51542-0131469657 - ISM - 1 Limites y Funciones

1
CHAPTER
Limits
9.
1.1 Concepts Review
x3 4 x 2 + x + 6
x 1
x +1
lim
( x + 1)( x 2 5 x + 6)
x 1
x +1
1. L; c
= lim
2. 6
= lim ( x 2 5 x + 6)
x 1
2
3. L; right
= (1) 5(1) + 6
4. lim f ( x) = M
= 12
x c
Problem Set 1.1
x2
= lim( x 2 + 2 x 1) = 1
x 0
1. lim( x 5) = 2
x 0
x 3
2. lim (1 2t ) = 3
11.
t 1
3.
4.
lim ( x 2 + 2 x 1) = (2) 2 + 2(2) 1 = 1
= t t = 2t
lim ( x 2 + 2t 1) = (2) 2 + 2t 1 = 3 + 2t
x 2
) ( ( 1)
6. lim t 2 x 2 =
t 1
12.
) ( ( 1) 1) = 0
5. lim t 2 1 =
t 1
x2 4
( x 2)( x + 2)
= lim
x2 x 2
x2
x2
= lim( x + 2)
x2 9
x 3 x 3
( x 3)( x + 3)
= lim
x 3
x3
= lim( x + 3)
lim
x 3
x2 = 1 x2
7. lim
=3+3=6
13.
x2
lim
(t + 4)(t 2) 4
(3t 6) 2
t 2
= lim
=2+2=4
8.
x2 t 2
( x + t )( x t )
= lim
xt x + t
x t
x+t
= lim ( x t )
lim
x t
x 2
x 4 + 2 x3 x 2
10. lim
(t 2) 2 t + 4
9(t 2) 2
t 2
t 2 + 4t 21
t 7
t+7
(t + 7)(t 3)
= lim
t 7
t+7
= lim (t 3)
t+4
9
= lim
lim
t 2
2+4
6
=
9
9
t 7
= 7 3 = 10
14.
(t 7)3
t 7
lim
t 7+
= lim
t 7
= lim
t 7+
(t 7) t 7
t 7
t 7
= 77 = 0
Instructors Resource Manual
Section 1.1
63
2007 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form
or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
15. lim
x 4 18 x 2 + 81
x 3
( x 3)
= lim
x 3
( x 3) 2 ( x + 3) 2
= lim
x 3
( x 3)
( x 2 9) 2
( x 3)
= lim( x + 3)2 = (3 + 3) 2
lim
t 0
(3u + 4)(2u 2)3

(u 1) 2
u 1
= lim
( x sin x ) 2 / x 2
21.
x 3
1.
0.0251314
0.1
2.775 106
8(3u + 4)(u 1)3
0.01
2.77775 1010
(u 1) 2
0.001
2.77778 1014
1.
0.1
0.0251314
2.775 106
0.01
2.77775 1010
0.001
2.77778 1014
= 36
16. lim
1 cos t
=0
2t
u 1
= lim 8(3u + 4)(u 1) = 8[3(1) + 4](1 1) = 0

u 1
17.
(2 + h) 2 4
4 + 4h + h 2 4
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
lim
h 2 + 4h
= lim(h + 4) = 4
h 0
h 0
h
= lim
lim
( x sin x) 2
x2
x 0
18.
( x + h) 2 x 2
x 2 + 2 xh + h 2 x 2
= lim
h0
h 0
h
h
lim
h 2 + 2 xh
= lim(h + 2 x) = 2 x
h 0
h 0
h
= lim
sin x
2x
19.
(1 cos x ) / x
22.
0.211322
0.1
0.00249584
0.01
0.001
0.0000249996
2.5 107
1.
0.211322
0.1
0.00249584
0.0000249996
2.5 107
0.420735
0.1
0.499167
0.01
0.499992
0.01
0.001
0.49999992
0.001
1.
0.420735
0.1
0.499167
0.01
0.499992
0.001
0.49999992
0.01
0.001
x2
x 0
(t 1) /(sin(t 1))
23.
=0
1.1
2.1035
1.01
2.01003
1.001
2.001
0.229849
1.1884
0.0249792
0.9
1.90317
0.00249998
0.99
1.99003
0.999
1.999
1 cos t
2t
0.1
(1 cos x) 2
3.56519
sin x
= 0.5
x 0 2 x
1.
lim
2.
lim
0.00024999998
1.
1.
20.
=0
t 1
=2
1)
2
lim
64
1.
0.229849
0.1
0.0249792
0.01
0.00249998
0.001
0.00024999998
Section 1.1
t 1 sin(t
x sin( x 3) 3
x 3
24.
4.
1. + 4
0.1 +
0.158529
3.1
2.
lim
x
4
(1 + sin( x 3 / 2)) /( x )
x
1. +
0.4597
0.1 +
0.0500
0.01 +
0.0050
0.001 +
0.0005
0.0050
0.001 +
0.0005
1 + sin ( x 32 )
x
=0
0.1 +
0.0000210862
2.12072 107
0.536908
0.00226446
0.0000213564
2.12342 107
2 2sin u
lim
=0
u
3u
2
29. a.
0.896664
0.01
0.989967
0.001
0.999
d.
1.
1.64209
e.
0.1
1.09666
f.
0.01
1.00997
0.001
1.001
lim f ( x) = 2
x 3
b. f(3) = 1
c.
g.
= 1
h.
i.
0.00199339
0.001 +
0.1
1
t
0.11921
0.01 +
0.357907
1 cot t
= 0.25
(2 2sin u ) / 3u
0.001 +
1.
t 0
(tan x 1)2
0.01 + 2
(1 cot t ) /(1 / t )
lim
(x )
0.2505
0.1 + 2
26.
0.255008
1. + 2
0.0500
0.01 +
lim
0.300668
28.
0.4597
0.1 +
0.674117
2
4
1. + 2
1. +
0.2495
0.001 + 4
x sin( x 3) 3
=0
lim
x 3
x3
25.
0.245009
0.01 + 4
0.0000166666
1.66667 107
2.999
0.1 + 4
0.00166583
2.99
0.201002
1. + 4
0.158529
2.9
0.001 +
0.0000166666
1.66667 107
3.001
0.0320244
0.01 +
0.00166583
3.01
( x / 4) 2 /(tan x 1) 2
27.
f(1) does not exist.

lim f ( x) =
x 1
5
2
f(1) = 2
lim f(x) does not exist.
x1
lim f ( x) = 2
x 1
lim f ( x) = 1
x 1+
lim f ( x ) =
+
x 1
5
2
Section 1.1
65
lim f ( x) does not exist.
b.
b.
f(3) = 1
c.
f(1) = 2
c.
f(1) = 1
d.
30. a.
d.
x 3
lim f ( x) = 2
x 1
e.
f(1) = 1
f.
g.
h.
i.
31. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
32. a.
b.
c.
x 1
lim f ( x) = 2
x 1+
34.
x 1
lim f ( x) = 1
x 1
x 1+
lim f ( x ) = 2
x 1+
a.
f(3) = 2
f(3) is undefined.
x 1
b. g(1) does not exist.
lim f ( x) = 2
c.
x 3
lim f ( x) = 4
x 3+
d.
x 3
lim g ( x) = 0
35.
lim g ( x ) = 1
x2
lim g ( x ) = 1
x 2+
f ( x) = x [ x ]
x 3+
lim f ( x) = 2
x 1
lim f ( x) = 2
x 1+
lim f ( x) = 2
x 1
d. f (1) = 2
e.
lim f ( x) = 0
f.
f (1) = 0
x 1
a.
b.
33.
c.
d.
a.
66
f(0) = 0
x 0
lim f ( x ) = 1
x 0
lim f ( x) =
x 1
2
1
2
lim f ( x) = 0
x 0
Section 1.1
f ( x) =
36.
41. lim f ( x) exists for a = 1, 0, 1.
x
x
xa
42. The changed values will not change lim f ( x) at

xa
any a. As x approaches a, the limit is still a 2 .

43. a.
x 1
lim
x 1
lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
b.
f (0) does not exist.
a.
b.
x 0
lim
x 1
lim
c.
x 1
x 1
x 1
does not exist.

= 1 and lim
x 1
x 1
=1
= 1
x2 x 1 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
= 3
lim f ( x ) = 1
c.
x 0
d.
1
1
lim
does not exist.

x 1
x 1
x 1
d.
lim f ( x) = 1
x 1
44. a.
x2 1
37. lim
does not exist.
x 1 x 1
lim
x 1
x 0
= lim
c1f
lim dd gg does not exist.
+ x
x 0 e h
x+2 2
x
c.
lim x(1)ed
( x + 2 2)( x + 2 + 2)
d.
x 0
x+22
x( x + 2 + 2)
= lim
x 0
39. a.
b.
c1/ x f
hg
x 0
= lim
x 0
2
=
=
=
4
0+2 + 2 2 2
x+2+ 2
=0
c1/ x f
hg
x 0
45. a) 1
x( x + 2 + 2)
lim a x b (1)ed
x( x + 2 + 2)
x 0
= lim
x a xb = 0
b.
x2 1
x2 1
=2
= 2 and lim
x 1
x 1+ x 1
38. lim
lim
x 1+
b) 0
c)
=0
d)
46. a) Does not exist

c)
b) 0
d) 0.556
x 1
lim f ( x) = 0
47. lim x does not exist since

x 0
x 0
40.
x is not defined
for x < 0.
48.
lim x x = 1
x 0+
49. lim
x 0
x =0
x
50. lim x = 1
x 0
sin 2 x 1
=
x 0 4 x
2
51. lim
Section 1.2
67
52. lim
x 0
7. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then 2x is within 0.002

of 4.
sin 5 x 5
=
3x
3
1
53. lim cos does not exist.
x 0
x
1
54. lim x cos = 0
x 0
x
x3 1
55. lim
56. lim
x 0
57.
=6
2x + 2 2
x 1
x sin 2 x
sin( x 2 )
lim
x 2
58. lim
x 1
8. If x is within 0.0005 of 2, then x2 is within 0.002

of 4.
=2
x2 x 2
= 3
x2
2
1/( x 1)
1+ 2
=0
59. lim x ; The computer gives a value of 0, but

x 0
lim
x 0
9. If x is within 0.0019 of 2, then

0.002 of 4.
8 x is within
x does not exist.
1.2 Concepts Review

1. L ; L +
2. 0 < x a < ; f ( x) L <
10. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then
3.
8
is within 0.002
x
of 4.
4. ma + b
Problem Set 1.2

