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and R. F. F L I N D E R S
The initial stage of a test programme to investigate, in detail, the behaviour of radial and oblique
nozzle junctions in spherical shells, has been completed. Although this stage was designed to investigate elastic and elastic/plastic behaviour at ambient temperature, this report describes the elastic
analysis only.
Three basic designs of through nozzles were investigated, one of each design mounted radially and
the other at 45 obliquity. Four hundred E.R. strain gauges were fixed on the inner and outer surfaces
of the shell plate and nozzles and optical equipment was set up to measure tilt of the nozzles. For the
purpose of this elastic test the vessel was hydraulically pressurized to 240 psig.
Stress distributions in the form of stress concentration factors (SCF = stress magnitude divided by
the corresponding stress in an unpiereed sphere of the same radius and thickness) are shown for the
individual nozzles. Maximum values of SCF and 'equivalent' stress are shown plotted against the ratio
of nozzle thickness to nozzle internal diameter, for both radial and oblique cases.
Comparisons are made with nozzles designed according to BS.1500 and BS.3915, and the limitations
of elastic design methods allowing limited plasticity are demonstrated and discussed in the report.
1. INTRODUCTION
O p e r a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n of p r e s s u r e c i r c u i t
c o m p o n e n t s on n u c l e a r and m o d e r n high e f f i c i e n c y
conventional plant i s s t i l l e x t r e m e l y l i m i t e d .
E a r l y work at B e r k e l e y N u c l e a r L a b o r a t o r i e s ,
on m o d e l v e s s e l s containing standpipe n o z z l e
c l u s t e r s and cylindrlLcal s u p p o r t s k i r t s , p r o v i d e d
a b a s i c u n d e r s t a n d i n g of g e o m e t r i c a l e f f e c t s on
v e s s e l s s u b j e c t e d to p r e s s u r e alone and p r e s s u r e
and t e m p e r a t u r e combined. H o w e v e r , in o r d e r to
modify e x i s t i n g p a r a m e t e r s to a c h i e v e m o r e
e c o n o m i c a l d e s i g n s ,.and to p r e d i c t m o r e a c c u r a t e l y
the working life of e x i s t i n g n u c l e a r plant, c o m p o nents m u s t be studied in g r e a t e r d e ta il .
Throughout the C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y G e n e r a t i n g
B o a r d much e f f o r t is being e m p l o y e d in t h e o r e t i c a l
s t u d i e s to i m p r o v e the design of p r e s s u r e containing s t r u c t u r e s . The.,~e s t u d i e s take into account
long t e r m c r e e p b e h a v i o u r at e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s as well as sho:ct t e r m and c y c l i c e l a s t i c /
plastic considerations. Through these efforts
solutions f o r s y m m e t r i c a l a t t a c h m e n t s a r e b e c o m i n g a v a i l a b l e . It w il l, h o w e v e r , be s o m e t i m e
b e f o r e a s y m m e t r i c p r o b l e m s can be solved.
74
2.1. Materials
The behaviour of the v e s s e l beyond y i e l d is
influenced by the p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of the m a t e r i a l s as well as component g e o m e t r y . If comp a r i s o n s a r e to be made with the full size prototype it is d e s i r a b l e to obtain c o r r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p
between the v a r i o u s m a t e r i a l s , i . e . , shell plate,
nozzle forgings and deposited weld. In the case
of i n v e s t i g a t i o n s into creep behaviour this r e l a tionship is also d e s i r a b l e , together with the
ability to a c c u m u l a t e c r e e p s t r a i n in r e a s o n a b l y
short test d u r a t i o n s .
The m a t e r i a l chosen for the t e s t p l a t e s was
b o i l e r plate to BS 1501(1958)-161-C and for the
n o z z l e s , forged b a r to BS 1503(1958)-161-B.
Standard t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h r e q u i r e m e n t s for both
these m a t e r i a l s a r e 28 t s i rain., 32 t s i max.
