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Construction and Infrastructure Management Program and School of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang
District, Nakhon-Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
b
School of Civil Engineering, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang District, Nakhon-Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
c
Bureau of Rural Road 2, Department of Rural Roads, 37 Moo 9, Muang District, Saraburee 18000, Thailand
Received 21 December 2011; received in revised form 31 July 2012; accepted 1 September 2012
Abstract
This paper studies compaction characteristics and California Bearing Ratio, CBR values of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and
crushed rocks. All test data were collated from the Bureau of Rural Road 6, the Department of Rural Roads, Thailand. The Ohios and
the modied Ohios curves can predict satisfactorily the compaction curves of the ne-grained soils, and lateritic soils and crushed rocks
consistent with the grade B of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Ofcials (AASHTO) requirement.
The CBR value of a specic soil is directly related to the relative dry unit weight (the ratio of dry unit weight to maximum dry unit
weight, gd/gd,max). The eld compaction result of a ne-grained soil at the optimum water content, OWC, shows that initially the dry unit
weight increases rapidly with the number of roller passes and the relationship between dry unit weight and number of roller passes is
represented by the logarithm function. Finally, the dry unit weight reaches a constant value, which is close to the laboratory maximum
dry unit weight. Even with a large number of roller passes (compaction energy), the dry unit weight cannot be enhanced further because
the soil state approaches the zero air void state. In practice, the excess roller pass is thus not economic. Based on the analysis of the test
data, the eld compaction procedure for road embankment and pavement constructions, which includes the material selection and the
construction control, is suggested. It is useful in terms of both engineering and economic viewpoints.
& 2013 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Compaction; California Bearing Ratio (CBR); Fine-grained soils; Lateritic soils; Crushed rocks
1. Introduction
Soils are materials that are not made to order and thus
do not always exhibit the properties desired for constructing
earth systems. Therefore, modication of soils at the site to
n
0038-0806 & 2013 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012
Please cite this article as: Horpibulsuk, S., et al., Compaction behavior of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks. Soils and Foundations
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012
Table 1
Gradation requirements for soils used as subbase materials, base courses and surface courses (AASHTO M147).
Opening size (mm)
50.8
25.0
9.5
4.75
2.0
0.425
0.075
Percent ner
Grade A
Grade B
Grade C
Grade D
Grade E
Grade F
100
3065
2555
1540
820
28
100
7995
4075
3060
2045
1530
520
100
5085
3565
2550
1530
515
100
60100
5085
4070
2545
520
100
55100
40100
2050
620
100
70100
55100
3070
825
Please cite this article as: Horpibulsuk, S., et al., Compaction behavior of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks. Soils and Foundations
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012
Table 2
Gradation range of the crushed rocks and the lateritic soils.
Opening size (mm)
50.8
25.0
9.5
4.75
2.0
0.425
0.075
100
88.392.7
57.663.0
36.344.1
23.126.0
14.217.3
5.77.4
100
87.891.2
60.565.0
41.855.5
22.427.8
15.017.2
5.37.8
Please cite this article as: Horpibulsuk, S., et al., Compaction behavior of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks. Soils and Foundations
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012
Fig. 3. Compaction and CBR test results of a lateritic soil. (a) water content and CBR versus unit weight and (b) dry unit weight and CBR versus
compaction energy.
Please cite this article as: Horpibulsuk, S., et al., Compaction behavior of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks. Soils and Foundations
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012
Fig. 5. Relationships between CBR and maximum dry unit weight of the studied soils. (a) Fine-grained soils, (b) Lateritic soils and (c) Crushed
soils.
Please cite this article as: Horpibulsuk, S., et al., Compaction behavior of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks. Soils and Foundations
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012
the modied Ohios curves predict satisfactorily the compaction behavior of the compacted soils. From the predicted curves and Eqs. (1)(4), the CBR values at different
relative dry unit weights between 90% and 100% can be
approximated. The laboratory and eld compaction data
show that the relationship between the relative compaction
and the number of roller passes is represented by the
logarithm function. From the analysis of the test data, the
eld compaction procedure for road embankment and rural
and highway pavements, which includes the material selection and the eld compaction control, is suggested. It is
useful in terms of engineering and economical viewpoints.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Higher Education
Research Promotion and National Research University
Project of Thailand, Ofce of Higher Education Commission. The nancial support and facilities that were provided
by the Suranaree University of Technology were appreciated.
References
Boutwell, G., 1961. Effects of variation of ll construction on the material
properties and the subsequent ll performance. Independent Study
Rep. School of Civil Engineering. Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta, Ga.
Blotz, L.R., Benson, C., Boutwell, G., 1998. Estimating optimum water
content and maximum dry unit weight for compacted clays. Journal of
Geotechnical Engineering, ASCE 124 (9), 907912.
Please cite this article as: Horpibulsuk, S., et al., Compaction behavior of ne-grained soils, lateritic soils and crushed rocks. Soils and Foundations
(2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2012.12.012