1. 0 < t a < f (t ) M <
2. 0 < u b < g (u ) L <
2x 1+ 1 < 2x <
3. 0 < z d < h( z ) P <
2 x <
4. 0 < y e < ( y ) B <
x <
5. 0 < c x < f ( x) L <

6. 0 < t a < g (t ) D <
68
11. 0 < x 0 < (2 x 1) (1) <
Section 1.2
= ;0 < x 0 <
2
(2 x 1) (1) = 2 x = 2 x < 2 =
12. 0 < x + 21 < (3x 1) (64) <

3 x 1 + 64 < 3 x + 63 <
3( x + 21) <
2 x 2 11x + 5
(2 x 1)( x 5)
9 <
9 <
x5
x5
3 x + 21 <
x + 21 <
2x 1 9 <
2( x 5) <
= ; 0 < x + 21 <
3
(3 x 1) (64) = 3 x + 63 = 3 x + 21 < 3 =
x 2 25
13. 0 < x 5 <
10 <
x5
x 2 25
( x 5)( x + 5)
10 <
10 <
x5
x5
x + 5 10 <
x5 <
= ;0 < x 5 <
2
2 x 11x + 5
(2 x 1)( x 5)
9 =
9
x5
x5
2
= 2 x 1 9 = 2( x 5) = 2 x 5 < 2 =
16. 0 < x 1 <
x5 <
2x 2 <
2x 2 <
= ; 0 < x 5 <
( 2 x 2 )( 2 x + 2 )
x 25
( x 5)( x + 5)
10 =
10 = x + 5 10
x5
x5
2x + 2
2x 2
2x + 2
= x5 < =
2
2x x
14. 0 < x 0 <
(1) <
x
2 x2 x
x(2 x 1)
+1 <
+1 <
x
x
2x <
2 x <
= ;0 < x 0 <
2
2 x2 x
x(2 x 1)
(1) =
+ 1 = 2x 1+ 1
x
x
<
x 1
2x + 2
<
2
; 0 < x 1 <
2
( 2 x 2)( 2 x + 2)
2x 2 =
2x + 2
2x 2
2x + 2
2 x 1
2 x 1 2
<
=
2x + 2
2
2
17. 0 < x 4 <

2x 1
x3
= 2 x = 2 x < 2 =
<
2x 1 +1 <
x <
2 x 2 11x + 5
9 <
x5
15. 0 < x 5 <
2x 1
x3
7 <
7 <
2 x 1 7( x 3)
x3
<
( 2 x 1 7( x 3))( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
2 x 1 (7 x 21)
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
5( x 4)
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
<
<
<
Section 1.2
69
x4
To bound
5
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
1
2
1
2
, agree that
7
9
< x < , so
2
2
5
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
hence x 4
19. 0 < x 1 <
< 1.65 and
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
<
2x 1
7 = x4
x 3
x 3( 2 x 1 + 7( x 3))
< x 4 (1.65) < 1. 65
1
1
since = only when

so 1.65 .
2
2 1. 65
14 x 2 20 x + 6
8 <
x 1
14 x 2 20 x + 6
2(7 x 3)( x 1)
8 <
8 <
x 1
x 1
2(7 x 3) 8 <
14( x 1) <
14 x 1 <
14
( x 1)2
4 <
4 <
10 x 6 4 <
10 x 1 <
x 1 <
1.65
For whatever is chosen, let be the smaller of
1
and
.
1.65
2
1

= min ,
, 0 < x 4 <
2 1. 65
x 1 <
(10 x 6)( x 1)2
4 <
10( x 1) <
18. 0 < x 1 <
( x 1) 2
( x 1)2
x4 <
10 x3 26 x 2 + 22 x 6
10 x3 26 x 2 + 22 x 6
. If , then
0.65 <
<
14
10
10
; 0 < x 1 <
10 x3 26 x 2 + 22 x 6
( x 1) 2
4 =
(10 x 6)( x 1) 2
( x 1) 2
= 10 x 6 4 = 10( x 1)
= 10 x 1 < 10 =
20. 0 < x 1 < (2 x 2 + 1) 3 <

2 x2 + 1 3 = 2 x2 2 = 2 x + 1 x 1
To bound 2 x + 2 , agree that 1 .

x 1 < implies
2x + 2 = 2x 2 + 4
2x 2 + 4
<2+4=6

; = min 1, ; 0 < x 1 <
6
(2 x + 1) 3 = 2 x 2 2
2

= 2x + 2 x 1 < 6 =
6
; 0 < x 1 <
14 x 2 20 x + 6
2(7 x 3)( x 1)
8 =
8
x 1
x 1
= 2(7 x 3) 8
= 14( x 1) = 14 x 1 < 14 =
70
Section 1.2
21. 0 < x + 1 < ( x 2 2 x 1) 2 <

x2 2 x 1 2 = x2 2 x 3 = x + 1 x 3
To bound x 3 , agree that 1 .

x + 1 < implies
1
25. For all x 0 , 0 sin 2 1 so
x
1

x 4 sin 2 x 4 for all x 0 . By Problem 18,
x
4
lim x = 0, so, by Problem 20,
x0
4
2 1
lim x sin = 0.
x
x0
x 3 = x + 1 4 x + 1 + 4 < 1 + 4 = 5

; = min 1, ; 0 < x + 1 <
5
26. 0 < x <
( x 2 x 1) 2 = x 2 2 x 3
2
= x +1 x 3 < 5
x 0 =
x = x <
2
For x > 0, ( x ) = x.
x < ( x )2 = x < 2
= 2; 0 < x < x < = 2 =
22. 0 < x < x 4 0 = x 4 <

x 4 = x x3 . To bound x3 , agree that
3
1. x < 1 implies x3 = x 1 so
.
= min{1, }; 0 < x < x 4 = x x3 < 1
27.
lim x : 0 < x < x 0 <
x 0 +
For x 0 , x = x .
= ; 0 < x < x 0 = x = x < =

Thus, lim+ x = 0.
x0
lim x : 0 < 0 x < x 0 <
23. Choose > 0. Then since lim f ( x) = L, there is

x c
some 1 > 0 such that

0 < x c < 1 f ( x ) L < .
x 0
For x < 0, x = x; note also that

since x 0.
x = x
= ;0 < x < x = x = x < =
Since lim f (x) = M, there is some 2 > 0 such
Thus, lim x = 0,
that 0 < x c < 2 f ( x) M < .
since lim x = lim x = 0, lim x = 0.
xc
Let = min{1 , 2 } and choose x 0 such that

0 < x0 c < .
Thus, f ( x0 ) L < < f ( x0 ) L <
f ( x0 ) < L < f ( x0 ) +
f ( x0 ) < L < f ( x0 ) + .
Similarly,
f ( x0 ) < M < f ( x0 ) + .
Thus,
2 < L M < 2 . As 0, L M 0, so
L = M.
24. Since lim G(x) = 0, then given any > 0, we
x0
x 0 +
x 0
x 0
28. Choose > 0. Since lim g( x) = 0 there is some

x a
1 > 0 such that
0 < x a < 1 g(x ) 0 <
.
B
Let = min{1, 1} , then f ( x) < B for

x a < or x a < f ( x) < B. Thus,
x a < f ( x) g ( x) 0 = f ( x) g ( x)
= f ( x) g ( x) < B
= so lim f ( x)g(x) = 0.
x a
xc
can find > 0 such that whenever

x c < , G ( x) < .
Take any > 0 and the corresponding that
works for G(x), then x c < implies
F ( x) 0 = F ( x) G ( x ) < since
lim G(x) = 0.
xc
Thus, lim F( x) = 0.
xc
Section 1.2
71
29. Choose > 0. Since lim f ( x) = L, there is a
1.3 Concepts Review
x a
> 0 such that for 0 < x a < , f ( x) L < .

That is, for
a < x < a or a < x < a + ,
L < f ( x) < L + .
Let f(a) = A,
M = max { L , L + , A } , c = a ,
d = a + . Then for x in (c, d), f ( x) M , since

either x = a, in which case
f ( x) = f (a ) = A M or 0 < x a < so
1. 48
2. 4
3. 8; 4 + 5c
4. 0
Problem Set 1.3

1. lim (2 x + 1)
= lim 2 x + lim 1
x1
x 1
and = min{1 , 2} where

2
0 < x a < 1 f ( x) L < and
2.
x 1
L < f(x) < L + and M < g(x) < M + .