Yield s t r e s s r e q u i r e m e n t s are b a s e d on m i n i m u m
v a l u e s only, 15 t s i for the plate m a t e r i a l and
14 t s i for forged b a r . To obtain s i m i l a r i t y of
p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s in the t e s t v e s s e l an upper
l i m i t of 18 tsi was specified for both plate and
forged m a t e r i a l s .
The m a n u f a c t u r e r s ' a n a l y s i s for the two m a t e r i a l s was as given in table 1.
Table 1
C
Si
S
Ph
Mn
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
YP
UTS
Elongation
Reduction
of area
Plate
to BS1501(1958)161-C
Forged bar
to BS1503(1958)161-B
0.22%
0.2%
0.02%
0.024%
0.78%
0.1%
0.08%
0.01%
0.12%
17.7 tsi
31.4 tsi
24% on 8 in.
gauge length
0.21%
0.233%
0.038%
0.028%
0.72%
17.15 tsi
31.9 tsi
35~0 on 4~A
61%
75
-125~
N O Z Z L E . 2,.
f
"
=oo,,
.328~
&
W
I
,3211"
~]
"687"
/ / ~
2.87
//
NOZZLE
5.
= 0'287
NOZZLE 4,
r",'//i//'///
t/T
~ !:
0-0148
~t=
0,I14
= 0.603
~Di = 0"0148
~"/~i = 0239
76
NOZZL__E _3
t/T
- 0"11
L~/D. = 0"0148
~/~( - 0"0434
"125"
"25~
","
Ux
S"
j/
M ~
/ , 4s'~
//
~-~,..~I
NOZZLE 6
~/T
"
%~ =
INSIDE H OOP/CIRC.
X OUTSIDE HOOP/CIRC,
-p
Q O~u'l"SIDE A XlAL/~4EI~I
1 ~
--
"%-/
O'"
0.0,48
2"0
1"O
-I,O
S.C.F.
OPTICALLY FLAT
MIRROR .~.~ " ~ /
RECTANGULAR SCALE.
the most economical distribution with due consideration of the information required. Gauges
were provided on both the inner and outer surfaces of the vessel and the nozzles. Since high
strain gradients were expected inside the nozzles, particular care was taken to position
gauges at the expected maximum strain positions. Gauge positions are shown on the stress
plots in figs. 5-7 and 16-18. The gauges were
fixed inside the nozzles by an expanding mandrel
technique [2].
All strain gauges were connected to intermediate junction boxes by light-gauge double
insulated twin core cable. Multi-core cables
were used for the lead outs from these junction
boxes to the permanent strain recording equipment. The multi-core cables from inside the
vessel were brought through rubber packed sealing glands [3] in the end flanges of the two I0 in.
bore branches.
T h e v e s s e l w a s to b e p r e s s u r i z e d
HOOP/CIRC.
INSIDEHOOP/CIRC,
X OUTSIDEHOOP/CIRC.
e OUTSI
INSIDE
DI.~AXIAL/tVlERID.
AXIAL/MERi D.
77
GAUGE6
~+
,.I-
S.C.F_~_
HOOP /CIRC.
't" AXIAL/MERID.
S.C.F'S.
INSIDE HOOP/CIRC.
X OUTSIDEHOOP/CIRC.
1- IN$10E AXlAL/MERID.
-t
S.C.F.
4. T E S T P R O C E D U R E
At z e r o p r e s s u r e all gauges w e r e individually
b a l a n c e d to indicate z e r o output f r o m the wheatstone b r i d g e c i r c u i t . To e l i m i n a t e the p o s s i b i l i t y
of gauge h y s t e r e s i s the v e s s e l was p r e s s u r e
c y c l e d s e v e r a l t i m e s between z e r o and 250 psig.
Gauge r e a d i n g s and n o z z l e c r o s s - w i r e r e a d i n g s
w e r e then r e c o r d e d at 40 p si i n c r e m e n t s f r o m
z e r o p r e s s u r e to 240 p s i g and r e t u r n e d to z e r o .
