WORKING:

This project can be broadly divided into two parts: generation and
utilization.
The energy that is generated can be from the following sources: wind,
solar or a combination of wind and solar. Here in this project we have
implemented using wing energy.
The generation part starts with the installation of wind turbines along the sides of the
railway track.
These wind turbines are to be placed in such a way that maximum output energy can be
obtained.

About wind turbines:

Turbine working:
A turbine is a machine that spins around and catches some of the energy passing by. In
general all sorts of machines use turbines. The huge rotor blades (propellers) on the front of a
wind turbine are the "turbine" part. As wind passes by, the kinetic energy (energy of movement)
it contains makes the blades spin around (usually quite slowly). The blades have a special curved
shape so they capture as much energy from the wind as possible.
Although we talk about "wind turbines," the turbine is only one of the three main parts inside
these giant machines they are:

The gearbox; second part whose gears convert the slow speed of the spinning blades
into higher-speed rotary motionturning the drive shaft quickly enough to power the
electricity generator.

The generator is the third main part of a turbine and it's exactly like an enormous,
scaled-up version of the dynamo. In a wind turbine, only the "dynamo" generator is
driven by the turbine's rotor blades.

Wind turbines can rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both
older and more common.]
Horizontal axis
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Small turbines are pointed by
a simple wind vane, while large turbines generally use a wind sensor coupled with a servo motor.
Most have a gearbox, which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is
more suitable to drive an electrical generator.

Vertical axis:
Vertical-axis wind turbines (or VAWTs) have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically. One
advantage of this arrangement is that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the wind to be
effective, which is an advantage on a site where the wind direction is highly variable. It is also an
advantage when the turbine is integrated into a building because it is inherently less steerable.
Also, the generator and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the
rotor assembly to the ground-based gearbox, improving accessibility for maintenance.
The key disadvantages include the relatively low rotational speed with the consequential
higher torque and hence higher cost of the drive train, the inherently lower power coefficient, the

360 degree rotation of the aerofoil within the wind flow during each cycle and hence the highly
dynamic loading on the blade, the pulsating torque generated by some rotor designs on the drive
train, and the difficulty of modeling the wind flow accurately and hence the challenges of
analysing and designing the rotor prior to fabricating a prototype.
When a turbine is mounted on a rooftop the building generally redirects wind over the
roof and this can double the wind speed at the turbine. If the height of a rooftop mounted turbine
tower is approximately 50% of the building height it is near the optimum for maximum wind
energy and minimum wind turbulence.

Efficiency:
Not all the energy of blowing wind can be used, but some small wind turbines are designed to
work at low wind speeds.
Conservation of mass requires that the amount of air entering and exiting a turbine must be
equal. Accordingly, Betz's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind
turbine as 59% of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine. Further
inefficiencies, such as rotor blade friction and drag, gearbox losses, generator and converter
losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine. Commercial utility-connected turbines

deliver 75% to 80% of the Betz limit of power extractable from the wind, at rated operating
speed.

Maximum output:
The bigger the rotor blades, the more energy they can capture from the wind. The giant blades
multiply the wind's force like a wheel and axle, so even a gentle breeze is enough to make the
outer edges of the blades turn around. Although the blades rotate quite slowly, the inner axle and
turbine rotate with greater force enough to turn the generator and make electricity. (Wind
turbines usually have anemometers automatic speed measuring devices built into them
and brakes that lock the blades if the wind speed is too high.).

There are very less windy areas in general so generating power through wind energy is
less. To provide an alternative, the wind energy we utilize here is obtained by fast moving
vehicles (here train).

This generated power is utilized to charge the DC batteries installed.

Now having the generated power, it must be used for a rightful purpose and here we
implemented it for automating the railway gate.

OPERATION OF THE MODEL:

The first stage of this project consists of a 12V battery which is

continuously charged from the wind energy generated.
With the movement of train the wind turbine rotates through which
wind energy is generated.
The charged battery is connected to railway gate to provide
automation in opening and closing of the gate.

The working of this project starts with the feedback signal from the
first IR sensor which indicates the arrival of the train near to the
railway gate.
Then the buzzer turns on producing a sound signal that indicates the
closing of the gate and parallel to this the traffic signals indicate a red
signal to the traffic.
Then the signal is sent to the stepper motor which moves in steps,
closing the gate. Now the train passes through the gate and after
passing through the second IR sensor, the micro-controller sends
signals to the stepper motor which moves in the opposite direction,
opening the gate.
The micro-controller also sends signal to the traffic lights turning it to
green.
The charging of the battery similarly happens along with this process;
with the movement of the train.
There are also LEDs placed across the railway crossing path which
turn on during night and off during day time.
The on and off of the LEDs is based on the signal transmitted by
theLDR (Light Dependent Resistor) to the micro-controller.