nd

ADVANCE ALGEBRA REVIEWER (2 Semester 2011-2012)

Operations on Sets

Counting Techniques
-

Union of Sets:
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
B= {2, 4, 6, 8}

If one thing can occur in m ways and a second thing

can occur in n ways, and a third thing can occur in p
ways, and so on, then the sequence of things can
occur in m x n x p ways.

Examples:

Then AUB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

1.

* kasi ang lahat ng meron sa B ay meron na din

sa A nung kinombine sila.

Example:

The shirt store sells shirts in sizes S, M, L, and XL.

Each size comes in five colors: red, yellow, white,
orange, and blue. The shirts come in short and long
sleeve. How many kinds of shirts are there

Soln: 4 X 5 X 2 = 40

A= {1, 3, 5, 7}

* ung 4 eto ung apat na sizes (S, M, L, XL), ung 5

eto ung limang colors na binigay (red, yellow,
white, orange, and blue), at ung 2 ay ung 2 klase
na sleeve (short, long).

B= {2, 4, 6, 8}
Then AUB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
* So dito kinombine ang A at B.

2.

Intersection of Sets:
A= {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

A label identifier consists of 1 letter followed by 3

digits. If repetitions are allowed, how many distinct
identifiers are possible.

Soln:

B= {1, 6, 8, 9}

With repetitions:

AB = {6, 8}
* dito naman, ilalagay yung magkaparehas sa
dalawang sets na given (A at B).

26 10 10 10 = 26,000 ways
st

* 1 term ay ung number ng total ng letra sa

nd
rd
alphabet, 2 term ay ang hundreds place, 3
th
term ay ang tens place, at and 4 term ay ung
ones place.

Complement of a Set:
U= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}

Digits = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 so total is
10.

A= {2, 4, 6, 8} * Kung saan A ang subset ng U (universal

set)

So A(compliment of A): A= {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

* dito ilalagay ung mga wala sa A na meron sa
U.

Examples:

Without repetitions:
26 10 9 8 = 18,720
Permutation
-

D: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
A: {1, 3, 5, 7}
B: {2, 4, 6}
C:{ 1, 3, 5}
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A={2, 4, 6}
B ={1, 3, 5, 7}
AUB={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} or D
AB={ }= (null)
AU={1, 3, 5, 7}
AB={}
(AUB)={}
CD={2, 4, 6, 7}
A(BC)= {}
BU(CU)={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}

Is an arrangement of all part of a given set of

elements in a particular order.

Permutations of n distinct elements are equal to n! (n

factorial)/ taken n at a time:
nPn = n!
Example: 6! = 6.5.4.3.2.1= 170
Permutations of n distinct elements are taken r at a time.
n!
nPr=
(n-r)!
Example:
1. In how many ways can two students be seated in a
row, if four seats are available?
n= 4; r= 2
4P2=

4!
4!
(4-2)! = 2! = 12

Permutations with Repetitions

2.

The SBC club organizes a car race in which four cars

A, B, C, and D are entered.
a. In how many ways can the race be finished if
there are no ties?
b. In how many ways can the first two positions
come in if there are no ties?

Examples:
1.

Solns:
a.

4P4 =

4 .3.2.1 = 24

* dahil ayon sa problem, no ties, ay parehas lang

din sa number of permutations of 4 things taken
4 at a time.
b.

4P2 =

Find the number of distinguishable

permutations of the letters in each word.
a. Honor
b. Committee
c. Philippines

Soln:
a.

4.3 = 12

* dito naman required tayo na hanapin ang

numbers of permutations of 4 things taken 2 at
a time kasi sa 4 na nagrerace alin daw sa apat na
un yung nasa first 2 positions.

There is a total of (5!) Permutations, kasi lima

yung letra ng HONOR, kaso may dalawang O sa
word so pwedeng i-permutate ng (2!) sa bawat
permutation ng 5 letters without altering the
result.
5!
P=2!
5.4.3.2.1
2.1
= 60
=

Circular Permutation
-

It is the arrangement of things in a circular pattern.

b.

Formula:
(n-1)!

Sa word na committee merong 9 na letra.

Merong 2 ms, 2 ts, and 2 es na pwedeng ipermutate as 2!, 2!, and 2! Ways in each
permutation without altering the result.
9!
P= 2!.2!.2!