V e s s e l p r e s s u r e was i n d i cat ed by a s t a n d a r d
10 in. t e s t gauge.
78
MEAN STRESS.
x\
x.
...e...- - - f
o
l
i
05
,Io
20
.2Is
5. R E S U L T S
.05
.IO
-15
"20
-;iS
79
KEY :G&IJGES.
HOOP/CIRC.
AXIAL / MERID.
[] 4 5
s,(;,~s.
x
+
O
~,
[]
INSIDE H O O P / C I R C
OUTSIDE H O O P ] C I I
INSIDE AX/AL~ME
OUTSIDE A X I A L I M |
I NSIDE MAX. PRINq
OUTSIDE MAX. PRIN
INSIDE M I N . PRII~
OUTSIDE M I N . PRIN
O
f
\
2
SC.F.
/J \
i
SECTION
O
S.C.F.
A-A
F i g . 11. S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r o b l i q u e n o z z l e no. 4.
-I
80
E. P R O C T E R and R. F. F L I N D E R S
.KEY :GAUGES
HOOP/CIRC.
+ AXIAL / MERID.
oi
D 45
S,~.F'S,
INSIDE H O O P I C I R C .
x OUTSIDE HOOP~ClRC.
+ INSIDE AXlALIMERID.
O OUTSIDE A X I A L I MERID.
I NSIDE M A X . PRINCIPAL.
OUTSIDE MAX. PRINCIPAL.
~. INSIDE M I N . PRINCIPAL,
D OUTSIDE MIN. PRINCIPAL.
1k
i
/~ll,
2
-I
S. C.F.
21
0
i
I
SEC TION
A'A
0
S.C.F.
F i g . 12. S t r e s s d i s t r i b u t i o n s f o r o b l i q u e n o z z l e no. 5.
-I
81
KEY:-
~AUGt~S
HOOP / CIRC.
+ AXIAL /MERIDIONAL.
a 45
.s.c.F's.
INSIDE HOOP/CIRC.
x OUTSIDE HOOP/CIRC.
+ I NSIDE A X I A L / M E R I D I O N A L .
O OUTSI[)E A X I A L / M E R I O I O N A L .
INSIDE M A X . PRINCIPAL,
OUTSIDE MAX, PRINCIPAL,
h I N S I D E M t N . PRINCIPAL.
E10UTSIrp E MIN, PRINCIPAL.
I
$ . C . I~
I
S.C. E
U
!
0
S.C.F.
-I
SECTION 'AAI
-I
82
3~:
2.~
I.S
"O
IO ' ~ ' t :
.....
"25
"1
I.O
" 2 L
OS
~ "- -
--J'C
'OS
" IO
"IS
"~O
.25
83
IO
,30
-20
S~:'1.O
Fig. 16. Maximum and minimum SCF's and directions at toe of welds. Oblique nozzles.
O ~PE maximum principal SCF's at : I inside vessel
[] ~PE minimum principal SCF's at
[] (~PF maximum principal SCF's at F t outside vessel
/h ~PF minimum principal SCF's at F
"~"q)
~ B
2
8
0 5
-lO
.I 5
.20
.2S
~;.
Fig. 17. Maxiraum SCF's in shell plate.
ObLique nozzles.
O'PE max.
ffCA y ff CC
ffC B
G ffMA
+ ffM B
.O5
-IO
-IS
.20
,2S
84
6. DISCUSSION OF R E S U L T S
6.1. Radial n o z z l e s
The m a x i m u m s t r e s s e s o c c u r r i n g at the r a d i a l
n o z z l e s a r e on the o u t e r s u r f a c e of the s h e ll
plate, at the weld toe, in the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l
d i r e c t i o n . F o r the n o z z l e t e s t e d , the S C F ' s r a n g e
f r o m 1.7 to 1.16 with i n c r e a s i n g n o z z l e t h i c k n e s s .