Combine the inequalities and use the fact
that f ( x) g ( x) to get
L < f(x) g(x) < M + which leads to
L < M + or L M < 2.
However,
L M = > 2
which is a contradiction.
Thus L M .
x+6
x 4x + x 2 + x + 6
an asymptote at x 3.49.
c.
= 3(1) 1 = 2
3. lim [(2 x +1)( x 3)]
+ 1 has
1
, then 2.75 < x < 3
4
or 3 < x < 3.25 and by graphing
x0
= lim (2 x +1) lim (x 3)

x 0
x 0
= lim 2 x + lim 1 lim x lim 3

x 0
x 0 x0
x 0

= 2 lim x + lim 1 lim x lim 3
x 0
x 0
x0
x 0
= [2(0) +1](0 3) = 3
lim [(2 x 2 + 1)(7 x 2 + 13)]
x 2
x 2
If
y = g ( x) =
2, 1
= lim (2 x 2 + 1) lim (7 x 2 + 13)
x 4 4x 3 + x 2 + x + 6
3
x1
= 3 lim x lim 1
x 1
x 1
4.
x 3 x 2 2x 4
x1
x 1
32. For every > 0 and > 0 there is some x with

0 < x c < such that f ( x ) L > .
= 3 lim x 2 lim 1
31. (b) and (c) are equivalent to the definition of

limit.
b. No, because
lim (3x 2 1)
x 1
= lim 3x 2 lim 1
Thus, for 0 < x a < ,
g(x) =
2,1
x1
= 2(1) + 1 = 3
0 < x a < 2 g ( x) M < .
33. a.
x1
= 2 lim x + lim 1
30. Suppose that L > M. Then L M = > 0. Now
take <
x1
L < f ( x) < L + and f ( x) < M .
x 2
4, 5
3
2, 1
6
4, 3
= 2 lim x 2 + lim 1 7 lim x 2 + lim 13 8,1

x 2 x 2
x 2
x 2
2
2

= 2 lim x + 1 7 lim x + 13
2
x 2
x 2
= [2( 2 ) 2 + 1][7( 2 ) 2 + 13] = 135
x3 x 2 2 x 4
x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + x + 6
on the interval [2.75, 3.25], we see that
0<
x3 x 2 2 x 4
<3
x 4 4 x3 + x 2 + x + 6
so m must be at least three.
72
Section 1.3
2x + 1
x2 5 3x
lim (2 x + 1)
= x2
lim (5 3 x)
9.
5. lim
4, 5
x2
3, 1
lim 5 lim 3 x
x2
13
4, 3
= 2 lim t 3 + lim 15
t 2
t 2
lim 2 x + lim 1
x2
t 2
= lim (2t3 + 15)

t2
x2
lim (2t 3 +15)13
13
2 lim x + 1
x2
= 2 lim t + lim 15
t 2 t 2
x2
2, 1
= [2(2) 3 + 15]13 = 1
5 3 lim x
13
x2
2(2) + 1
=
= 5
5 3(2 )
10.
6.
4x +1
lim
x 3 7 2 x 2
lim (4 x + 1)
lim (7 2 x )
lim 4 x 3 + lim 1
x 3
lim 7 lim 2 x 2
x 3
x 3
x 3
13
5, 3
= 3 lim x lim 5
2, 1
x 3
lim
x 3
5x2 + 2 x
lim (5 x + 2 x )
x 3
= 5 lim x 2 + 2 lim x
x 3
x 3
4 lim y 3 + 8 lim y
y 2
y 2
=
y + lim 4
ylim
2
2
8, 1
1/ 3
= 3(3) 5 = 2
8.
4, 3
13
lim (3 x 5)
x 3
x 3
lim (4 y 3 + 8 y )
y 2
=
( y + 4)
ylim
7. lim 3 x 5
4 y3 + 8 y
= lim
y 2 y + 4
4 y3 + 8 y
lim
y 2 y + 4
1/ 3
x 3
4 lim x + 1
x 3
=
2
7 2 lim x
x 3
4(3)3 + 1 107
=
=
11
7 2(3) 2
1/ 3
11.
7 2 lim x 2
w 2
= 3(2)3 + 7(2) 2 = 2 13
3, 1
x 3
4 lim x 3 + 1
4, 3
= 3 lim w + 7 lim w
w 2
w 2
x 3
lim (3w3 + 7 w2 )
4, 5
w 2
w 2
x 3
x 3
3w3 + 7 w2
= 3 lim w3 + 7 lim w2
lim
w 2
4, 3
4 lim y + 8 lim y
y 2
y 2
=
lim y + 4
y 2
1/ 3
4(2)3 + 8(2)
=
2+4
=2
= 5 lim x + 2 lim x
x 3
x 3
= 5(3)2 + 2(3) = 39
Section 1.3
73
12.
lim (2 w 4 9 w 3 +19)1 /2
1
= lim
w 5
2w 9 w3 + 19
lim 1
w5
4
1, 9
2w 9 w + 19
lim
w 5
x2
19. lim
lim (2w 9 w3 + 19)
w 5
1
lim 2 w4 lim 9 w3 + lim 19
w5
w5
2 lim w 9 lim w3 + 19
w5
1
4
1
144
x2
x2 4
2
x +4
(
lim ( x
) 44
=
=0
+ 4) 4 + 4
lim x 4
x2
x2
= lim ( x 3) = 1
x2
( x 3)( x + 1)
x2 2 x 3
= lim
x 1
x 1
x +1
( x + 1)
lim
= lim ( x 3) = 4
16.
17.
lim
x 1
x2 + x
x2 + 1
(
lim ( x
) 0
= =0
+ 1) 2
lim x + x
x 1
x 1
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
x3
= lim
x 1 ( x 1)( x 2)( x + 7)
x 1 x + 7
lim
1 3
2
=
1 + 7
3
u u 6
u x x+2
= lim
=
5
u 2 u 3
u 2
( u + 2 )( u x )
u 2 ( u + 2)(u 3)
= lim
x 2 + ux x u
( x 1)( x + u)
= lim
2
x1 x + 2 x 3
x 1 ( x 1)( x + 3)
x + u 1+ u u + 1
= lim
=
=
4
x1 x + 3 1+ 3
2 x2 6 x + 4 2
2( x )( x 2 )
x
x
x ( x )( x + )
2( x 2) 2( 2 )
= lim
=
= 1
+
x x +
23. lim
24.
lim
= lim
(w + 2)(w 2 w 6)
w 2 + 4w + 4
( w + 2) 2 ( w 3)
= lim
= lim ( w 3)
( w + 2 )2
w 2
w 2
= 2 3 = 5
w 2
25. lim
xa
f 2 ( x) + g 2 ( x)
lim f 2 ( x) + lim g 2 ( x)
xa
xa
= lim f ( x) + lim g ( x)
x a
xa
= (3) 2 + (1)2 = 10
[2 f ( x) 3 g ( x)]
2 f ( x) 3g ( x ) xlim
= a
x a f ( x) + g ( x)
lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)]
26. lim
xa
2 lim f ( x) 3 lim g ( x)
xa
xa
lim f ( x) + lim g ( x)
xa
Section 1.3
= lim
u2 ux + 2u 2 x
lim
74
( x + 2)( x 1)
( x + 1)( x 1)
( x + 3)( x 17)
x 3 x 4 x 21
x 3 ( x + 3)( x 7)
x 17 3 17
= lim
=
=2
3 7
x 3 x 7
x 1
x 1
22. lim
1
12
( x 3)( x 2 )
x2 5x + 6
14. lim
= lim
x2
x2
x2
( x 2)
15.
2(5)4 9(5)3 + 19
lim
13.
21.
2 lim w 9 lim w + 19
w 5
w5
1
= lim
x 2 14 x 51
lim
w5
1,3
20.
w5
x 1
x + 2 1+ 2 3
= lim
=
=
x 1 x + 1
1+1 2
4,5
x2 + x 2
x 1
x 2 + 7 x + 10
( x + 2)( x + 5)
= lim
x2
x
2
x+2
x+2
= lim( x + 5) = 7
18. lim
w 5
xa
2(3) 3(1) 9
=
3 + (1)
2
27. lim 3 g ( x) [ f ( x) + 3] = lim 3 g ( x) lim [ f ( x) + 3]

xa
xa
xa
= 3 lim g ( x) lim f ( x) + lim 3 = 3 1 (3 + 3)

x a
xa
xa
= 6
28. lim [ f ( x) 3]4 = lim ( f ( x) 3)

xa
xa
= lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t )
t a
30. lim [ f (u) + 3g(u)] = lim [ f (u) + 3g(u)]
u a
u a
3
= lim f (u ) + 3 lim g(u) = [3 + 3( 1)]3 = 0

u a
u a
3x 2
12
3( x 2 )(x + 2)
31. lim
= lim
x
2
x 2
x2
x2
= 3 lim (x + 2) = 3(2 + 2) = 12
x2
(3x 2 + 2 x + 1) 17
3x 2 + 2 x 16
= lim
x2
x2
x2
x 2
(3 x + 8)( x 2)
= lim
= lim (3 x + 8)
x2
x2
x 2
= 3 lim x + 8 = 3(2) + 8 = 14
x2
1
2
= lim
2 x
2x
= lim
34.
3
4
x2
3( 4 x 2 )
= lim
4x2
3( x + 2 )( x 2 )
= lim
4x2
x2
x2
x2
3 lim x + 2
3( x + 2)
= 3(2 + 2)
= lim
= x 2
2
2
x2
4x
4(2)2
4 lim x
x2
3
=
4
x2
xc
xc
exist 2 and 3 such that 0 < x c < 2
g ( x) M <
and 0 < x c < 3
L + M +1
L + M +1
. Let
= min{1 , 2 , 3 }, then 0 < x c <

f ( x) g ( x) LM g ( x) f ( x) L + L g ( x ) M
< ( M + 1)
L + M +1
+L
L + M +1
Hence,
lim f ( x) g ( x) = LM = lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x c
x c
x2
36. Say lim g ( x ) = M , M 0 , and choose

x c
1
M
.
2
There is some 1 > 0 such that
1 =
1
M or
2
1
1
M < g ( x) < M + M .
2
2
1
1
1
1
M M M and M + M M
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
so g ( x) > M and
<
g ( x)
M
2
M
x 2
lim
0 < x c < 1 , g ( x) < M + 1. Choose > 0.

