TOPIC: Role of pivoting in solving

system of linear equations. Mixed

boundary conditions in solving
differential equations.

INDEX

1. PIVOTING

 Pivoting Method

 Gaussian elimination method (with pivoting):

2. Mixed Boundary conditions in solving Differential

equation
Solving a differential equation
 Boundary conditions
 1. PIVOTING

• A column consisting of all 0’s and one 1 is called a unit column.

• The process in which a column transforms into a unit column is called pivoting.

How to pivot: Using ROW OPERATIONS,

1. Convert the circled/boxed pivot element into a 1.

2. Convert the other elements in the column into 0’s.

EX: Pivot the given system about the boxed element:

Gaussian Elimination can proceed systematically by what is known as pivoting.

Pivoting Method

1. Transform given entry into a one

2. Transform other entries in the same column into zeros

Example: Pivot matrix around the circled element.

Gaussian elimination method (with pivoting):

1. Write down the matrix that corresponds to the linear system.

2. Interchange rows such that the first entry in the first column is nonzero (only if necessary).
3. Pivot matrix around first entry in first column.
4. Interchange rows such that the second entry in the second column is nonzero (only if
necessary).
5. Pivot matrix around second entry in second column.
6. Continue until all entries along the main diagonal have been considered.

Transforming a matrix might not result in a unique solution for each variable

Example: Use the Gaussian elimination method to find all solutions of the system of
linear equations.

x + y + z = −1
2x + 3y + 2z = 3
2x + y + 2z = −7
When a linear system does not have a unique solution:

1. Apply Gaussian elimination method to as many columns as possible, proceeding left to right.
Do not alter any columns that have been put into the proper form.
2. Variables corresponding to columns not in proper form can have any value.
3. The other variables can be expressed in terms of the variables from step 2.
2. Mixed Boundary conditions in solving Differential
equation
A general system of the time-dependent partial differential equations containing several arbitrary
initial and boundary conditions is considered. A hybrid method based on artificial neural
networks, minimization techniques and collocation methods is proposed to determine a related
approximate solution in a closed analytical form. The optimal values for the corresponding
adjustable parameters are calculated.

Solving a differential equation

Solving a differential equation means finding an equation with no derivatives that satisfies the
given differential equation. Solving a differential equation always involves one or more
integration steps.

It is important to be able to identify the type of differential equation we are dealing with before
we attempt to solve it.

A partial differential equation has certain conditions in the form of initial or boundary conditions
known as initial value problems or boundary value problems. The initial conditions, also known
as Cauchy conditions, are the values of the known function u and of appropriate number of its
derivatives at the initial point, while the boundary conditions are the values on the boundary of
the domain under consideration.

The three kinds of boundary conditions are as follows:

 Boundary condition of first kind is the values of prescribed at each point of the
boundary. Here the value of the potential is specified.
 Boundary condition of second kind is the values of the normal derivative of prescribed
at each point of the boundary. Here the value of the normal derivative is specified.

 Boundary conditions of the third kind or mixed boundary conditions are the values
of a linear combination and its normal derivative prescribed at each point of the
boundary. It is combination of First and Second kind of boundary conditions.

Considering the two point boundary value problem

u'' = f(x, u ,u'), x є (a, b)

Where a prime denotes differentiation with respect to x, with one of the following three
boundary conditions:

 Boundary condition of first kind:

u (a) = Y1, u (b) = Y2

 Boundary condition of the second kind:

u' (a) = Y1, u'(b) = Y2

 Boundary condition of the third kind (or mixed kind):

a0u (a) – a1u'(a) = ϒ1

b0u (b) – b1u'(b) = ϒ1

Where a0, b0, a1, b1, ϒ1 and ϒ2 are constants such that

a0a1 ≥ 0, |a0| + |a1| ≠ 0

b0b1 ≥ 0, |b0| + |b1| ≠ 0 and |a0| + |b0| ≠ 0

In mathematics, a mixed boundary condition for a partial differential equation indicates that
different boundary conditions are used on different parts of the boundary of the domain of the
equation.

REFERENCES

 Wikipedia.com

 Googlebooks

 Worldscibooks.com

 Engineering mathematics by B.S Grewal

 Numerical Methods by M.K Jain