T h e r e is s o m e bending of the s h e l l plate, howe v e r , which i n c r e a s e s with the r e d u c t i o n in nozzle t h i c k n e s s (fig. 9). M a x i m u m hoop s t r e s s r a tios inside the n o z z l e s r a n g e f r o m 1.61 to 1.03,
i . e . , slightly l o w e r than those in the s h e l l plate
(fig. 8). The m e a n s t r e s s in the plate a p p r o x i m a t e s
to hoop s t r e s s in the n o z z l e at the s m a l l e r t h i c k nesses.
Fig. 5, i l l u s t r a t i n g in s o m e detail the d i s t r i bution of s t r e s s in the s h e l l p l a t e , shows that
the c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l s t r e s s i n c r e a s e s smoothly as
the weld toe is a p p r o a c h e d , while the m e r i d i o n a l
s t r e s s d e c r e a s e s until, at a d i s t a n c e a p p r o x i m ating to nozzle t h i c k n e s s f r o m the weld toe, a
s h a r p i n c r e a s e o c c u r s . Bending s t r e s s in the
m e r i d i o n a l d i r e c t i o n is e l i m i n a t e d at the weld toe.
The S C F ' s shown in figs. 5-7 i l l u s t r a t e that
the m a x i m u m s t r e s s inside each n o z z l e o c c u r s in
the hoop d i r e c t i o n and c o i n c i d e s with the s h e l l
t h i c k n e s s c e n t r e line. The s t r e s s e s die away
r a p i d l y , dependent upon n o z z l e t h i c k n e s s , each
85
7. CONCLUSIONS
1. Although m a x i m u m s t r e s s e s at r a d i a l nozzle to shell i n t e r s e c t i o n s o c c u r in the s u r r o u n d i n g
sh el l plate, the m a x i m u m equivalent s t r e s s e s ,
b ased on Von M i s e s c r i t e r i o n for yield, o c c u r in
the n o z z l e s at p o si t i o n s coincident with the c e n t r e s
of the weld f i l l e t s . In the oblique n o z z l e to sh el l
i n t e r s e c t i o n s the position of max. s t r e s s and max.
equivalent s t r e s s coincide at t / d i > 0 . ] . This is
on the i n n er s u r f a c e of the nozzle opposite the
outer obtuse weld fillet. F o r thinner n o z z l e s ,
m a x i m u m equivalent s t r e s s o c c u r s on the inner
s u r f a c e of the n o z z l e coincident with the i n n er
obtuse weld f i l l et , although the peak s t r e s s p o s i tion r e m a i n s the s a m e . It has also been d e m o n s t r a t e d that d i f f e r e n t n o z z l e s having si g n i f i can t l y
d i f f er en t S C F ' s can have s i m i l a r m a x i m u m equiv a l e n t s t r e s s r a t i o s . F o r instance in the BS3915
d esi g n s the m a x i m u m equivalent s t r e s s r a t i o s
a r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 2.4 for both r a d i a l and 45
n o z z l e s while the S C F ' s at the c o r r e s p o n d i n g
p o si t i o n s a r e 1.75 and 2.7 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
These factors provide practical demonstration
of the l i m i t a t i o n s of design methods a c c e p t i n g
p l a s t i c i t y but d e s i g n e d on e l a s t i c a n a l y s i s by
allowing s p e c i f i e d v a l u e s f o r m a x i m u m SCF.
2. F o r both r a d i a l and oblique n o z z l e s d esigned to BS3915 it has been shown that p r o o f
86
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This paper i s published by p e r m i s s i o n of the
C e n t r a l E l e c t r i c i t y G e n e r a t i n g Board.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Grindrod and E. Procter, CEGB Report RD/B/
M.424 (1965).
[2] A. Grindrod and R. P. Fearnley, CEGB Report RD/
B/M.428 (1965).
[3] K. G Mantle and E. Procter, The Engineer 209 (1960)
527.
[4] P. H. R. Lane, The Engineer 204 (1957) 812.
[5] J M. O'Connell and E.J. Chubb, CEGB Report RD/
B/R.585 (1966).