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TYPES OF TIRATION

What is titration?
A titration is a method of analysis that will allow you to determine the precise endpoint of
a reaction and therefore the precise quantity of reactant in the titration flask
Or
A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the
concentration of an unknown solution. Since volume measurements play a key role in
titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis.

Analyte: The substance whose quantity or concentration is to be determined.

Standard Solution/Titrant: A carefully controlled volume of solution of accuratelyknown concentration.

Process of Titration: In a titration, an analyte is reacted with a standard solution. The

standard solution (also known as the titrant) is usually added to the solution containing the
analyte by means of a buret, a piece of volumetric glassware capable of accurately
measuring solution volumes.

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Types of Titration:
Titrations can be classified as:
1. Acid-base titrations or acidimetry and alkalimetry
2. Oxidation-reduction titrations or redox titrations
3. Precipitation titrations
4. Complexometric titrations
5. Zeta potential titration
6. Assay

Acidbase titration:
Acid-base titrations depend on the neutralization between an acid and a base when mixed
in solution. In addition to the sample, an appropriate pH indicator is added to the titration
chamber, reflecting the pH range of the equivalence point. The acid-base indicator indicates
the endpoint of the titration by changing color. The endpoint and the equivalence point are
not exactly the same because the equivalence point is determined by the stoichiometry of
the reaction while the endpoint is just the color change from the indicator. Thus, a careful
selection of the indicator will reduce the indicator error. For example, if the equivalence
point is at a pH of 8.4, then the Phenolphthalein indicator would be used instead of Alizarin
Yellow because phenolphthalein would reduce the indicator error. Common indicators,
their colors, and the pH range in which they change color are given in the table above.
When more precise results are required, or when the reagents are a weak acid and a weak
base, a pH meter or a conductance meter are used.
For very strong bases, such as organolithium reagent, metal amides, and hydrides, water is
generally not a suitable solvent and indicators whose pKa are in the range of aqueous pH
changes are of little use. Instead, the titrant and indicator used are much weaker acids, and
anhydrous solvents such as THF are used.

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Redox Titration:
Redox titrations are based on a reduction-oxidation reaction between an oxidizing agent
and a reducing agent. A potentiometer or a redox indicator is usually used to determine the
endpoint of the titration, as when one of the constituents is the oxidizing agent potassium
dichromate. The color change of the solution from orange to green is not definite, therefore
an indicator such as sodium diphenylamine is used. Analysis of wines for sulfur dioxide
requires iodine as an oxidizing agent. In this case, starch is used as an indicator; a blue
starch-iodine complex is formed in the presence of excess iodine, signalling the endpoint.
Some redox titrations do not require an indicator, due to the intense color of the
constituents. For instance, in permanganometry a slight persisting pink color signals the
endpoint of the titration because of the color of the excess oxidizing agent potassium
permanganate. In iodometry, at sufficiently large concentrations, the disappearance of the
deep red-brown triiodide ion can itself be used as an endpoint, though at lower
concentrations sensitivity is improved by adding starch indicator, which forms an intensely
blue complex with triiodide.

Precipitation Titration:
The titration which are based on the formation of insoluble precipitates, when the solutions
of two reacting substances are brought in contact with each other, are called Precipitation
titration.
For example, when a solution of silver nitrate is added to a solution of sodium chloride or
a solution of ammonium thiocyanate, a white precipitate of silver chloride or silver
thiocyanateis formed.
AgNO3+ NaCl AgCl+ NaNO3
AgNO3+ NH4CNS AgCNS + NH4NO3
Such titrations involving silver nitrate are called argentometric titrations.

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Complexometric Titrations:
Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the
titrant. In general, they require specialized complexometric indicators that form weak
complexes with the analyte. The commonest example is the use of starch indicator to
increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine
and iodide being more visible than iodine alone. Other complexometric indicators are
Eriochrome Black T for the titration of calcium and magnesium ions, and the chelating
agent EDTA used to titrate metal ions in solution.

Zeta Potential Titrations:

Zeta potential titrations are titrations in which the completion is monitored by the zeta
potential, rather than by an indicator, in order to characterize heterogeneous systems, such
as colloids. One of the uses is to determine the iso-electric point when surface charge
becomes zero, achieved by changing the pH or adding surfactant. Another use is to
determine the optimum dose for flocculation or stabilization.

Assay Titration:
An assay is a form of biological titration used to determine the concentration of a virus or
bacterium. Serial dilutions are performed on a sample in a fixed ratio (such as 1:1, 1:2, 1:4,
1:8, etc.) until the last dilution does not give a positive test for the presence of the virus.
The positive or negative value may be determined by visually inspecting the infected cells
under a microscope or by an immunoenzymetric method such as enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This value is known as the titer.

References:
1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titration
2. https://shailendrakrchemistry.files.wordpress.com/2009/11/types-of-titration.pdf
3. https://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/techniques/titration.html

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