Since lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M, there
0 < x c < 1 g ( x) M < 1 =
x2
2x
x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2
1
1
1
1
= lim
=
=
=
2 lim x 2(2)
4
x2 2 x
x2
3
x2
x c
x c
32. lim
f ( x) g ( x) LM g ( x) f ( x) L + L g ( x ) M
as shown in the text. Choose 1 = 1. Since

lim g ( x) = M , there is some 1 > 0 such that if
f ( x) L <
= 3 + 3 1 = 6
33. lim
xc
M 1 M + 1 and M + 1 M + 1 so for
29. lim f (t ) + 3g (t ) = lim f (t ) + 3 lim g (t )

t a
t a
t a
1
x
xc
0 < x c < 1 , g ( x) M < 1 = 1 or

M 1 < g(x) < M + 1
= lim f ( x) lim 3 = (3 3) 4 = 0
x a
xa
t a
35. Suppose lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M.
Choose > 0.
Since lim g(x) = M there is 2 > 0 such that
xc
0 < x c < 2 g ( x) M <
Let = min{1 , 2}, then

0< xc <
1 2
M .
2
1
1
M g ( x)
=
g ( x) M
g ( x) M
1
2
2 1 2
M
g ( x) M <
g ( x) M =
2
M g ( x)
M
M2 2
Section 1.3
75
Thus, lim
xc
1
1
1
=
=
.
g(x) M lim g (x)
43.
xc
Using statement 6 and the above result,

f ( x)
1
lim
= lim f ( x) lim
x c g ( x )
x c
x c g ( x )
lim f ( x )
1
.
= lim f ( x)
= x c
lim g ( x ) lim g ( x)
x c
x c
xc
x 3+
x c
lim f (x) lim L = 0

lim [ f (x) L] = 0
45.
xc
38. lim f (x) = 0 lim f (x) = 0
xc
xc
x2 9
x 3+
46.
lim f ( x) = 0
x2 9
x+3
32 9
=0
3+3
lim
x 1
x c
xc
( x 3) x 2 9
( x 3) x 2 9
= lim
x 3+ ( x 3)( x + 3)
x 3+
44.
x c
x2 9
= lim
= lim
x c
37. lim f (x) = L lim f ( x) = lim L
x3
lim
lim
x 2+
1+ x
1+1
2
=
=
4 + 4 x 4 + 4(1)
8
( x 2 + 1) x
(3 x 1)
(22 + 1) 2
(3 2 1)
lim ( x x ) = lim x lim
x 3
x 3
x 3
5 2
5
2
5
x = 3 2 =1
xc
lim f 2 ( x) = 0
47.
x c
lim
x c
f 2 ( x) = 0
48.
lim f ( x) = 0
lim
x
= 1
x
lim
x 2 + 2 x = 32 + 2 3 = 15
x 0
x 3+
xc
39. lim x = lim x =

x c
x c
lim x
x c
lim x 2
x c
x +1
x5
, g ( x) =
and c = 2, then
x2
x2
lim [ f (x) + g (x)] exists, but neither
xc
lim f (x) nor lim g(x) exists.

xc
2
, g ( x) = x, and c = 0, then
x
lim [ f (x) g( x)] exists, but lim f (x) does
b. If f ( x) =
xc
xc
not exist.
41.
42.
76
lim
x 3+
3+ x
33
=
=0
x
3
3 + x3
=
x
x +
lim
Section 1.3
1
f ( x)
lim g ( x) = 0 lim
1
=0
f ( x)
If f ( x) =
xc
f ( x) g ( x) = 1; g ( x) =
x a
= lim x = c 2 = c
x c
40. a.
49.
3 + ( )3
=0
x a
1
=0
lim f ( x)
xa
No value satisfies this equation, so lim f ( x)

x a
must not exist.

1
x
50. R has the vertices ,
2
2
Each side of Q has length
x 2 + 1 so the
perimeter of Q is 4 x 2 + 1. R has two sides of

length 1 and two sides of length
x 2 so the
perimeter of R is 2 + 2 x 2 .
lim
x 0 +
perimeter of R
2 x2 + 2
= lim
perimeter of Q x 0+ 4 x 2 + 1
2 02 + 2
2
4 0 +1
2 1
=
4 2
NO = (0 0)2 + (1 0)2 = 1
51. a.
4. lim
OP = ( x 0)2 + ( y 0) 2 = x 2 + y 2
= x2 + x
NP = ( x 0)2 + ( y 1)2 = x 2 + y 2 2 y + 1
= x + x 2 x +1
MO = (1 0) 2 + (0 0) 2 = 1
y2 + x2 2 x + 1
= x2 x + 1
perimeter of NOP
lim
x 0+ perimeter of MOP
= lim
=
1+ 1
1+ 1
1 + x2 + x + x2 x + 1
=1
x
1
(1)( x) =
2
2
1
x
Area of MOP = (1)( y ) =
2
2
b. Area of NOP =
area of NOP
x
= lim 2 = lim
x
+
+
+
MOP
area
of
x
x 0
x 0
x 0
lim
= lim
x 0+
x =0
1.4 Concepts Review

1. 0
0
=0
1
5. lim
sin x 1
sin x 1
1
= lim
= 1 =
2x
2 x 0 x
2
2
sin 3
3 sin 3 3
sin 3
= lim
= lim
3
2 0 3
0 2
0 2
3
3
= 1 =
2
2
6. lim
sin 3
sin 3
cos sin 3
= lim sin = lim
0 tan
0
0
sin
cos
sin 3 1
= lim cos 3
sin
0
3

sin 3 1
= 3 lim cos
sin
0
3
= 3 1 1 1 = 3
sin 5
sin 5
tan 5
= lim cos 5 = lim
0 sin 2
0 sin 2
0 cos 5 sin 2
sin 5 1 2
1
= lim
5

5 2 sin 2
0 cos 5
5
sin 5 2
1
= lim
2 0 cos 5 5 sin 2
5
5
= 111 =
2
2
8. lim
cot sin
= lim
0
0
2 sec
9. lim
cos
sin
sin
2
cos
cos sin cos

2sin
cos cos sin 1
= lim

sin
2
0
1
sin
lim cos cos

sin
2 0
1
1
1111 =
=
2
2
= lim
2. 1
3. the denominator is 0 when t = 0 .

4. 1
Problem Set 1.4

cos x 1
= =1
x 0 x + 1 1
sin 2 3t
9t sin 3t sin 3t
= lim
= 0 1 1 = 0
t 0
t
0
2t
2 3t
3t
1. lim
2.
3 x tan x
3x (sin x / cos x)
3x
= lim
= lim
x 0
x 0 cos x
sin x
sin x
7. lim
1 + x2 + x + x2 + x 2 x + 1
x 0+
x 0
MP = ( x 1)2 + ( y 0) 2 =
x 0
lim cos =
/ 2
10. lim
0 = 0
cos 2 t
cos 2 0
1
=
=
=1
t 0 1 + sin t 1 + sin 0 1 + 0
3. lim
tan 2 3t
sin 2 3t
= lim
t 0
t 0 (2t )(cos 2 3t )
2t
11. lim
= lim
t 0
3(sin 3t ) sin 3t
= 0 1 = 0
3t
2 cos 2 3t
tan 2t
0
=
=0
t 0 sin 2t 1
1
12. lim
Section 1.4
77
sin(3t ) + 4t
4t
sin 3t
= lim
+
t 0 t sec t
t sec t
t sec t
sin 3t
4t
= lim
+ lim
t 0 t sec t t 0 t sec t
sin 3t
= lim 3cos t
+ lim 4 cos t
t 0
t 0
3t
= 3 1 + 4 = 7
13. lim
t 0
14.
sin 2
sin sin
lim
= lim
2
0
0
sin
sin
= lim
lim
= 1 1 = 1
0
0
19. lim 1 +
x 0
sin x
=2
x
20. The result that lim cos t = 1 was established in

t 0
the proof of the theorem. Then

lim cos t = lim cos(c + h)
t c
h 0
= lim (cos c cos h sin c sin h)

h 0
= lim cos c lim cos h sin c lim sin h
15. lim x sin (1/ x ) = 0
h 0
x 0
h 0
h0
= cos c
lim sin t
sin t t c
sin c
=
=
= tan c
t c cos t
lim cos t cos c
21. lim tan t = lim

t c
t c
lim cot t = lim

t c
16. lim x sin 1/ x 2 = 0

x 0
t c
lim cos t
cos t t c
cos c
=
=
= cot c
sin t lim sin t sin c
t c
1
1
=
= sec c
cos t cos c
1
1
lim csc t = lim
=
= csc c
t c
t c sin t
sin c
22. lim sec t = lim

t c
t c
23. BP = sin t , OB = cos t

area( OBP) area (sector OAP)
area (OBP) + area( ABPQ)
17. lim 1 cos 2 x / x = 0

x 0
1
1
1
OB BP t (1) 2 OB BP + (1 OB ) BP
2
2
2
1
1
1
sin t cos t t sin t cos t + (1 cos t ) sin t
2
2
2
t
2 cos t
sin t
1
sin t
1
for < t < .

2 cos t
t
cos t
2
2
1
sin t
1
lim
lim
lim
t 0 2 cos t t 0 t
t 0 cos t
sin t
1
1 lim
t 0 t
sin t
= 1.
Thus, lim
t 0 t
cos t
18. lim cos 2 x = 1

x 0
78
Section 1.4
24. a.
Written response
6.
b.
c.
1
1
AB BP = (1 cos t ) sin t
2
2
sin t (1 cos t )
=
2
1
1
t sin t cos t
E = t (1)2 OB BP =
2
2
2
2
D sin t (1 cos t )
=
E
t sin t cos t
D=
D
lim = 0.75
+
t 0 E
2 x 100 x
8.
10.
1. x increases without bound; f(x) gets close to L as

x increases without bound
4. x = 6; vertical
sin 2
lim
2 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
lim
x
1
= lim
=1
x 5 x 1 5
lim
x2
x 5 x3
lim
t2
t 7 t
lim
t t
= lim
x 5
x3
= lim
1 5
2
= lim
= 0 so lim
sin 2
2 5
=0
3 x3 / 2 + 3 x
2 x3 / 2
x3 + 3x
x3 + 3 x
lim 3
= 3 lim
x
x 2 x3 + 7 x
2 x3 + 7 x
3
x2
+ 72
x
+
2
=3
=0
2
13.
1
t 7
t2
= lim
2 x3
3+ 3
; 0 sin 2 1 for all and
3 x3 + 3 x
lim
= 3 lim
1
x
1 5
12.
3 1 3
3 x3 x 2
x =
= lim
lim
3
2
x x 5 x
x 5
x
= lim
Problem Set 1.5
1
1
=
2 100
2
x
= lim
= lim
5 5 4
2 5
11.
lim
lim
2. f(x) increases without bound as x approaches c

