distance in
short direction,
= 3.5 +
0.23 0.23
+
= 3.73 m
2
2
Centre to centre distance in long direction = 4.5 +
0.23 0.23
+
= 4.73 m
2
2
Now,
Clear span + depth

Effective span =
c/c distance between the supports
(which ever is small)
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Workbook
Thus,
lx =
3.61 m
3.73 m (whichever is less) = 3.61 m
ly =
4.61 m
4.73 m (whichever is less) = 4.61 m
ly
lx
29
4.61
= 1.28 < 2 Two way slab
3.61
Loads
Self weight of slab = 0.13 25 = 3.25 kN/m2
Live load = 4 kN/m2
Assume miscellaneous loads = 1 kN/m2
Total load = 3.25 + 4 + 1 = 8.25 kN/m2
Factored load (w ) = 1.5 8.25 = 12.375 kN/m2
Since all the four edges of the slab are discontinuous
This refers to case 9 of Table 26 of IS 456: 2000
x+ = 0.0776
y+ = 0.056
Mx = x w lx2 = 0.776 (12.375) 3.612 = 12.51 kNm/m

My = y w lx2 = 0.056 (12.375) 3.612 = 9.03 kNm/m
Calculation of effective depth required
12.51 106 = 0.138 fck bd 2
12.51 106 = 0.138 (30) (1000) (d ) 2
d = 54.97 mm
Adopt overall depth as (D) = 100 mm
Effective depth (d ) = 100 15
20
= 80 mm
2
Reinforcement in short direction
Rx =
pt x
100
Mx
bd 2
1000 80 2
= 1.955
4.598 (1.955 )
Ast x
30
1 1
= 5.8 10 3
=
bd
2 ( 415 )
30
pt x = 0.58%
As t x = 471.68 mm2/m
1000
Using 10 mm diameter bars,
12.51 10 6
10 2
4
471.68
spacing =
= 166.51 mm
c/c

Reinforcement in long direction
Ry =
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My
bd 2
9.03 10 6
1000 80 2
= 1.411
30
pt y
100
Asty
(1.411) = 4.146 10 3
30
1 1 4.598
=
bd
2 ( 415)
30
pt y = 0.4146%
A s t y = 331.69 mm2/m
1000
Using 10 bars,
10 2
4
331.69
spacing =
= 236.79 mm c/ c
Provide 10 bars @ 200 c/c in long direction.

Check for minimum reinforcement
As per IS:456, minimum reinforcement = 0.12%
0.12
1000 20 = 24 mm 2 /m
100
< Ast x
< As t y
(OK)
Shear check for slab

Maximum shear force =
Nominal shear stress (v) =
Percentage of tension steel provided (pt ) =
1
1
w l x = (12.375) 3.5 = 21.66 kN / m
2
2
21.66 10 3
= 0.27N / mm 2
1000 80
Ast
100
bd
1000
4
150
Ast =
where,
10 2
= 523.6 mm2 /m
523.6
100 = 0.6545%
1000 80
Design shear strength of M30 concrete for pt = 0.6545% as per table 19 of IS:456 (c) = 0.556 N/mm2
For 130 mm thick slab, k = 1.3
k c = 1.3 (0.556) = 0.7228 N/mm2 > v ( = 0.27075 N/mm2)

Thus slab is safe in shear.
Corner reinforcement
Area of each layer of corner reinforcement = 75% of maximum mid span reinforcement
= 0.75 523.6 = 392.7 mm2
Using 10 bars @ 100 mm c/c, As =
10 2 1000
100
= 785.4 mm 2 > 392.7mm 2 along
both short and long directions in four layers.

Length of corner reinforcement =
1
( 4610 ) = 922 mm = 950 mm (say)
5
Provide corner reinforcement for 950 mm length.

