9 Tubing Tools 15

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery
OGPP - Practical
Tubing Design / Tools
Clemens Langbauer
dongbaosy.en.alibaba.com
Agenda
- Tubing Stress Analysis
-
Material Properties
Tension
Collapse
Burst
Biaxial Design
Triaxial Design
Load Cases
- Packers
- Subsurface Safety Valve (SSSV)
Page 2
Tubing Stress Analysis

Tubing is the fundamental component of most completion designs and
is a barrier in the well control envelope.
Objectives:
-
Defines the size, weight and grade of the tubing

Design scenarios ensure that the selected tubing will withstand all
projected installation and service loads for the life of the well
Ensure that through tubing interventions are not adversely affected
by stress effects such as buckling
Assist the drilling engineers in defining loads for casing stress
analysis (gas-lift operations)
Source: Well Completion Design Book
Page 3
Stress Strain Relationship
Page 4
Steel Qualities
Carbon Steels
Carbon steel is steel in which the main alloying constituent is carbon in
the range of 0.122.0%.
13 Cr steels
13 Cr steels are stainless steels that does not readily corrode or rust
with water as ordinary steel does.
Duplex steel
Duplex stainless steels are called duplex because they have a twophase microstructure consisting of grains of ferritic and austenitic
stainless steel.
Corrosion resistant alloys (CRA)
A corrosion-resistant alloy (CRA) is an alloy consisting of metals such
as: Chrome, Stainless steel, Cobalt, Nickel, Iron, Titanium,
Molybdenum
Page 5
Tubing Grades
Page 6
Tubing Properties
B. Howard: Petroleum Engineers Handbook
Page 7
Tubing Properties
B. Howard: Petroleum Engineers Handbook
Page 8
Temperature Dependency
The strength of steel (especially of cold-worked alloys) is dependent on
Temperature (starting at 70F) and experience a significant decrease in
strength at high temperatures.
(During manufacturing, as the material is cold-worked to increase its strength,
energy is stored in the material in the form of dislocations. By heating the
material, the energy barrier which prevents this return to a lower energy state is
overcome and returning it to the pre-deformed state.)
Carbon steel
13Cr
Duplex steel
0,03 % / F
0,05 % / F
0,1 % / F
0,054 % / C
0,09 % / C
0,18 % / C
Page 9
Temperature Dependency
Example
Temperature Dependency of the Yield Strength
Calculate the reduction of the yield strength of a 125 ksi duplex steel at a
temperature of T = 350F!
(1 ksi = 1000 psi)
Page 10
Loads on Tubing
Axial Loads
Axial strength
Weight of tubing
Piston forces
Ballooning
Temperature changes
Fluid drag
Bending stresses
Buckling
Tubing to casing drag
Collapse
Elastic collapse
Transition between elastic and plastic
Plastic collapse
Yield collapse
Burst
Page 11
Safety Factors
Page 12
Axial Loads
Axial Strength
Fa,max = Ax . Yp
=
F
Ax
F
Ax
E
Fa,max
Yp
L
L
E=
Stress (lbf/in or psi / Pa)

Load (lb , N)
Area (in, m)
Strain (-)
Youngs modulus (30.106 psi / 210.109 Pa)
Maximum axial force (lb, N)
Yield stress (psi, Pa)
Page 13
Axial Loads
Example
Stress Calculation
A 10000 ft long tubing is loaded with an axial load of 300 000 lb.
Calculate the stress and the elongation of the 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing!
(neglect self-weight)
Example
Maximum Axial Force

Calculate the maximum axial force a 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing, grade L80
can support!
Page 14
Axial Loads
Weight of Tubing:
Vertical well: (ignoring friction)
The whole weight is supported by the tubing hanger
Deviated well: (ignoring friction)
w
. MD
l
w
Fw = . TVD
l
w
Fn = . (MD
l
W=
Lw =
Lw
w
l
TVD)
w l
.
l 2EA
Elongation / self weight

Weight per foot of tubing (lb/ft, N/m)
Page 15
Axial Loads
Example
Weight of Tubing
Generate the load vs. depth profile of the
axial load, caused by the self-weight of a
10000 ft long, vertical tubing string in air.
5,5 in, 17 lb/ft
Calculate the elongation due to the selfweight of the tubing string!
Page 16
Piston Force
Buoyancy:
fluid pressure acting on the base of free-hanging tubing
Fp = p. Ax
p = 0,433. sg. TVD
(Field Units)
Example
HW Deadline: 22.10.2014
Buoyancy
10:00
Calculate the axial load of the 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft

tubing in sea water (s.g. 1,02)
Page 17
Piston Force
Pressure testing plugs:
Pressure differential across the plug
Fp = pplug . Ai
L =
L.pplug .Ai
E. A0 Ai
Elongation (ft, m)
Page 18
Piston Force
Example
10:00
Pressure testing plug

Calculate the axial load of a tubing pressure test in a vertical well in
seawater. p = 5000 psi
Tubing: 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft
Plug near base of tubing
Page 19
Piston Force
Page 20
Piston Force
Crossovers:
Pressure differential on crossover
Fp = pi Api Ati + po Api Ato
L =
pi
po
Api
Ati
Ato
Fp
Fp .L
E. A0 Ai
p in tubing (psi, Pa)

p in annulus (psi, Pa)
Area of packer ID (in, m)
Area of tubing ID (in, m)
Area of tubing OD (in, m)
Force due to piston effect (lb, N)
Page 21
Axial Loads
Ballooning:
Internal pressure swells or balloons the tubing and causes it to shorten.
Pressure in the annulus squeezes the tubing, causing it to elongate
reverse ballooning.
Fb = 2. . Ai . pi Ao . po
LBal =
L.Fb
E. Ao Ai
Ai
Ao
pi
po
Poisson ratio (-) 0,3 in most cases

