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Metronidazole: anaerobic bacteria

Gentamycin: inhibit elongation of protein/block protein synthesis initiation (aberrant 70S)
Tetracyclin: inhibits aminoacyl tRNA binding
Chloramphenicol: block elongation (premature dissociation of the active complex)
Levofloxacin: interfere with DNA replication by inhibiting DNA gyrase/topoisomerase
Beta lactam resistance: beta-lactamases? CHAPTER 5 PG 60
Vancomycin resistance: ala-lac vs ala-ala CHAPTER 5 PG 61
a. ONELINER: Patient with enterococcal bacteremia fails to respond to vancomycin.
MOR of the organism: - D-Ala-D-Ala is changed to D- Ala-D-lac
Tetracyclin resistance: drug excretion (efflux pumps) CHAPTER 5 PG 63
Cholera toxin: ADP ribosylation of G protein to increase cAMP, provoking fluid movement
into the gut lumen (AB toxin right answer? But diphtheria & cholera both also ABD)
CHAPTER 9 PG 133
Prominent damage caused by infections: host response (inflammation and immune
response)
Herpes virus: enveloped, linear (double stranded DNA)
Prevention of fungal infections: neutrophil phagocytosis CHAPTER 46 PG 470
Elimination of fungi: T-cell mediated immunity CHAPTER 46 PG 470
Fungi display both growth forms of mold/yeasts: dimorphism CHAPTER 46 PG 469
Fungal cell wall (beta-glucan, mannan, chitin) + cell membrane (ergosterol) CHAPTER
46 PG 468 & 470
Binding of IgA at Fc region to evade phagocytosis: strept and staph
Lecithinase: clostridium of gas gangrene CHAPTER 9 PG 137
Gram positive cocci and Gram negative rods are most common infections
Mycoplasmas lack cell wall (penicillin resistant)
Intracellular replication of parasites: binary fission of trophozoites along with host
(sporozoans! the 4th answer) CHAPTER 51 PG 497-498
Eosinophilia and increased IgE & IL5: occurs with helminthic infections (roundworms,
flatworms) CHAPTER 51 PG 502
Squeezing away from phagocytes: capsule
Fibronectin attachment by Gram-positive bacteria and the removal of the normal flora
allows for the growth of Gram-negative bacteria
the one from the graph: eclipse
gram stain, leaving out the iodine step: colorless? Or red?
sterile site in body: bladder
Linezolid: blocks the assembly of initiation complex
Which is atypical acid-fast: mycobacteria CHAPTER 10 PG 146
Capsule made of: polysaccharides CHAPTER 3 PG 29
What has capsules? Meningicocci and pneumococci CHAPTER 3 PG 29
Asking about neutrophils? MHC1 is answer
Something about endotoxins (in cell), exotoxins (cell surface), AB toxins
Something about transfer of resistance between bacteria: plasmids & transposon
Something about the shape of viral genome and what determines it, helical symmetry,
protein subunit capsid are bound in irregular fashion along the nucleic acid
Something about the structure of penicillin and how its similar to cephalosporin: d-ala, dala
Most common way to infer resistance: change target site
Acid fast: zielh neillson CHAPTER 10 PG 146
Synergism: B-lactam and aminoglycoside
What do virus late transcripts encode: structural proteins (capsid protein A)
Non enveloped virus spreading: capsid protein are exposed
Which combo will kill animal: lipid A
Methicillin resistance: change to PCP2
Rifampin: RNA polymerase CHAPTER 3 PG 28
Polyenes: sterols

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2 questions: Why something is resistant to penicillin: autolysin mutation and mycoplasma