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Workbook
10 @120 c/c
31
950
x
950
10 @ 200 c/c
BOTTOM PLAN
10 @ 200 c/c
TOP PLAN
10 @ 200 c/c
100
10 @ 200 c/c
10 @ 120 c/c
SECTION X-X
Copyright
Design of Columns
T1 : Solution
Tu = 0.87 fy Ast = 0.87 250
(a)
(20)2 4 = 273318.56 mm2

4
Pu = 0.362 fck xub + fsc Asc

Where, fsc = stress in the compression reinforcement to be read of from stress-strain curve
sc =
0.0035 ( xu d )
xu
Assume
xu
= 0.4 or, xu = 0.4 350 = 140
d
sc =
0.0035 (140 50)

= 0.00225
140
For strain greater than 0.2%

fsc = 0.87 fy = 0.87 250 = 217.5 N/m2
Pu = 0.362 20 140 300 + 217.5
(20)2 4
4
= 577398.56 N = Tu (adopt)
(b) Centroid =
400
= 200 mm
2
xu
xu = 140 mm
e = Centroid xu
= 200 140
= 60 mm
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Workbook
33
T2 : Solution
Y
fck = 20 N/mm2
400 mm
f y = 415 N/mm2
Step-1: Checking the column as short or long
l e x = l ey = 3100 mm
Dx = 550 mm, Dy = 400 mm

3100
l
= 5.636 < 12
Slenderness ratio along X-direction = x = e x =
Dx
550
Slenderness ratio along Y-direction = y =
ley
Dy
550 mm
3100
= 7.75 < 12
400
Thus, slenderness ratio in both the directions is less than 12 so the column is short.
Step-2: Calculation of minimum eccentricities
exmin =
eymin =
D
3100 550
le x
+ x =
+
= 24.53 mm
500 30
500
30
ley
500
Dy
30
3100 400
+
= 19.53 mm
500
30
0.05 Dx = 0.05 550 mm = 27.5 mm > exmin (= 24.53 mm)

0.05 Dy = 0.05 400 mm = 20 mm > eymin (= 19.53 mm)
Since, the minimum eccentricities are less than 0.05 times the lateral dimension in both the directions,
the following formula given by IS 456: 2000 can be used for the design of axially loaded short columns:
Step-3: Use of column design formula
Pu = 0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy 0.4 fck) Asc

Now axial service load (P ) = 1500 kN
Factored axial load (Pu ) = 1.5 1500 kN = 2250 kN
Pu = 0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy 0.4 fck) Asc
Now,
2250 103 = 0.4 20 (400 550) + (0.67 415 0.4 20) Asc
Asc = 1814.48 mm2

Step-4: Reinforcement Design
Provide 4-16 mm + 4-20 mm diameter bars with 20 mm diameter bars at the corners and 16 mm diameter
bars at the face.
Thus,
Ascprovided = 2060.9 mm2 > 1814.48 mm2
Percentage of reinforcement provided (pt) = 2060.9
100
= 0.937%
( 400 550)
> Minimum reinforcement required (= 0.8%)

< Maximum reinforcement permissible (= 6%)
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(OK)
34
Step-5: Lateral ties

main 20
=
= 5 mm
Diameter of the tie: t 4

4
6 mm
Adopt tie diameter as 8 mm
550
400
Least lateral dimension

of column = 400 mm
Spacing of the ties: st

16 16 = 256 mm
300 mm
4-20 bars
(at corners)
4-16 bars
Adopt spacing of ties as 200 mm c/c.
8 ties @ 200 c/c

T3 : Solution
Let
Clear cover to reinforcement = 40 mm

Core diameter (Dcore) = 360 2 40 = 280 mm
Area of core (Acore) =
Thus
2
D core = ( 280 ) = 61575.22 mm2
4
4
Cross-section area of helix (helical reinforcement)
Gross area of column
(Ah ) =
82 = 50.27 mm2
4
(Ag ) =
( 360 )2 = 101787.602 mm2

4
Total reinforcement area (Asc ) = 6
Percentage reinforcement (p) =
252 = 2945.24 mm2

4
Asc
2945.24
100 = 2.89 %
100 =
101787.602
Ag
For spirally reinforced columns,

Volume of helical reinforcement
Volume of core
0.36
fck Ag
1
fy Acore
Ah Dcore
Acore s
0.36
fck Ag
1
fy Acore
( 50.27 ) (280 )
(61575.22 ) 50
0.0113
0.0144 0.0113
Thus load carrying capacity of the column can be increased by 5%.
Which is true.
Pu = 1.05[0.4 fck Ag + (0.67 fy 0.4 fck) Asc]
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Workbook
35
= 1.05 [0.4(20)101787.602 + (0.67 415 0.4 20)2945.24]N

