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MSc Lecture 2:
Fire Fundamentals:
Ceiling Jets and Plumes
Fire Combustion
Professor W.K. Chow
Department of Building Services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Hong Kong, China
8 Sept 2015
MScFD1.ppt
heat,
light,
flames (a glowing mass of gas) and
the emission of sound,
An unwanted combustion:
(not controlled-combustion as in furnace, gas cooker, and IC
engine)
Fire requires:
fuel,
oxygen and
heat to start; thermal feedback later.
These three elements together form a fire
triangle.
Heat
(Ignition)
Oxygen
(Ventilation factor)
No Combustibles!
10
11
Development
800
Temperature/C
Flashover
Time
Temperature Course of a Fire
Decay
12
Growth stages:
Preflashover stage.
Development stage:
13
Decay stage:
14
15
Ceiling jet
Hot gas buoyant layer
Hot gas out
Convection
Plume
Radiation
FIRE
Fuel
Conduction
Cool air in
16
Some terms
Smouldering (U.S.: Smoldering)
2 factors to occur
~
17
Cooling:
Starvation:
Smothering:
18
Inhibition:
Chemicals required.
19
20
Class B Fire
21
Class C Fire
Fire
including
equipment
energized
electrical
22
Class D Fire
23
Class K Fire
24
(3) Ignition
The fuel concerned is heated by source to give
combustion.
25
26
A pillow !
(CSIRO)
Burning to save lives Ecos, Issue 59, Autumn, 1989, CSIRO, East Melbourn, pp.4-9
27
28
Cotton
Paper
230 - 266
230
254
230
White pine
Polyethylene
228 - 264
341
260
349
PVC
Perspex
391
280 - 300
454
450 - 462
346
310
491
Materials
Polystyrene foam
Polyurethane
416
29
(1)
30
E = 25 kcal mol-2.
31
32
33
34
35
Radiation
Convection
(If hot gas flow
towards the fuel)
Conduction
(If in contact)
Flame
Material
Heat loss by
convection
36
37
Thermal Inertia kC
By solving the one-dimensional conduction
equation, the quantity kC would become a
measure of time taken to heat up the material
when exposed under a heat source.
Therefore, its value is significant in determining
ignition characteristic of the material.
t C x 2
2
(2)
38
39
Critical
intensity
200
40
Surface ignition
Pilot ignition
Spontaneous ignition
Wood
Fibre insulating
0.1
-
0.35
0.4
0.7
0.55 - 1.2
0.08
0.55
board
Cork
41
s
t
1 exp
2
t
erfc k
when
k
c
Effect of thermal inertia (kcp) in W2s/m4.K2, on the rate of
temperature rise at the surface of a semi-infinite solid
with h = 20 W/m2.K
Ts = surface temperature
k
c
~
k
1
kc
Heat flux
x = 0, Ts
42
Material
Thermal
conductivity
k (W m-1 K-1)
Density
(kg m-3)
Specific
heat c
(J kg-1 K-1)
Thermal
diffusivity
(10-6 m2 s-1)
Thermal
absorptivity kc
(J m-2 s-1/2 K-1)
Steel
44.0
7800
460
12.3
12600
Mabel
2.0
7650
1000
0.755
2300
Normalweight
concrete
1.7
2250
1200
0.630
2140
Brick
1.0
2100
900
0.529
1370
Lightweight
concrete
0.50
1450
1000
0.345
850
Plastic board
0.25
750
2500
0.133
680
Wood
0.15
550
1800
0.152
390
Mineral wool
0.04
160
1150
0.217
86
43
44
Ignition
Source
Heat
Combustion
Excess
Heat
Heat
Losses
Further
Combustion
Heat
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
(5) Flamming/Glowing
Flaming Mode
(early stage)
Intermediate
Stage
Glowing Mode
(final stage)
Glowing
Region
53
3 or more nonluminous
flaming zones
Flaming direction
under influence of
thermal update
Mixing chamber
Fire intensity is a
function of fuel type
and radiative feedback
Turbulent, nonzonal
luminous yellowish
flaming-free carbon
Premixed flame
Fire Fundamentals & Control Haessler (1989)
Air Induction
Fuel
Diffusion flame
Fire Fundamentals & Control Haessler (1989)
54
55
Thermal decomposition
Methane combustion
Methanol combustion
Formaldehyde oxidation
Acetylene combustion
56
(1)
CH3 + H = CH2(S) + H2
O+ H2 = H + OH
(2)
CH3+ O
OH + H2 = H2O + H
(3)
OH + OH = H2O + O
HO2 + M
HO2 + H
OH + OH
HO2 + OH
H2O + O2
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
CH3 + OH = CH2OH + H
CH3 + O2
CH3 + HO2
(16)
(17)
H2O + M
H + O2 + M
CH2O + H
(4)
H + OH + M
(15)
(18)
(19)
CH2OH +O
(20)
CH2OH + OH
CH3 + HCO
CH4 +CO
(21)
(22)
CO + OH = CO2 + H
(9)
CH2OH + M
CH2O + H + M
CH4 + H= CH3 + H2
(10)
CH2OH + O2
CH2O + HO2
CH4 + O
CH3 + OH
(12)
CH4
(14)
(13)
(11)
(23)
(24)
CH2O + H
HCO + H2
CH2O +OH
HCO + H2O
(26)
HCO + M
CO + H + M
(27)
HCO + H
CO + H2
(25)
(28)
57
HCO + OH
CO + H2O
HCO + O2
CO + HO2
CH2 + H + M
(30)
CH3 + M
CH2 + H = CH + H2
(32)
CH2 + O
CO + H + H
CH2 + O
CH2 + OH
CO + H2
(35)
(36)
CH2O + O
CH2 + O2
CO2 + H2 (38)
CO + H
CH + OH
HCO + H
CH + OH = C + H2O
(37)
HCO + O
(46)
CH2O + H
(47)
CH + CO2
HCO + CO
(48)
C + OH
CO + H
(49)
C + O2
CO + O
(50)
NH + H
N + H2
(51)
NH + O
NO + H
N + OH
(40)
NH + NO = N2O + H
CH2O +CO
(41)
N + OH
(42)
(44)
CH + H2O
NH + O
(39)
(43)
(45)
CO + OH + H
CH2(S) + CO2
CH + H = C + H2
(33)
(34)
CH2 + O2
CH2(S) + M = CH2 + M
(31)
CH + O
CH + O2
CH2O + H
CH2 + OH = CH + H2O
CH2(S) +O2
(29)
N + O2
(52)
(53)
(54)
NO + H
NO + O
(55)
(56)
58
N + NO = N2 + O
O + N2 + M
N2 O + H
CH2 + NO
(57)
N2 O + M
N2 + OH
CH2(S) + NO
(58)
(59)
HCN + O
CN + O
NCO + H
(60)
C + NO
HCN + O
NH + CO
(61)
C + NO
HCN + OH
CN + H2O
NCO + H2
(62)
CN + OH
NCO + H
(64)
CN + O2
NCO + O
(65)
NCO + H
NCO + OH
NCO + NO
NH + CO
(66)
NO + CO + H
N2O + CO
CH + N2
HCN + N
C + N2
CN + N
(68)
(69)
(70)
(67)
N + CO
N + CO2 = NO + CO
N + CH2
(63)
(71)
OH + HCN
CH + NO
HCN + O
HCN + OH
NCO + H2
(73)
(74)
(75)
(76)
HCN + 2H
(77)
(72)