from the right; f(x) decreases without bound as x
approaches c from the left
3. y = 6; horizontal
x3
7. lim
9.
1.5 Concepts Review
1
x2
lim
= lim
=1
2
8
x x 8 x + 15 x 1 + 15
x x2
= 1
t
1
= lim
=1
5 t 1 5
t
= 3 lim
14.
x2
x2
= lim
x ( x 5)(3 x) x x 2 + 8 x 15
1
x2
+8
x 1 + 4
x2
lim
1
= lim
= 1
8
x 1 + 15
x x2
1 + 8x
1 + 8x
lim 3
= 3 lim
2
x x + 4
x x 2 + 4
lim
= 38 =2
x2 + x + 3
=
( x 1)( x + 1)
lim
1 + 1x + 32
x
1 12
lim
x2 + x + 3
x 2 1
= 1 =1
15.
lim
n
1
1
= lim
=
2n + 1 n 2 + 1 2
n
Section 1.5
79
16. lim
n2
n2 + 1
= lim
1+
1
n2
1
=1
1+ 0
23.
lim n
n2
n
n
= lim
=
=
=
1
n n + 1 n
1 1+ 0
1+
lim 1 +
n n n
17. lim
18. lim
n
n2 + 1
1+
lim
1
n2
0
=0
1+ 0
x2 + 3
= lim
2 + 1x
x 2 +3
x
20.
21.
2
1
1+
3
x2
lim
= lim
2 x 2 + 3 (2 x 2 5)
2 x2 + 3 + 2 x2 5
8
2
2 x + 3 + 2 x2 5
8
x
2+
3
x2
8
x
2 x 2 +3 + 2 x 2 5
x2
+ 2
22.
lim x 2 + 2 x x
x 2 + 2 x x x 2 + 2 x + x
= lim
2
x
x + 2x + x
= lim
= lim
x + 2x x
= lim
2x
x 2 + 2 x + x x x 2 + 2 x + x
2
2
= =1
1+ 2 +1 2
bn
xn
1
1
1+ 2
n
a0
b0
1
1+ 0
=1
t 3+
29. As t 3 , t 2 9 while 9 t 2 0+.

t 3
t2
9 t2
=
+
30. As x 3 5 , x 2 52 / 3 while 5 x3 0 .
x3 5
5
x2
= lim
an
xn
t2 9
(t + 3)(t 3)
= lim
+
+
t +3
t 3 t + 3
t 3
= lim (t 3) = 6
lim
=0
+ +
bn 1
x n 1
lim
lim
= lim
an 1
x n 1
27. As x 4+ , x 4 while x 4 0 .
x
lim
=
+
x
4
x 4
28.
2 x 2 + 3 2 x 2 5 2 x 2 + 3 + 2 x 2 5
= lim
2
2
x
2x + 3 + 2x 5
= lim
+ +
+ 12
lim 2 x 2 + 3 2 x 2 5
n2
n
n3/ 2
= lim
= =
3
n
1
2
1
n + 2n + 1
1+ 2 + 3
n
n
26. lim
2x +1
x
= lim
= lim
=0
x+4
x 1 + 4
x 1 + 4
x
x
= lim
b0 +
b1
x
n +1
2
x
y 1
=2
2 x +1
x2
a1
x
2 + 1x
= lim
a0 +
25. lim
19. For x > 0, x = x 2 .

2x + 1
= lim
b0 x n + b1 x n 1 ++ bn 1 x + bn
lim
y2 2 y + 2
a0 x n + a1 x n 1 ++ an 1 x + an
= lim
1
n
= lim
24.
lim
1
y2
2+ 2
y y2
9y +
9 y3 + 1
x2
+
5 x3
31. As x 5 , x 2 25, x 5 0 , and

3 x 2.
x2
lim
=
x 5 ( x 5)(3 x)
32. As + , 2 2 while sin 0 .
2
=
+ sin
lim
80
Section 1.5

33. As x 3 , x3 27, while x 3 0 .
43.
lim
x 3
x
=
x3
+
2
,
while cos 0 .
2
2
=
lim
+ cos
34. As
35.
3
3
= 0, lim
= 0;
x +1
x x + 1
Horizontal asymptote y = 0.
3
3
lim
= , lim
= ;
x 1+ x + 1
x 1 x + 1
Vertical asymptote x = 1
lim
lim
x 3
x2 x 6
( x + 2)( x 3)
= lim
x3
x3
x 3
= lim ( x + 2) = 5
x 3
36.
x2 + 2 x 8
lim
x 2+
= lim
x 2+
x 4
x+4 6 3
= lim
= =
x 2+ x + 2 4 2
( x + 4)( x 2)
( x + 2)( x 2)
37. For 0 x < 1 , x = 0 , so for 0 < x < 1,
thus lim
x 0 +
x
x
44.
x
x
lim
x ( x + 1)
= 0, lim
x ( x + 1) 2
= 0;
Horizontal asymptote y = 0.
3
3
lim
= , lim
= ;
2
2
+
x 1 ( x + 1)
x 1 ( x + 1)
=0
=0
38. For 1 x < 0 , x = 1 , so for 1 < x < 0,

x
1
thus lim
= .
x
x
x
x 0
1
(Since x < 0, > 0. )
x
x
39. For x < 0, x = x, thus

lim
x 0
x
x
= lim
x 0
x
= 1
x
40. For x > 0, x = x, thus lim
x 0 +
45.
x
x
= lim
x 0 +
x
=1
x
41. As x 0 , 1 + cos x 2 while sin x 0 .

1 + cos x
lim
=
sin x
x 0
lim
2x
2
= lim
= 2,
x 3 x 1 3
x
2x
2
lim
= lim
= 2,
x x 3 x 1 3
x
Horizontal asymptote y = 2
2x
2x
lim
= , lim
= ;
x 3+ x 3
x 3 x 3
42. 1 sin x 1 for all x, and

1
sin x
lim = 0, so lim
= 0.
x x
x x
Section 1.5
81
46.
lim
3
2
x 9
= 0, lim
49. f ( x ) = 2 x + 3
= 0;
x 9 x
x
3
3
lim
= , lim
= ,
2
2
+
x 3 9 x
x 3 9 x
3
3
lim
= , lim
= ;
2
2
x 3+ 9 x
x 3 9 x
Vertical asymptotes x = 3, x = 3
50.
14
x 2 x
f ( x) = 3x + 4
4x + 3
x2 + 1
, thus
We say that lim f ( x) = if to each

x c +
negative number M there corresponds a > 0

such that 0 < x c < f(x) < M.
14
= 0, lim
, thus
4x + 3
lim [ f ( x) (3 x + 4)] = lim
x
x x 2 + 1
4+ 3
x x2
= lim
=0.
x
1 + 12
x
The oblique asymptote is y = 3x + 4.
= 0;
x 2 x2 + 7
+7
2
Since 2x + 7 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical
asymptotes.
lim
x 1
lim [ f ( x) (2 x + 3)] = lim

=0
3
x
x x 1
The oblique asymptote is y = 2x + 3.
51. a.
47.
1
3
b. We say that lim f ( x) = if to each

x c
positive number M there corresponds a > 0

such that 0 < c x < f(x) > M.
We say that lim f ( x) = if to each
52. a.
positive number M there corresponds an

N > 0 such that N < x f(x) > M.
b. We say that lim f ( x ) = if to each
x
positive number M there corresponds an

N < 0 such that x < N f(x) > M.
53. Let > 0 be given. Since lim f ( x ) = A, there is
x
48.
lim
lim
2x
2
x +5
= lim
2x
x2 + 5
= lim
2
1+
5
x2
2
1+
5
x2
2
1
=
a corresponding number M1 such that
= 2,
2
1
x > M1 f ( x) A < . Similarly, there is a

2
= 2
Since x 2 + 5 > 0 for all x, g(x) has no vertical

asymptotes.
number M2 such that x > M 2 g ( x) B < .

2
Let M = max{M1 , M 2 } , then
x > M f ( x) + g ( x) ( A + B)
= f ( x) A + g ( x) B f ( x) A + g ( x) B
=
2 2
Thus, lim [ f ( x) + g ( x)] = A + B
<
54. Written response
82
Section 1.5
55. a.
lim sin x does not exist as sin x oscillates
56.
between 1 and 1 as x increases.

1
, then as x , u 0+.
x
1
lim sin = lim sin u = 0
x u 0 +
x
b. Let u =
c.
1
Let u = , then as x , u 0+.
x
1
1
sin u
lim x sin = lim sin u = lim
=1
+
x u 0+ u
u
x
u 0
d. Let u =
lim x
3/ 2
e.
h.
59.
60.
3/ 2
1 v2 / c2
v c
3x 2 + x +1 3
=
2
2
x 2x 1
2 x 2 3x
lim
5x + 1
2
5
3
lim 2 x 2 + 3x 2 x 2 5 =
2 2
2x +1
lim
3x 2 + 1
sin u
10
1 sin u
= lim+
=
u 0
u u
As x , sin x oscillates between 1 and 1,

1
while x 1/ 2 =
0.
x
62.
1
lim 1 + = e 2.718
x
x
1/ 2
sin x = 0
1
, then
x
1
lim sin + = lim+ sin + u

x
x
6
6
u
1
= sin =
6 2
1
1
, so lim sin x +
x
x
x
does not exist. (See part a.)

1
1
1
sin x + = sin x cos + cos x sin

x
x
x
lim sin x + sin x

x
x
1
1
= lim sin x cos 1 + cos x sin

x
x
x
1
1
As x , cos 1 so cos 1 0.
x
x
1
From part b., lim sin = 0.
x
x
As x both sin x and cos x oscillate
between 1 and 1.