360
= 1690.15 kN
Safe working load,
(P) =
Pu
1.5
6 25
1690.15
=
kN
1. 5
8 tie @ 50 c/c
= 1126.77 kN ; 1126 kN
Reinforcement Detailing
T4 : Solution
As per IS 456: 2000 requirements, minimum area of compression steel in column is 0.8%.
Thus, let p = 0.8% and effective cover = 50 mm on all the sides
p
So,
fck
0.8
= 0.02667
30
50
d
= 0. 1
=
D
500
and,
Now since the column is square in section and is symmetrically reinforced and thus the uniaxial moment
capacity of the column will be same in both the directions i.e. along x and y directions.
Axial load (P ) = 900 kN
Factored axial load (Pu) = 1.5 900 kN = 1350 kN
1350 10 3
Pu
= 0.18
=
30 500 500
fck bD
From Chart 48 of SP: 16, for
and
d
= 0.1
D
Pu
= 0.18
fck bD
Mu
fck bD 2
or
= 0.04
Mu = Mu x = Muy
1
= 0.04 30 500 5002 Nmm

= 150 kNm
Load carrying capacity of the column under pure axial load (Pz )
Pz = 0.45 fck Ac + 0.75 fy Asc

= 0.45 fck (Ag Asc) + 0.75 fy Asc
= 0.45 x 30 (Ag 0.8% of Ag) + 0.75 500 (0.8% of Ag)
= 0.45 30 0.992 Ag + 0.75 500 0.008 Ag
= 0.45 30 0.992 5002 + 0.75 500 0.008 5002
= 4098 kN
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36

1350
Pu
= 0.32943
=
4098
Pz
So,
Also,
52
Mu x
= 0.346667
=
150
Mu x1
and,
Muy
45
= 0. 3
=
150
Muy1
P
Value of n for u = 0.32943 comes out to be 1.21572
(Cl. 39.6 of IS: 456)
Pz
Checking the strength of the section:
Mu x
M u x1
M uy
+
M uy 1
= (0.346667)1.21572 + (0.3)1.21572 = 0.507 < 1
(OK)
So, the reinforcement assumed initially is O.K.

p = 0.8% of gross column area.
i.e.
i.e.
Asc = 0.8% of Ag
= 0.008 x 500 500 mm2
= 2000 mm2
Provide 8 - 20 mm diameter bars so that Asc provided is
Asc provided = 8
(20 )2 = 8 314.16 mm2

4
= 2513.28 mm2 > 2000 mm2
(OK)
T5 : Solution
Dia. of the column (D) = 600 mm
Axial load (P) = 2400 kN
Effective length of the column (leff) = 9000 mm
Slenderness ratio,
Given:
=
It is a long column.
Load carrying capacity of the column
leff 9000
=
= 15 > 12
D
600
P = 1.05 Cr ( As cc + Asc sc )
9000
6002 Asc 6 + Asc 190

2400 103 = 1.05 1.25
48 600 4
Asc = 4030.63 mm2

Using 25 mm dia. bars, no. of bars required
=
40330.63
= 8.2 10 nos. (say)
252
4
Copyright
Workbook
37
Design of helical reinforcement

Dia. of core (Dc) = 600 40 40 = 600 80 mm = 520 mm
Area of core (Ac) =
Dc2 = 5202 = 212371.66 mm2

4
4
Volume of core per meter column length (Vc) = Ac 1000 = 212371660 mm3
Gross area of the column section
(Ag) =
6002 = 282743.3 mm2

4
Dia. of helix (Dh) = 520 10 mm = 510 mm
(using 10 mm dia. ties)
1000
2
( Dh ) ( h )
Volume of helix (Vh) =
4
p
1000

510 102 = 125837456.1 mm3
=
4
p
p
As per the requirement of helical reinforcement
0.36
p = 82.46 mm
p 75 mm
D
520
= 86.67 mm
p c =
6
6
max. pitch
p 3h = 3 10 mm = 30 mm
min. pitch
p 25 mm
If 8 mm dia. ties are used then,

pitch
p=
82.46 82
102
= 52.77 mm
Option 1: Provide 10 mm dia ties @ 75 mm c/c

Option 2: Provide 8 mm dia. ties @ 50 mm c/c
10-25
Dg = 600 mm
Pitch,
125837456.1
25 282743.3
1 =
212371660p
415 212371.66
Dc = 520 mm
0.36
V
fck Ag
1 h
fy Ac
Vc
10 @75 c/c
Tie or
8 @ 50 c/c
Reinforcement Detailing
Copyright
Design of Footings
T1 : Solution
Axial load (P ) = 1200 kN
Assuming 10% of column load as weight of footing and soil backfill.
Weight of footing and soil backfill = 10% of 1200 kN = 120 kN