Example:
1. In how many ways can 4 persons be seated around a
circular table?

=
Soln:
(4-1)! = 3!
= 3.2.1
=6
2.

In how many ways can 3 keys be arranged in a key

ring?
* eto naman ay special kind of problem dahil it involves
circular permutations ng objects na walang definite na top
st
or bottom. Itoy manyayari when flipping over the 1
nd
arrangement yields the 2 arrangement, meron lang
permutations of three things about a key ring so.

Soln:
(3-1)! 2! 2.1
2 = 2 = 2 =1
So yung formula sa permutations of n different
things around a key ring ay:
(n-1)! (n-1)(n-2) (2)(1)
2 =
2

9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1
2.1.2.1.2.1

=45,360
c.

Dito naman merong 11 na lettes sa word na

PHILIPPINES, meron ding 3 Is and 3 ps.
11!
P=3!3!
11.10.9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1
3.2.1.3.2.1
= 1,108,800
=

General formula ng Permutations with

Repetitions ay:
n!
P= a!b!c!...

Combinations
-

A selection which is made from a group of items

when order is not important.
The number of combinations taken r at a time is:
n!
nCr=
(n-r)!r!

F(4)= 2(4)+3=11
R{5, 7, 9, 11,an}

Example
Let the sequence an be defined be the defined by the
conditions.

Examples:
1. A football conference consists of 8 teams. If
each teams plays every other team, how many
conference games played?
n=8
r=2 * dahil in every game 2 teams lang pwede
maglaro.

a1 = 5

Find the 1 4 terms:

Ex. Get the first 4 items

8!
8!
(8-2)!2! = 6!2! = 28 games
How many committees of 5 can be formed from
8 sophomores and 4 freshmen if each
committee is to consist of 3 sophomores and 2
freshmen?

n= 1

1
a2= -5

n= 2

1
a3= 1 = 5
5

1
a4= -5

Soln:
=8C3 . 4C2
8! 4!
= 5!3! .2!2! = 336 committees

1
an+1= -a

a1= 5

8C2 =

2.

an= 3an-1+7
st

if a system consists of the terms for which the

operation of addition is defined, the indicated sum
of the terms is called a series a1+a2+a3+
Series Sn= 5+7+9+1(2n+3)

3.

From 6 history books and 5 math books, how

many ways can a person select 2 history books
and 3 math books and arrange them on a shelf
for 5 books.

Using Sigma Notation/Summation

Infinite

2 + 3 = 5 + 7 + 9 + 1(2 + 3)

Soln:
=6C2 . 8C3 . 5P5
6!
8!
= 4!2! . 5!3! . 5! =100,800

=1

Finite
5

2 + 3 = 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 45
=1

Sequences:
-

A set of elements arranged in a definite order.

Ex. Write in notation.

1.

X -x +x -x

12

Sequence Function
-

A function whose domain is a set of positive

integers.

D= {1, 2, 3, 4, n}

2.

1 1 1 1
1+2 +4 + 8 +16

1
1 1
2^n1 = 1 + 2 + 4

=1

Ex. F(n)= 2n+3 n1

3.

1 3 5 7
2 +4 +6 +8 +

F(2)= 2(2)+3= 7
F(3)= 2(3)+3= 9

=1

F(1)= a1 F(2)= a2. F(n)= an

F(1)= 2(1)+3= 5

+1

=1

2n1
2n

Progressions
Arithmetic Progression- a sequence in which there is
a constant d such that.

n -15n+54=0
(n-9)(n-6)=0
n= 9, 6

an-an-1= d for every n1

d= common difference
an=a1=(n-1)d

n=6
a1=32-24
a1=8
n=6 a1=8

2 5 8 11 14
10 7 4 1 -2

n=9
a1= 32-36
a1= 4
n= 9 a1=-4

Ex.
d=3
d=-3

th

Find the 37 term AS/AP

8, 11, 14, a37 n=37
a37= 8+(36)3
a37= 116
Arithmetic Series
n
A= Sn=[ 2 (2a1+(n-1)d]
n
B= Sn= 2 (a1+an)
C= An= a1+(n-1)d
a1, an, d, n & Sn- elements of AP
ex. Find the missing elements
a1=6, an=33 n=10 Sn=? d=?
Sn= 5(6+33)
Sn= 5(39)= 195
33= 6+9(d)
d= 3