What bonds hold together the murein wall: peptide
Most important human component and how tested: test for antimicrobiotics
Something about broad spectrum antibiotics??
Fimbriae: pili for gram negative bacteria attachment
SPOROZOA class of Protozoa are intracellular and thus cell-mediated immunity
Capsules are made of POLYSACCHARIDES
FIMBRIA allow bacteria to attach to cells
Peptidoglycan is a sugar backbone with cross linked PEPTIDES
Endotoxins cause fever via LIPID A which activates IL-1 and TNF-a CHAPTER 9 PG 136
Bacteria that cause most oropharynx opportunistic infections are GRAM POSITIVE COCCI
and GRAM NEGATIVE RODS
MYCOPLASMA are resistant to penicillins since NO CELL WALL (NO MURIEN)
ENDOTOXIN/LPS is unique to GRAM NEGATIVES CHAPTER 9 PG 134
EXOTOXINS have INTRACELLULAR targets
ENDOTOXINS bind pattern recognition receptors
AB TOXINS are ADP ribosylating
Period of decreased VIRAL growth is called DIASSEMBLY
Period of slow resumed BACTERIAL growth is LAG
MYCOBACTERA are acid-fast
SHIGELLA and LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES move via actin polymerization
Human is DEAD END HOST if life cycle of parasite does not depend on human
DIMORPHISM is when fungi displays yeast form in host and mold in environment
HELMINTHS activate IL-5 leading to IgE
TRANSFORMATION is mechanism of malignant formation with chronic recurrents like HSV
Nonenveloped viruses attach via EXPOSED CAPSID PROTEINS
Viral envelopes are made of VIRUS PROTEINS and HOST LIPIDS/CARBOHYDRATES
Herpesviruses are ENVELEOPED DNA (LINEAR) VIRUSES
INFLUENZA VIRUS contains HEMAGGLUTININ and NEUROAMINIDASE
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease caused by PRIONS
Cause UTIs: E. coli, S. saprophyticus, K. pneumoniae, etc.
Presence of bacterial AUTOLYSIN allow penicillin bactericidal action.
Penicillin used with aminoglycosides would be SYNERGISTIC
Penicillin and cephalosporin act at D-ALANINES
Vancomycin resistance occurs via D-ALA D-ALA change to D-ALA D-LAC
MACROLIDES inhibit 50S at TRANSLOCASE
CHLORAMPHENICAL/CLINDAMYCIN inhibit 50S at PEPTIDYL TRANSFERASE
LINEZOLID blocks initiation complex assembly
Tetracycline resistance is via INCREASED EFFLUX OF ANTIBIOTIC
TETRACYCLINES inhibit AMINOACYL-tRNA at 30S
Metronidazole mechanism works for ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
Fluoroquinolones cause dsDNA breaks by inhibiting DNA GYRASE OR TOPOISOMERASE
Rifampin inhibits RNA POLYMERASE
Fungal sterol ERGOSTEROL is inhibited by fungal antibiotics like amphotericin B and
azoles
T CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY is most important host defense to eliminate fungi
URINARY BLADDER is sterile and thus has no normal flora
Penicillins able exert action since structural similarity to bacterial D-ALANINE
Gram positives appear VIOLET after gram staining- BUT NOT IF IODINE ISNT INCLUDED
(WHICH IS WHAT THE QUESTION SAID- SOMEONE CORRECT ME IF IM WRONG)- Kelly
FLAGELLA allow bacteria to swim
MODIFICATION OF TARGET SITE is the most common way bacteria evade immune system
Widespread antibiotic use has led to SELECTIVE PRESSURE increasing bacterial resistance
Immunocompromised pts lacking INTEGRINS would be susceptible to gram (-) invasin
adhesin
Nonenveloped helical symmetry viruses have protein units attached to NUCLEIC ACID

97. DNA virus late transcription yields STRUCTURAL PROTEINS

98. Lysis via CTLs is restricted to cells expressing MHC CLASS I PROTEINS
99. Signs and symptoms of disease usually a result of HOST INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
100.
Culturing allows testing for susceptibility to WIDE ARRAY OF ANTIMICROBIAL
AGENTSNext generation of antibiotics will attack what? RNA?