Total axial load = 1200 + 120 = 1320 kN
1320
= 12.57 m 2
Area of footing required =

105
Column section is square of size 450 mm 450 mm
Provide square footing of side =

12.57 = 3.55m
i.e., provide square footing of size 3.7 m 3.7 m.
Calculation of bending moment
1.5 1200
= 131.48 kN / m 2
Soil pressure acting upwards =
3.7 3.7
A
d
Critical section
for two way
shear
450
3700
d/2
450
Critical section
for one way
shear
Critical section
for bending
moment
3700
Copyright
Workbook
39
Section (A) (A) is the face of column which is critical section for bending moment.
3.7 0.45 3.7 0.45 1
Mu = 131.48 3.7

= 642.3 kNm
2
2
2
Depth of footing required
Mu =
0.138 fck bd 2
. . . (for Fe415 steel)
642.3 106 = 0.138 (25) 3700 d 2
d = 224.315 mm
Adopt overall depth of footing as 500 mm so that effective depth of footing (d),
d = 500 75
20
= 415 mm
2
(Assuming 20 mm diameter bars and 75 mm clear cover)

Reinforcement required for footing
D = 500 mm
d = 415 mm
R =
pt
100
Mu
642.3 10 6
=
= 1.00795
bd 2 3700 ( 415)2
Ast
25
1.00795
=
1 1 4.598
= 2.935 103
25
bd
2 ( 415)
pt = 0.2935%
Ast =
0.2935
3700 415 = 4506.7 mm2
100

No. of bars required =
Spacing of bars =
Using 16 nos. of 20 mm dia. bars, spacing =
4506.7
= 14.3 ; 15bars
2
20 )
(
4
3700 2 75 15 20
= 232.14 mm
(15 1)
3700 2 75 16 20
= 215.3 mm
(16 1)
Provide 16 nos. 20 bars Ast provided = 16
20 2 = 5026.55 mm2 > 4506.7 mm2

4
(OK)
Check for one way shear

Critical section for one way shear is at a distance d from the face of column i.e. at section (B) (B)
3.7 0.45
0.415 kN = 588.64 kN
SF at critical section (B) (B) (Vu1) = 131.48 3.7
Nominal shear stress (v ) =

Copyright
588.64 10 3
= 0.3834 N/mm 2
3700 415
40
Shear strength of M25 concrete with p t =
5026.55
100 = 0.3274%
3700 415
As per table 19 of IS:415,

(c ) = 0.4 N/mm2 > u (= 0.3834 N/mm2)
This depth provided is safe in one way shear.
Check for two way shear
Critical section for two way shear is at a distance d /2 from the column face.
SF at critical section (Vu 2 ) = 131.48 (3.72 (0.45 + 0.415)2) = 1701.6 kN
Nominal shear stress (v) =
(OK)
1701.6 10 3
= 1.185N / mm 2
4 ( 450 + 415) 415
Design shear strength of M25 concrete in two way shear

c = ksv
where
ks =
1
+ c
2
where
c =
Shorter side of column

= 1 = 0.5 + 1 >/ 1 = 1
Longer side of column
c = k s v = ks 0.25
25 = 1.25 N/mm2 > v (= 1.185 N/mm2)
= (1) 0.25
Thus depth of footing is safe in two way shear.
Development length
Development length (Ld ) =
25
0.87 fy
4 bd
bd = 1.6 1.4 = 2.24 N/mm2
where,
Ld =
0.87 ( 415) 10
= 403 mm
4 (2.24 )
(Cl. 26.2.1.1 of IS:456)
Actual development length provided from the face of column