1
lim sin x + sin x = 0.

x
x
=1
x
1
63. lim 1 +
x
x
Let u =
As x , x +
lim
1
lim 1 +
x
x
lim x
g.
1
1
sin = lim+
x u 0 u
58.
v c
61.
f.
1
, then
x
57.
m0
lim m(v) = lim
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
1
lim 1 +
x
x
70.
71.
=
sin x
=1
sin x 3
lim
x 3
= 1
x3
sin x 3
lim
x 3
tan( x 3)
= 1
lim
cos( x 3)
=
x3
lim
cos x
= 1
x 2
x 3
x
2
69.
x2
lim (1 + x )
x 0 +
1
x
= e 2.718
lim (1 + x )1/ x =
x 0+
lim (1 + x ) x = 1
x 0+
Section 1.5
83
13.
1.6 Concepts Review
t 3+
lim f (t ) = lim (t 3) = 0
t 3
1. lim f ( x)
x c
t 3
lim f (t ) = f (3); continuous
t 3
2. every integer
3.
lim f (t ) = lim (3 t ) = 0
t 3+
lim f ( x) = f (a); lim f ( x) = f (b)
xa+
14.
x b
lim f (t ) = lim (3 t )2 = 0
t 3+
t 3+
lim f (t ) = lim (t 2 9) = 0
t 3
4. a; b; f(c) = W
t 3
lim f (t ) = f (3); continuous
t 3
15. lim f ( x) = 2 = f (3); continuous
Problem Set 1.6
t 3
1. lim[( x 3)( x 4)] = 0 = f (3); continuous

x 3
2. lim ( x 2 9) = 0 = g (3); continuous

x 3
3. lim
x 3 x 3
and h(3) do not exist, so h(x) is not
continuous at 3.
16. g is discontinuous at x = 3, 4, 6, 8; g is left

continuous at x = 4, 8; g is right continuous at
x = 3, 6
17. h is continuous on the intervals
(, 5), [ 5, 4] , (4, 6), [ 6,8] , (8, )
x 2 49
( x 7)( x + 7)
= lim
= lim ( x + 7)
x7
x 7 x 7
x 7
x 7
= 7 + 7 = 14
Define f(7) = 14.
18. lim
4. lim t 4 and g(3) do not exist, so g(t) is not

t 3
continuous at 3.
t 3
and h(3) do not exist, so h(t) is not

t 3
continuous at 3.
5. lim
2 x 2 18
2( x + 3)( x 3)
= lim
3 x
x 3 3 x
x 3
= lim[2( x + 3)] = 2(3 + 3) = 12
19. lim
t 3
x 3
Define f(3) = 12.
6. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3.

7. lim t = 3 = f (3); continuous
t 3
20. lim
t 3
21. lim
t 1
t 3 27
(t 3)(t 2 + 3t + 9)
= lim
t 3
t 3 t 3
t 3
= lim(t 2 + 3t + 9) = (3)2 + 3(3) + 9 = 27 = r (3)
22.
12. From Problem 11, lim r (t ) = 27, so r(t) is not

t 3
continuous at 3 because lim r (t ) r (3).

t 3
t 1
1)( t + 1)
1
Define H(1) = .
2
t 1 (t
11. lim
continuous
t 1
( t 1)( t + 1)
= lim
t 1 t 1 (t 1)( t + 1)
= lim
10. f(3) does not exist, so f(x) is not continuous at 3.
t 3
=1
Define g(0) = 1
0
8. lim t 2 = 1 = g (3); continuous

9. h(3) does not exist, so h(t) is not continuous at 3.
sin( )
= lim
t 1
1
t +1
1
2
x4 + 2 x2 3
( x 2 1)( x 2 + 3)
= lim
x +1
x +1
x 1
x 1
lim
( x + 1)( x 1)( x 2 + 3)
x +1
x 1
= lim
= lim [( x 1)( x 2 + 3)]

x 1
= (1 1)[(1)2 + 3] = 8
Define (1) = 8.
84
Section 1.6
23.
x2 1
( x 1)( x + 1)
lim sin
= lim sin
x +1
x 1
x + 1 x 1
= lim sin( x 1) = sin(1 1) = sin(2) = sin 2
37.
x 1
Define F(1) = sin 2.

24. Discontinuous at x = ,30
25.
33 x 2
( x)( x 3)
Discontinuous at x = 3,
f ( x) =
38.
26. Continuous at all points

27. Discontinuous at all = n + where n is any
2
integer.
28. Discontinuous at all u 5
39.
29. Discontinuous at u = 1
30. Continuous at all points
31. G ( x) =
1
(2 x)(2 + x)
Discontinuous on (, 2] [2, )
32. Continuous at all points since
lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) and lim f ( x) = 1 = f (1).
x 0
40.
x 1
33. lim g ( x ) = 0 = g (0)

x 0
lim g ( x) = 1, lim g ( x) = 1
x 1+
x 1
lim g(x ) does not exist, so g(x) is discontinuous

x1
at x = 1.
34. Discontinuous at every integer
35. Discontinuous at t = n +
1
where n is any integer
2
Discontinuous at all points except x = 0, because

lim f ( x ) f (c) for c 0 . lim f ( x ) exists only
x c
x c
at c = 0 and lim f ( x) = 0 = f (0) .

x 0
36.
41. Continuous.
42. Discontinuous: removable, define f (10) = 20
44. Discontinuous: nonremovable.
45. Discontinuous, removable, redefine g (0) = 1
46. Discontinuous: removable, define F (0) = 0
Section 1.6
85
47. Discontinuous: nonremovable.

49. The function is continuous on the intervals
( 0,1] , (1, 2], (2,3],
52. Let f ( x) = x3 + 3 x 2. f is continuous on [0, 1].

f(0) = 2 < 0 and f(1) = 2 > 0. Thus, there is at
least one number c between 0 and 1 such that
x 3 + 3x 2 = 0.
53. Because the function is continuous on [ 0,2 ] and
(cos 0)03 + 6sin 5 0 3 = 3 < 0,
Cost $
0.60
(cos 2)(2)3 + 6sin 5 (2) 3 = 83 3 > 0, there

is at least one number c between 0 and 2 such
0.48
that (cos t )t 3 + 6sin 5 t 3 = 0.
0.72
0.36
54. Let f ( x ) = x 7 x + 14 x 8 . f(x) is

continuous at all values of x.
f(0) = 8, f(5) = 12
Because 0 is between 8 and 12, there is at least
one number c between 0 and 5 such that
3
0.24
0.12
1
3
5
2
4
6
Length of call in minutes

[0, 200], (200,300], (300, 400],
f ( x ) = x 3 7 x 2 + 14 x 8 = 0 .
This equation has three solutions (x = 1,2,4)
Cost $
80
60
40
55. Let f ( x ) = x cos x. . f(x) is continuous at all
20
100 200 300 400 500

Miles Driven

(0, 0.25], (0.25, 0.375], (0.375, 0.5],
values of x 0.
f(0) = 1, f(/2) = / 2
Because 0 is between 1 and / 2 , there is at
least one number c between 0 and /2 such that
f ( x ) = x cos x = 0.
The interval [0.6,0.7] contains the solution.
Cost $
4
3
2
1
0.25
0.5
0.75
Miles Driven
56. Let f ( x) = x5 + 4 x3 7 x + 14
f(x) is continuous at all values of x.
f(2) = 36, f(0) = 14
Because 0 is between 36 and 14, there is at least
one number c between 2 and 0 such that
f ( x) = x5 + 4 x3 7 x + 14 = 0.
86
Section 1.6
57. Suppose that f is continuous at c, so

lim f ( x) = f (c). Let x = c + t, so t = x c, then
x c
as x c , t 0 and the statement

lim f ( x) = f (c) becomes lim f (t + c ) = f (c).
x c
t 0
Suppose that lim f (t + c) = f (c) and let x = t +

t 0
c, so t = x c. Since c is fixed, t 0 means that

x c and the statement lim f (t + c) = f (c)
t 0
becomes lim f ( x) = f (c) , so f is continuous at

x c
c.
58. Since f(x) is continuous at c,
lim f ( x) = f (c) > 0. Choose = f ( c ) , then
x c
there exists a > 0 such that

0 < x c < f ( x) f (c) < .
Thus, f ( x ) f ( c ) > = f ( c ) , or f ( x ) > 0 .
Since also f ( c ) > 0 , f ( x ) > 0 for all x in
(c , c + ).
59. Let g(x) = x f(x). Then,

g(0) = 0 f(0) = f(0) 0 and g(1) = 1 f(1) 0
since 0 f(x) 1 on [0, 1] . If g(0) = 0, then
f(0) = 0 and c = 0 is a fixed point of f. If g(1) = 0,
then f(1) = 1 and c = 1 is a fixed point of f. If
neither g(0) = 0 nor g(1) = 0, then g(0) < 0 and
g(1) > 0 so there is some c in [0, 1] such that
g(c) = 0. If g(c) = 0 then c f(c) = 0 or
f(c) = c and c is a fixed point of f.
60. For f(x) to be continuous everywhere,
f(1) = a(1) + b = 2 and f(2) = 6 = a(2) + b
a+b=2
2a + b = 6
a = 4
a = 4, b = 2
63. Let f(x) be the difference in times on the hikers

watch where x is a point on the path, and suppose
x = 0 at the bottom and x = 1 at the top of the
mountain.
So f(x) = (time on watch on the way up) (time
on watch on the way down).
f(0) = 4 11 = 7, f(1) = 12 5 = 7. Since time is
continuous, f(x) is continuous, hence there is
some c between 0 and 1 where f(c) = 0. This c is
the point where the hikers watch showed the
same time on both days.