Problem:
A man buys a television priced at $ 600. He agrees to pay
$100 down and to pay each month beginning one month
after the purchase date money on the debt plus interest
change of 0.5% on the debt outstanding during the month.
Find the total amount of interest that he will pay.
600-100= 500
st
1 500(0.005)= 2.5
nd
2 400(0.005)= 2.0
rd
3 300(0.005)= 1.5
5
Sn= 2 [2(2.5)+(4)(-.5)]
Sn= $ 7.5
Geometric Sequence/Progression
A sequence such that ratio of any two successive
terms is a constant r (common ratio).
an
r= a

n-1

ex. d= 4 An= 28 Sn= 108

Use 1:
28= a1+ (n-1)4
32= a1+ 4n------- eqn. 1
Use B:
n
108= 2 (a1+28)
216= a1n + 28n-------eqn. 2
Use 1 solve a1
a1= 32-4n
Subs a1 to ------eqn. 2
216= (32-4n)n+28n
2
216= 32n-4n +28n
1
2
(4n -60n+216=0)4

Finding the nth term:

A: an= a1r

n-1

Geometric Series: Sum of the Terms

n

a1r -a1
B: Sn= r-1
aa-r(a)(n)
C: Sn= r-1

Ex. find the no. of terms n and r of the GP, in which the first
term is 256, the last is 81, Sn= 781.
aa-r(a)(n)
C: Sn= r-1
256-r(81)(n)
r-1
n-1
A: an= a1r
781=

3 n-1
A: 81= (256)4

81 3 n-1
256 = 4
4
3 3 n-1
4
4 =4
4=n-1
n=5
th

Ex. Find the 6 term of the GP 9, -6, 4

a1=9
n=6
-6 -2
r= 9 = 3
n-1
A: an= a1r
-2 5
a6= 9 3

-32
a6= 27
Ex. find the sum of the GP
1. 4+12+36.(6 terms)
a1= 4
n=6
36
r=12 = 3
6
4(3) -4
Sn= 3-1
Sn= 1456
2.

1 1 1
8 +4 +2 +..(8 items)
1
a1= 8
n= 8
1
2
r= 1 = 2
4

1 8 1
8 (2) - 8
Sn= 2-1
255
Sn= 8
Infinite GS
a1
S= 1-r |r| n
As long as the absolute value of r is less than n.
3 3
Ex. find the sum of the GP 3+ 2 + 4 +
1
r= 2

a1= 3
s=

1=6
1- 2

Ex. find the rational no. which is equivalent to the repeating

decimal.
a.) 0.363636.
a= .363636 = .36 + .0036+ .000036
a1= .36
.0036
r= .36
r= .01
.36
s=1-0.1
.36 x 100
=.99 x 100
36
=99
4
=11
b.) 2.35242424..
T= 2.35 + 5
.00242424= .0024+ .000024+ .00000024+
a1 = .0024
.000024
r= .0024 = .01
.0024 .0024 x 10000 24
s= 1-0.1 = .99 x 10000 = 9900
24
T= 2.35+9900
235 24
= 100 + 9900 =
7763
= 3300

Exercises:
a.

Operation on sets:
Given:
D= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A= {1, 2, 3, 4}
B= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
C= {1, 3, 5, 7}
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

A= {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
B= {1, 2, 3, 4}
AUB= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
AB= {} or ()null set
AU= {1, 2, 3, 4}
AB= {} null set
AUC= {1, 3}
BUC= {5, 7}
A(BC)= {} null set
B(AUC)= {5, 7}

b.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Counting techniques solve the ff.

8P8=
8P4=
6P3=
7P7=
5P5=
6C4=
8C5=
3C3=
9C3=
9C6=

c.

Find the number of Permutations of the letters of

each word.
BALL
BIBLE
TOMATO
MISSISSIPPI
SPOUSE

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answers:
a.
1. {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
2. {1, 2, 3, 4}
3. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
4. {} or ()null set
5. {1, 2, 3, 4}
6. = {} null set
7. {1, 3}
8. {5, 7}
9. {} null set
10. {5, 7}
b.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

40320
1680
120
5040
120
15
56
1
84
84

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

12
60
30
34650
360

c.