=
3700 450
75 ( clear cov er )
2
= 1550 mm > 403 mm

Load transfer at column-footing interface
Bearing pressure in column concrete at column footing interface.
= fbr =
1.5 1200
Permissible bearing stress = 0.45 f ck
450 2
A1
A2
(OK)
1000 = 8.89 N / mm2
where
A1
= 1 here
A2
Permissible bearing stress = 0.45 (25)

= 11.25 N/mm2
> 8.89 N/mm2
(OK)
Thus column load can be transferred by bearing alone. Even then a minimum 0.5% steel is provided at
column footing interface.
Copyright
Workbook
Minimum steel (As min) = 0.5% of column area =
41
0.5
450 2 = 1012.5 mm2
100

No. of bars required =
1012 .5
= 3.22 = 4 bars
2
(20 )
4
Provide 4-20 bars as dowel bars, at the interface of column and footing.
Development length in compression (Ld ) =
0.87 ( 415) 20
= 644.7mm
4 (2.24 ) 1.25
Available length = 500 75 (clear cover) 2 20 (bar diameter)

= 385 mm < 644.7 mm
Provide small diameter bars as dowel bars.
No. of dowel bars required =
Development length =
1012.5
= 1289 ; 14 bars
2
10
( )
4
0.87 ( 415 )10
4 ( 2.24 ) 1.25
= 322.37 mm <385 mm
(OK)
20 @ 200 c/c
X
450
450
3700
Column bars
450
500
Dowel bars 14 10
300(min.)
300(min.)
75 clear
cover
3700
3700
SECTION X-X
PLAN
T2 : Solution
Solution:
P = 350 kN
M = 500 kNm
V = 50 kN
Ground level
Moment due to lateral force = 50 1.8 = 90 kNm
Eccentricity (e) =
M 590
=
= 1.686 m
350
P
1800
Total moment at footing base (M ) = 500 + 90 = 590 kNm

400
Provide a square footing of size = 5 m 5 m 1.25 m deep
Copyright
42

When water table is at 1.8 m below ground level,
Weight of footing = 5 5 1.25 25
= 781.25 kN
Weight of soil above footing = (52 0.42) (1.8 1.25) 16.8 = 229.52 kN
Axial load = 350 kN
Total load = 350 + 229.52 + 781.25 = 1360.77 kN 1361 kN
When water table is at ground level,
Weight of footing = 5 5 1.25 (25 9.81) = 474.7 kN
Weight of soil above footing = (52 0.42) (1.8 1.25) (16.8 9.81) = 95.5 kN
Axial load = 350 kN
Total load = 350 + 95.5 + 474.7 = 920.2 kN 921 kN
Overturning moment about point (M0) = 590 kNm
Restoring moment about point (MR) = 0.9 921
Factor of safety against overturning =
5
= 2072.25 kNm
2
2072.25
= 3.57 > 1.4
590
(OK)
Bearing pressure check

Water table at 1.8 m below GL
P M
1361
590 5
y =

2
A I
5
53 2
5
12
= 54.44 28.32 = 82.76 kN/m2, 26.12 kN.m2
Thus there is no uplift any where in the footing base.
Water table at GL
921
590 5
P M
y = 2

A I
5
53 2
5
12
= 36.84 28.32 = 65.16 kN/m2, 8.52 kN/m2
Thus footing size 5 m 5 m 1.25 m is adequate.
Copyright
Prestressed Concrete
200
Given data,
Width of beam, b = 200 mm
Depth of beam, d = 300 mm
Area,
Initial stress in steel
Area of steel placed concentrically
Initial prestressing force,
Modular ratio = 6.0
Direct stress in concrete,
300
T1 : Solution
500 mm
A = b d = 200 300 = 60000 mm2

Dimensions in mm
= 1000 MPa = 1000 N/mm2

= 500 mm2
P = 500 1000 = 500,000N
fc =
500,000
2
60,000 = 8.33 N/mm
Loss of stress due to elastic deformation of concrete