64. Let f be the function on 0, 2 such that f() is
the length of the side of the rectangle which

makes angle with the x-axis minus the length of
the sides perpendicular to it. f is continuous on

0, 2 . If f(0) = 0 then the region is
circumscribed by a square. If f(0) 0, then

observe that f (0) = f . Thus, by the
2
Intermediate Value Theorem, there is an angle
0 between 0 and
such that f ( 0 ) = 0.
2
Hence, D can be circumscribed by a square.
65. Yes, g is continuous at R .
lim g ( r ) =
r R
= lim g ( r )
GMm
r R+
R2
66. No. By the Intermediate Value Theorem, if f

were to change signs on [a,b], then f must be
0 at some c in [a,b]. Therefore, f cannot
change sign.
67. a.
f(x) = f(x + 0) = f(x) + f(0), so f(0) = 0. We

want to prove that lim f (x) = f (c), or,
xc
equivalently, lim [ f (x) f (c)] = 0. But

xc
61. For x in [0, 1], let f(x) indicate where the string
originally at x ends up. Thus f(0) = a, f(1) = b.
f(x) is continuous since the string is unbroken.
Since 0 a, b 1 , f(x) satisfies the conditions of
Problem 59, so there is some c in [0, 1] with
f(c) = c, i.e., the point of string originally at c
ends up at c.
62. The Intermediate Value Theorem does not imply
the existence of a number c between 2 and 2
such that f (c ) = 0. The reason is that the
function f ( x ) is not continuous on [ 2, 2] .
f(x) f(c) = f(x c), so

lim[ f ( x) f (c)] = lim f ( x c). Let
x c
x c
h = x c then as x c, h 0 and
lim f ( x c) = lim f (h) = f (0) = 0. Hence
x c
h 0
lim f (x) = f (c) and f is continuous at c.

xc
Thus, f is continuous everywhere, since c

was arbitrary.
b. By Problem 43 of Section 0.5, f(t) = mt for
all t in Q. Since g(t) = mt is a polynomial
function, it is continuous for all real
numbers. f(t) = g(t) for all t in Q, thus
f(t) = g(t) for all t in R, i.e. f (t ) = mt.
Section 1.6
87
68. If f(x) is continuous on an interval then

lim f ( x) = f (c) for all points in the interval:
x c
lim f ( x) = f (c) lim f ( x)
x c
x c
= lim
x c
f 2 ( x) = lim f ( x)
x c
3 3
Domain: , ;
4 4
3
3
Range: , 0,
4
4
= ( f (c))2 = f (c )
1 if x 0
69. Suppose f ( x) =
. f(x) is
1 if x < 0
discontinuous at x = 0, but g(x) = f ( x) = 1 is
b. At x = 0
3
3
c. If x = 0, f ( x) = 0 , if x = , f ( x) = and
4
4
3
3
3
3
if x = , f ( x) = , so x = , 0, are
4
4
4
4
fixed points of f.
continuous everywhere.
70. a.
1.7 Chapter Review

Concepts Test
1. False.
Consider f ( x ) = x at x = 2.
2. False:
c may not be in the domain of f(x), or
it may be defined separately.
3. False:
c may not be in the domain of f(x), or
it may be defined separately.
b. If r is any rational number, then any deleted
interval about r contains an irrational
1
number. Thus, if f (r ) = , any deleted
q
interval about r contains at least one point c
1
1
such that f (r ) f (c) = 0 = . Hence,
q
q
lim f (x) does not exist.
xr
If c is any irrational number in (0, 1), then as

p
p
x = c (where
is the reduced form
q
q
of the rational number) q , so
f ( x) 0 as x c. Thus,
lim f ( x) = 0 = f (c) for any irrational
x c
4. True.
By definition, where c = 0, L = 0.
5. False:
If f(c) is not defined, lim f ( x ) might

xc
exist; e.g., f ( x) =
88
Suppose the block rotates to the left. Using

3
geometry, f ( x) = . Suppose the block
4
rotates to the right. Using geometry,
3
f ( x) = . If x = 0, the block does not rotate,
4
so f(x) = 0.
Section 1.7
x 4
.
x+2
x2 4
= 4.
x 2 x + 2
f(2) does not exist, but lim
6. True:
x 2 25
( x 5)( x + 5)
= lim
x5
x 5 x 5
x 5
= lim ( x + 5) = 5 + 5 = 10
lim
x 5
7. True:
8. False:
number c.
71. a.
9. False:
10. True:
Substitution Theorem
lim
x 0
sin x
=1
x
The tangent function is not defined for

all values of c.
sin x
,
cos x
then cos x 0 , and Theorem A.7
applies..
If x is in the domain of tan x =
11. True:
Since both sin x and cos x are

continuous for all real numbers, by
Theorem C we can conclude that
f ( x) = 2 sin 2 x cos x is also
continuous for all real numbers.
12. True.
By definition, lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) .
13. True.
2 [1,3]
14. False:
25. True:
x2
such that 0 < x 2 <

f ( x ) f (2) < 0. 001 f (2), or
0. 001 f (2 ) < f ( x ) f (2 )
< 0.001f(2)
Thus, 0.999f(2) < f(x) < 1.001f(2) and
f(x) < 1.001f(2) for 0 < x 2 < .
Since f(2) < 1.001f(2), as f(2) > 0,
f(x) < 1.001f(2) on (2 , 2 + ).
x c
lim may not exist
x 0
Choose = 0. 001 f (2) then since

lim f ( x ) = f (2), there is some
26. False:
That lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x )] exists does

xc
15. False:
Consider f ( x) = sin x.
16. True.
By the definition of continuity on an

interval.
17. False:
Since 1 sin x 1 for all x and

1
sin x
lim = 0 , we get lim
=0.
x x
x x
18. False.
It could be the case where

lim f ( x ) = 2
not imply that lim f ( x ) and

xc
lim g( x ) exist; e.g., f ( x) =

xc
g ( x) =
The graph has many vertical

asymptotes; e.g., x = /2, 3/2,
5/2,
20. True:
x = 2 ; x = 2
21. True:
As x 1+ both the numerator and

denominator are positive. Since the
numerator approaches a constant and
the denominator approaches zero, the
limit goes to + .
22. False:
lim f ( x) must equal f(c) for f to be
Squeeze Theorem
28. True:
A function has only one limit at a

point, so if lim f ( x ) = L and
x a
lim f ( x ) = M , L = M
x a
29. False:
24. True:
x +x6
and
x2
5
x, then f(x) g(x) for all x,
2
but lim f ( x ) = lim g ( x ) = 5.
x 2
x2
30. False:
If f(x) < 10, lim f ( x ) could equal 10

x2
if there is a discontinuity point (2, 10).

For example,
x3 + 6 x 2 2 x 12
f ( x) =
< 10 for
x2
all x, but lim f ( x) = 10.
lim f ( x) = f lim x = f (c), so f is

x c
continuous at x = c.
x 2.3
g ( x) =
x c
x
= 1 = f ( 2.3)
2
x c
example, if f ( x) =
x c
lim
That f(x) g(x) for all x does not

imply that lim f ( x) lim g ( x). For
x c
continuous at x = c.
23. True:
x+7
for c = 2 .
x+2
27. True:
19. False:
x3
and
x+2
x 2
31. True:
lim f ( x) = lim
x a
x a
f 2 ( x)
= lim f ( x) = (b)2 = b
xa
32. True:
If f is continuous and positive on

[a, b], the reciprocal is also
continuous, so it will assume all
1
1
and
.
values between
f ( a)
f (b )
Section 1.7
89
Sample Test Problems
14.
x2 22 0
=
= =0
x 2 x + 2
2+2 4
1. lim
u 2 1 12 1
=
=0
1+1
u 1 u + 1
u2 1
(u 1)(u + 1)
= lim
= lim (u + 1)
u 1
u 1 u 1
u 1
u 1
=1+1=2
u +1
u +1
= lim
u 1 (u + 1)(u 1)
1
does not exist
1 2x
5. lim
= lim
x 2
x
= lim
x 2 ( x 2)( x + 2)
x2 x 2
4
1
1
=
=
2 (2 + 2 ) 8
z2 4
u 1 u 1
= lim
x2
1 cos 2 x
2 1 cos 2 x
= lim
3x
2x
x 0
x 0 3
2
1 cos 2 x 2
= lim
= 0 = 0
3 x 0
2x
3
1
x ( x + 2)
1
1
x 1
x = 1+ 0 = 1
17. lim
= lim
2 1+ 0
x x + 2
x
1+
x
18. Since 1 sin t 1 for all t and lim

= lim
get lim
19. lim
sin x
tan x
1
cos x
= lim
= lim
x 0 sin 2 x
x 0 2 sin x cos x
x 0 2 cos 2 x
1
1
=
=
2
2 cos 0 2
y 1 y 2
( y 1)( y 2 + y + 1)
y 1 ( y 1)( y + 1)
t+2
( t 2 )2
20.
= lim
21.
y 2 + y + 1 12 + 1 + 1 3
=
=
1+1
2
y +1
y 1
x4
x 2
x4
= lim
( x 2)( x + 2)
x 4
x 2
= lim ( x + 2) = 4 + 2 = 4
x4
12.
13.
90
lim
x 0
lim
x (1/ 2)+
lim
t 2
= lim
x 0
x
= lim (1) = 1
x x 0
4x = 2
cos x
= , because as x 0+ , cos x 1
x 0 + x
while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.
lim
Section 1.7
x / 4
tan 2 x = because as x ( / 4 ) ,
2 x ( / 2 ) , so tan 2 x .
22.
1 + sin x
= , because as x 0+ ,
+
x
x 0
lim
1 + sin x 1 while the denominator goes to