= mfc = 6 8.33 = 49.98 N/mm2
T2 : Solution
b = 200 mm
d = 400 mm, L = 12 m
e = 70 at mid span
= 0 at ends
70 mm
400 mm
Given,
Effective prestress
P = 800 kN
c = 25 kN/m3
W = ?
6000 mm
6000 mm
Area of cross-section
A = bd = 200 400 = 80 103 mm2
Copyright
44
and
I =
1
1
3
bd3 =
200 ( 400) = 1.067 109 mm4
12
12
At mid span
and
e = 70 mm
y t = 270 mm
yb = 130 mm
Zt =
1.067 109
= 3.951 106 mm3
270
Zb =
1.067 109
= 8.205 106 mm3
130
P Pe Md Mi
bot = A + Z Z Z
b
b
b
Hence at service load
...(i)
w = A 1 c
= 0.2 0.4 25 kN/m3 = 2 kN/m
Now self weight of beam
So dead load moment
Md =
wl 2
= 36 kNm
8
Live load moment
Ml =
Wl
= 3W
4
Putting values in eq. (i), we get
36 106
800 103 800 103 70
3W
+
80 103
8.25 106
8.206 106
= 10 + 6.825 4.388 3W = 12.437 3W
bot =
For no tension in beam

bot = 0
W =
12.437
= 4.14 kN
3
T3 : Solution
ES 200000
e = E = 20000 = 10
C
Strain in steel =
l
20
=
10 1000
l
200000 20
= 400 N/mm2
10000
P = Stress Area = 400 500 = 200 kN
Stress in steel =
Tensile force in steel,
Stress in concrete at the level of steel
fc =
P
200 1000
= 2.5 N/mm2
=
A
200 400
Loss due to elastic deformation

= fc
= 2.5 10 = 25 N/mm2
Copyright
Workbook
45
T4 : Solution
Applied prestressing force (P) = 5
6 2 1350 N = 190.85 kN
4
For nominal concrete section,

Cross-sectional area, (A) = 200 350 = 70000 mm2
Moment of inertia (I) = 200
350 3
= 714.583 10 6 mm 4
12
Axial compressive stress at the soffit of the section

=
P 190.85 10 3
=
= 2.73 N/mm 2
A
70000
190.85 10 3 75
P Pe
175
y = 2.73 +
Final stress at the soffit of section = +
6
I
714.583 10
= 6.24 N/mm2
For equivalent concrete section,
Let modulur ratio (m) = 6
Equivalent concrete area (Ae) = 70000 + (6 1) 5
6 2 = 70706.86 mm2
4
350
75 mm
Centroid of section from soffit = 100 mm =
2
Location of Neutral Axis
5 nos.-6
P/A
A =
x from bottom =
Copyright
Pe/Z
P/A
e = 75
350
200
Pe/Z
62 5 = 141.37 mm2
4
70000 175 + 141.37 100
= 174.25 mm
70000 + 141.37
190.85 10 3 190.85 10 3 75
+
174.25
70706.86
718.52 10 6
= 2.7 + 3.47 = 6.17 N/mm2
Stress at soffit of section =
46

Percentage difference in stresses at soffit
=
6.24 6.17
100 = 1.12%
6.24
T5 : Solution
Prestressing force (P) = 180 kN
Eccentricity (e) = 30 mm
Gross area of cross-section (A) = 120 300 = 36000 mm2
Sectional modulus (Z) = 120
Direct stress =
Flexural stress due to eccentricity =
P 180 1000
=
= 5 N/mm 2
A
36000
Pe 180 1000 30
=
= 3 N/mm 2
Z
1.8 10 6
Mid span moment (M) = 5
Flexural stress due to moment =
300 2
= 1.8 10 6 mm 3
6
62
= 22.5 kNm
8
M 22.5 10 6
=
= 12.5 N/mm 2
Z
1.8 10 6
Stresses at mid-span section

At top, stress = 5 3 + 12.5 = 14.5 N/mm2 (compression)
At bottom, stress = 5 + 3 12.5 = 4.5 N/mm2 (tension)
Shift of pressure line is given by,
180 10 3 180 10 3 e
+
36000
1.8 10 6
= 14.5
5 + 0.1e = 14.5
e = 95 mm
Pressure line gets shifted from original pressure line by 95 + 30 = 125 mm
Alternatively:
This shift of pressure line can be computed as,
Shift =
M 22.5 10 6
=
= 125 mm (which is same as above)
P
180 10 3
At quarter span
wL L wL L
wL2 wL2 3wL2
=
Moment at quarter span (M1) =
=
2 4 4 8
8
32
32
=
3 5 62
= 16.875 kNm
32
Copyright
Workbook
Flexural stress due to moment (M1) =
47
M 1 16.875 10 6
=
= 9.375 N/mm2
Z
1.8 10 6
At top, stress = 5 3 + 9.375 = 11.375 N/mm2 (compression)
At bottom, stress = 5 + 3 9.375 = 1.375 N/mm2 (tension)

Shift of pressure line is,
180 10 3 180 10 3 e
+
= 11.375
36000
1.8 10 6
e = 63.75 mm
Thus pressure line gets shifted from original location by
63.75 + 30 = 93.75 mm
Alternatively:
This shift of pressure line can be computed as,
Shift =
M1 16.875 10 6
=
= 93.75 mm
P
180 10 3
(same as calculated above)

Pressure Line
125 mm
93.75 mm
P = 180 kN
P = 180 kN
6m
T6 : Solution
RA
300
3 kN/m
8m
2m
RB
Prestressing force (P)

Self weight of beam
Live load on beam
Total load
RA + RB
and taking moment about A is zero
RB(8) 9 10 5
RB
RA
Copyright
800
=
=
=
=
=
450 kN
0.3 0.8 25 = 6 kN/m
3 kN/m
6 + 3 = 9 kN/m
9 10 = 90 kN
= 0
= 56.25 kN
= 90 RB = 33.75 kN
48
x
2
= 33.75x 4.5x2
Moment at section x-x, distant x from A = R A x 9 x.

dM x
dx
33.75 9x
x
Mmax
For maximum moment,
= 0
= 0
= 3.75 m
= 33.75(3.75) 4.5(3.75)2 = 63.28 kNm
M max
= = 140.62 mm
P
Mx = 0
33.75x 4.5x2 = 0
x = 0, 7.5m (from support A)
e =
When
Eccentricity of cable at support B =
MB
18 10 6
=
= 40 mm
450 1000
P
At support A, moment is zero and thus eccentricity is zero at A.

18 kNm
A
Mmax = 63.28 kNm
300
40 mm
800
140.6 mm
Cable profile
T7 : Solution
Gross cross-sectional area of beam (A) = 150 450 = 67500 mm2
Moment of inertia of beam (I) = 150
450 3
= 11.3906 10 8 mm 4
12
P = 1300 175 = 227.5 kN

Stress in concrete at the level of steel,
at support =
227.5 1000
= 3.37 N/mm 2
67500
227.5 1000 227.5 1000 50 50

+
67500
11.3906 10 8
= 3.37 + 0.5 = 3.87 N/mm2
at mid-span =
Average stress at the level of steel = 3.37 +
2
(3.87 3.37 ) 3.703 N/mm2
3
Loss of stress due to creep = 3 105 3.703 210 1000 = 23.33 N/mm2
Copyright
Workbook
49
T8 : Solution
y =
For parabolic cable profile,
Slope =
Slope at support for cable 1

dy
dx
Slope at support for cable 2
x (L x )
L2
dy 4h
=
(L 2 x )
d x L2
4hL
2
4h 4 80
=
= 0.04 radians
L
8000
= 2 0.04 = 0.08 radians

dy
dx
x=0
4h
x=0
a
Initial prestressing force (Px)
Px
Loss of prestress
For cable 1, prestress loss
=
=
=
=
=
=
For cable 2, prestress loss =
=
For cable 3, prestress loss =
=
4h 4 40
=
= 0.02 rad
L
8000
2 0.02 = 0.04 radian

1100 150 = 165 kN
Poe( + kx) = Po (1 kx)
Po Px = Po( + kx)
Po(0.35 0.08 + 0.0015 8)
0.04 Po = 0.04 1100 = 44 N/mm2
Po(0.35 0.04 + 0.0015 8)
0.026Po = 0.026 1100 = 28.6 N/mm2
Po(0.35 0 + 0.0015 8)
0.012Po = 0.012 1100 = 13.2 N/mm2
T9 : Solution
Step-1: Assume size of beam
Width = 500 mm
Depth = 800 mm
wd = 0.5 0.8 1 25 = 10 kN/m
Self weight
Live load moment
Md =
10 202
= 500 kNm
8
Ml =
30 202
wl l2
= 1500 kNm
=
8
8
Step-2: Section modulus required
Z =
(1 k ) Md + Ml
fc
P
15
k = 1 L = 1
= 0.85
100 100
Copyright
50
Z =
Depth required,
Consider
D =
(1 0.85 ) 500 106 + 1500 106