0 from the right.
| 2 x 6 |< 2 | x 3 |<
| x 3 |<
. Choose =
Let > 0. Choose = / 2. Thus,
t t ) = lim t lim t = 1 2 = 1
t 2
= because as t 0, t + 2 4
23. Preliminary analysis: Let > 0. We need to find

a > 0 such that
0 <| x 3 |< | ( 2 x + 1) 7 |< .
cos x
does not exist.
x 0 x
10. lim
11.
sin t
=0.
t
lim
= lim
9. lim
= 0 , we
while the denominator goes to 0 from the right.
7. lim
y3 1
t t
t 2
8. lim
1 x
= 1 since x 1 < 0 as
x 1
16. lim
z 2 ( z + 3)( z
z 2 z 2
x 1
sin 5 x
5 sin 5 x
= lim
x 0 3 x
x 0 3 5 x
5
sin 5 x 5
5
= lim
= 1 =
3 x 0 5 x
3
3
( z + 2)( z 2)
2)
+z6
z +2 2 + 2 4
=
=
= lim
5
z 2 z + 3 2 + 3
6. lim
x 1
= lim
15. lim
3. lim
u 1 u 2
x 1
x 1
2. lim
4. lim
x 1
lim
t 2
( 2 x + 1) 7
= 2 x 6 = 2 x 3 < 2 ( / 2 ) = .
24. a. f(1) = 0
b.
c.
d.
28.
lim f ( x) = lim (1 x) = 0
x 1+
x 1+
lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x) = 1 because
x 1
lim f ( x) = lim x3 = 1 and
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x) = lim x = 1
x 1+
25. a.
x 1+
f is discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) = 0,

but lim f (x ) does not exist. f is
x1
discontinuous at x = 1 because f(1) does

not exist.
b. Define f(1) = 1
26. a.
b.
27. a.
0 < u a < g (u ) M <

0 < a x < f ( x) L <
lim[2 f ( x) 4 g ( x)]
Horizontal: lim
c.
d.
x 3
x2 9
lim g ( x)
= lim g ( x )( x + 3)
x 3 x 3
x 3
= lim g ( x ) lim ( x + 3) = 2 (3 + 3) = 12
x 3
+1
Horizontal: lim
x2
x x 2
= lim
x2
+ 1 x x 2 + 1
y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
g(3) = 2
lim g ( f ( x)) = g lim f ( x) = g (3) = 2
x 3
x 3
lim
x 3
f ( x) 8 g ( x)
2
= lim f ( x) 8 lim g ( x)
x 3
x 3
33. Vertical: x = 1, x = 1 because lim
x 1+
lim
x 3
g ( x) g (3)
f ( x)
2 g (3)
3
lim
x 1
x2
x2 1
Horizontal: lim
= 1 , so
x2
x2 1
x2
= lim
x2
1 x x 2 1
= 0 , so
x x 2
= (3) 2 8(2) = 5
f.
x x 2
32. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.
and
e.
= lim
+1
= 2(3) 4(2) = 14
x 3
x x 2
= 2 lim f ( x) 4 lim g ( x )
b.
30. Let f ( x) = x5 4 x3 3 x + 1
f(2) = 5, f(3) = 127
Because f(x) is continuous on [2, 3] and
f(2) < 0 < f(3), there exists some number c
between 2 and 3 such that f(c) = 0.
31. Vertical: None, denominator is never 0.
x 3
x 3
29. a(0) + b = 1 and a(1) + b = 1

b = 1; a + b = 1
a1=1
a=2
= 1 , so
2 (2)
3
=0
Section 1.7
91
34. Vertical: x = 2, x = 2 because

x
lim
x 2+
x 4
= and
x x 2
lim
x x 2
4
asymptotes.
lim
x 2
x3
Horizontal: lim
2. a.
3
x 4
= and
= , so there are no horizontal
35. Vertical: x = / 4, 3 / 4, 5 / 4, because

lim tan 2 x = and similarly for other odd
x / 4
g ( 2 ) = 1/ 2
b.
g ( 2.1) = 1/ 2.1 0.476
c.
g ( 2.1) g ( 2 ) = 0.476 0.5 = 0.024
d.
g ( 2.1) g ( 2 )
2.1 2
0.024
= 0.24
0.1
e.
g ( a + h ) = 1/ ( a + h )
f.
g ( a + h ) g ( a ) = 1/ ( a + h ) 1/ a =
multiples of / 4.
Horizontal: None, because lim tan 2 x and
x
g.
36. Vertical: x = 0, because

sin x
1 sin x
lim
= lim
=.
2
+
+
x
x 0
x 0 x x
h.
lim tan 2 x do not exist.
g (a + h) g (a)
(a + h) a
3. a.
Horizontal: y = 0, because
lim
sin x
x2
= lim
sin x
x2
1. a.
f ( 2.1) = 2.12 = 4.41
c.
f ( 2.1) f ( 2 ) = 4.41 4 = 0.41
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
f ( 2.1) f ( 2 )
2.1 2
0.41
=
= 4.1
0.1
f ( a + h ) = ( a + h ) = a 2 + 2ah + h 2
2
f ( a + h ) f ( a ) = a 2 + 2ah + h 2 a 2
= 2ah + h 2
f (a + h) f (a)
(a + h) a
lim
h0
2ah + h 2
=
= 2a + h
h
f (a + h) f ( a)
(a + h) a
g (a + h) g (a)
(a + h) a
h0
h 0
c.
F ( 2.1) F ( 2 ) = 1.449 1.414 = 0.035
d.
F ( 2.1) F ( 2 )
2.1 2
Review and Preview
0.035
= 0.35
0.1
e.
F (a + h) = a + h
f.
F (a + h) F (a) = a + h a
g.
h.
F (a + h) F (a)
lim
a+h a
h
( a + h) a
F (a + h) F (a)
h0
= lim
(a + h) a
a+h a
h 0
= lim
h 0
h 0
= lim
h 0
92
1
a2
F ( 2 ) = 2 1.414
= lim
= lim ( 2a + h ) = 2a
1
a (a + h)
F ( 2.1) = 2.1 1.449
f ( 2 ) = 22 = 4
b.
lim
b.
= 0.
Review and Preview Problems
h
a (a + h)
h
a (a + h)
(
(
h0
)(
a+h + a
a+h + a
a+ha
a+h + a
h
a+h + a
1
a+h + a
a+h a
h
= lim
)
)
1
2 a
a
2a
4. a.
G ( 2) = ( 2) + 1 = 8 + 1 = 9
3
10.
b.
G ( 2.1) = ( 2.1) + 1 = 9.261 + 1 = 10.261
c.
G ( 2.1) G ( 2 ) = 10.261 9 = 1.261
d.
e.
G ( 2.1) G ( 2 )
2.1 2
1.261
= 12.61
0.1
4
32
3
cm3
V0 = ( 2 ) =
3
3
4
62.5 125
3
=
cm3
V1 = ( 2.5 ) =
3
3
6
125
32
V = V1 V0 =
cm3
cm3
6
3
61
= cm3 31.940 cm3
6
11. a.
G ( a + h) = ( a + h) + 1
3
= a 3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1
f.
G ( a + h ) G ( a ) = ( a + h ) + 1 a + 1
) (
b.
d = 6002 + 4002
= 721 miles
c.
d = 6752 + 5002
= 840 miles
= a3 + 3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3 + 1 a 3 + 1
2
= 3a h + 3ah + h
g.
G ( a + h) G ( a)
(a + h) a
North plane has traveled 600miles. East

plane has traveled 400 miles.
3a 2 h + 3ah 2 + h3
h
= 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2
h.
lim
h0
G ( a + h) G ( a)
(a + h) a
= lim 3a 2 + 3ah + h 2
h 0
= 3a 2
5. a.
( a + b )3 = a3 + 3a 2b +
b.
( a + b ) 4 = a 4 + 4 a 3b +
c.
( a + b )5 = a 5 + 5 a 4 b +
6.
( a + b )n = a n + na n 1b +
7. sin ( x + h ) = sin x cos h + cos x sin h

8. cos ( x + h ) = cos x cos h sin x sin h
9. a.
The point will be at position (10, 0 ) in all

three cases ( t = 1, 2,3 ) because it will have
made 4, 8, and 12 revolutions respectively.
b. Since the point is rotating at a rate of 4

revolutions per second, it will complete 1
1
revolution after second. Therefore, the
4
point will first return to its starting position
1
at time t = .
4
Review and Preview
93

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1

1.1 Concepts Review

Problem Set 1.1

lim ( x 2 + 2 x 1) = (2) 2 + 2(2) 1 = 1

Instructors Resource Manual

(3u + 4)(2u 2)3

8(3u + 4)(u 1)3

= lim 8(3u + 4)(u 1) = 8[3(1) + 4](1 1) = 0

Instructors Resource Manual

Instructors Resource Manual

f(1) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

b. g(1) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

Instructors Resource Manual

41. lim f ( x) exists for a = 1, 0, 1.

42. The changed values will not change lim f ( x) at

any a. As x approaches a, the limit is still a 2 .

f (0) does not exist.

lim f ( x) does not exist.

does not exist.

does not exist.

46. a) Does not exist

lim f ( x) does not exist.

47. lim x does not exist since

Instructors Resource Manual

7. If x is within 0.001 of 2, then 2x is within 0.002

8. If x is within 0.0005 of 2, then x2 is within 0.002

59. lim x ; The computer gives a value of 0, but

9. If x is within 0.0019 of 2, then

x does not exist.

1.2 Concepts Review

Problem Set 1.2

3. 0 < z d < h( z ) P <

4. 0 < y e < ( y ) B <

5. 0 < c x < f ( x) L <

11. 0 < x 0 < (2 x 1) (1) <

Instructors Resource Manual

12. 0 < x + 21 < (3x 1) (64) <

16. 0 < x 1 <

17. 0 < x 4 <

Instructors Resource Manual

15. 0 < x 5 <

19. 0 < x 1 <

< 1.65 and

since = only when

(10 x 6)( x 1)2

18. 0 < x 1 <

20. 0 < x 1 < (2 x 2 + 1) 3 <

To bound 2 x + 2 , agree that 1 .

Instructors Resource Manual

21. 0 < x + 1 < ( x 2 2 x 1) 2 <

To bound x 3 , agree that 1 .

26. 0 < x <

= 2; 0 < x < x < = 2 =

22. 0 < x < x 4 0 = x 4 <

lim x : 0 < x < x 0 <

= ; 0 < x < x 0 = x = x < =

lim x : 0 < 0 x < x 0 <