16
= 98.44 106 mm3
6Z
6 98.44 106
=
= 1086.86 mm
B
500
D = 1100 mm
B = 500 mm
wd = 0.5 1.1 1 25 = 13.75 kN/m
Md =
13.75 202
= 687.5 kNm
8
Section modulus (Z) required.
Z =
D =
(1 0.85 ) 687.5 106 + 1500 106

16
= 100.2 106 mm3
6Z
= 1096 mm
B
So,
D = 1100 mm, B = 500 mm
Step-3: Cross-sectional area,
A = B D = 500 1100 = 55 104 mm2
Prestressing force
P =
Step-4: Area of steel,
As =
Step-5: Eccentricity,
e =
A fc 55 104 16
=
= 5176.5 kN
2k
2 0.85
P 5176.5 103
=
= 3451 mm2
fs
1500
(1 + k ) Md + Ml
2kP
(1 + 0.85 ) 687.5 106 + 1500 106

2 0.85 5176.5 103
= 315 mm
Copyright

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Try Yourself Questions

Limiting BM, Mu (lim) = C. (lever arm)

= 0.45 fck Xu b + 0.45fck X u b

= 0.19 fck bXu + 0.17 fck bXu = 0.36 fck b Xu

0.19 fck b Xu X u + 0.17

Lever arm = d 0.42 Xu

0.36 fck b Xu(d 0.42 Xu)

Civil Engineering RCC & Prestressed Concrete

(32 )2 = 1608.50 mm2

Effective width of flange

Now for actual depth of neutral axis,

1171 Xa2 = 17693.5 (470 Xa)

= 230 1608.50 470

= 164.38 106 Nmm = 164.38 kNm

202 4 = 1256.63 mm2

(i) For BM of 90 kNm

150 xa2 = 11309670 18849.45xa

Civil Engineering RCC & Prestressed Concrete

From tension side

Similarly stress in steel =

Effective depth (d ) = 500 mm 50 mm = 450 mm

Distance of top edge of duct from top of beam = CK = 75 mm

C1 = C3 = 0.36 fck b xu lim

C2 = Compressive force due to Part II

193.995 + 67.5 + 193.99 = T

Moment of resistance at balanced stage (MOR)

162 = 603.2 mm2

Civil Engineering RCC & Prestressed Concrete

From tension side

MR = 0.87fy Ast(d 0.42xu)

Case (b) 6-25 mm bars

252 = 2945.24 mm2

Limiting depth of NA = 0.48d

xu lim = 0.48(650 50) mm = 288 mm

(assuming under reinforced section)

0.36 30 400 xu = 0.87 415 2945.24

MR = 0.36fck bxu (d 0.42xu)

Moment of resistance from tension side

MR = 0.87fy Ast(d 0.42xu) = 528.09 kNm

Case (c) 8-25 mm bars

252 = 3927 mm2

xu lim = 0.48d = 0.48 600 = 288 mm

xu = 0.36fck bxu = 0.87 fy Ast

Mu = 0.36fck bxu lim (d 0.42 xu lim)

Area of steel for limiting section:

0.87fy d 0.42xu lim

Civil Engineering RCC & Prestressed Concrete

Dead load + Live load

Limiting depth of neutral axis

(For Fe 500 steel)

Actual depth of neutral axis

Mu = 0.87 fy Ast (d 0.42xu)

Mu lim = 0.133 fck bd2

= 640.6 kNm (which is very close to 643.5 kNm)

Mu < Mu lim and thus we require an under reinforced section

0.87 fy Ast (d 0.42xu)

(i) Clear span + effective depth

Clear span = 7000

(i) Clear span + d = 6770 + 350 = 7120 mm

= Maximum percentage of tension steel reinforcement

pt = 0.9 % < pt lim (OK)

f s = 0.58 fy Area of steel required = 0.58 (415)