Tubing inside diameter (in, m)
Tubing outside diameter (in, m)
Change of inside pressure (psi, Pa)
Change of outside pressure (psi, Pa)
Page 22
Axial Loads
Example
10:00
Ballooning
Calculate the ballooning force, resulting from the pressure test for the
5,5 in, 17 lb/ft tubing (no outside pressure).
Calculate the movement if the tubing is free hanging.
Page 23
Axial Loads
Temperature Changes:
Thermal expansion or contraction causes a length change in the tubing.
Lt = Ct . Lt . T
Ft = Ct . E. T. Ao Ai
T is the difference between the average temperatures of any two operating modes.
Carbon & 13C steels

Duplex steels
Ct
Lt
Lt
T
Ct : 1,1.10-5 1/C
Ct 1,25.10-5 1/C
(6.10-6 1/F)
(7.10-6 1/F)
Coefficient of thermal expansion (1/F, 1/C)

Change in tubing length (ft, m)
Tubing length (ft, m)
Change in average temperature (F, C)
Page 24
Axial Loads
Page 25
Axial Loads
Example
Temperature Effect
A vertical completion uses a 2000 meter long 2 7/8 tubing. During the
installation the tubing temperature equalizes with the surrounding
temperature, given by the following equation:
T(d)=1,5.10-5.d - 0,005.d + 50 C
(d in m)
Calculate the length change that occurs during the installation of the
tubing, if the storage temperature of the pipes is TSurface = 10 C! (Duplex
Steel)
Page 26
Axial Loads
Fluid Drag:
The tubing string is contracted / stretched due to the fluid friction that
occurs during production or injection. The direction of the stretch is in
flow direction.
FF =
p
A .L
L i
LF =
p
L
FF .L
2E. Ao Ai
friction pressure drop (psi/ft, Pa/m)
Page 27
Axial Loads
Example
10:00
Fluid Drag
Calculate the friction force of a water injection well with a frictional
pressure drop of 90 psi/1000 ft and the elongation if the tubing is free
hanging.
Tubing: 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft
Page 28
Axial Loads
Bending Stresses:
Caused by bending of the tubing string (e.g. through dogleg)
b =
E.Do
.
.
2.12 180 100
(Field units)
b =
E.Do
.
.
2
180 30
(Si units)
Do
E
Outside tubing diameter (in, m)

Young's Modulus (psi, Pa)
Dogleg severity (/100 ft, /30 m)
Page 29
Axial Loads
Example
Bending Stresses
Assume the buoyant tubing string from the previous example (tubing: 5,5
in, 17 lb/ft, 10000 ft long). Calculate the bending stresses and the
bending load, if there is a dogleg of 3/100 ft from 8000 ft to 10000 ft.
Page 30
Axial Loads
Page 31
Axial Loads
Buckling:
Structural weakness of thin slim elements
-
High bending stresses and therefore low axial safety factors as well
as bending loads on connections
Large tubing to casing friction force
Torque on connection that can unscrew them in extreme cases
Shortening of the tubing when buckled
Resulting doglegs that can limit through tubing access
Page 32
Axial Loads
Assuming a small initial defection

from vertical tubing. Internal
pressure acts on both sides of the
tubing (inside). The area on the
outside of the bend is larger than
on the inside. The sideways forces
resulting from this pressure will
tend to increase the initial bend.
Page 33
Axial Loads
Compression and internal pressure pi promote buckling, whilst external
pressure po and tension reduce the likelihood of buckling.
These effects are captured in the term effective tension Feff:
Feff = Ftotal + (po . Ao pi . Ai )
Ftotal
Fc
Total axial load (neglecting bending)

Critical buckling force
Page 34
Axial Loads
The effective axial load goes precisely to zero at the base of the tubing,
as buoyancy and the pressure component of the effective axial load are
equal in magnitude and opposite in sign.
Page 35
Axial Loads
Critical buckling force / vertical wells:
Sinusoidal buckling: Fc = 1,94 .
Helical buckling: Fc = 4,05 .
I for tubing =
I
w
.
64
EIw
EIw
Do 4 Di 4
Momentum of inertia (in4, m4)

Tubing buoyant weight (lb/in, N/m)
Page 36
Axial Loads
Critical buckling force / deviated wells:
Sinusoidal buckling: Fc =
4.EIw.sin
rc
Helical buckling: Fc = 1,41~1,83.
rc
4.EIw.sin
rc
radial clearance (in, m) (difference in radius: csg. inside and tbg. outside)
Page 37
Axial Loads
Page 38
Axial Loads
Tubing to casing drag:
Friction factors:
Mud
0,15 0,25
Water 0,3 0,45
Brine 0,2 0,3
Page 39
Expansion Device
used to reduce stresses on packers and tubing
Page 40
Axial Loads
Example
Axial Loads
In a 3000 meter deep 7 23 lb/ft, (di=6,366) casing a 2 7/8 6,4 lb/ft
(9,52 kg/m) tubing J55 and a packer are installed. The annulus is filled
with brine s.g. 1,02 (pch=0 MPa). Evaluate the behavior of the tubing if
the well is switched after tubing installation and perforation to production
(pwf = 40 MPa, s.g. 0,9, 40C at surface). Calculate the force the packer
must support for a fixed tubing and a tubing with expansion device.
Check the tension safety factor!
Friction pressure losses: 110 psi/ft (2,48 MPa/1000m)
TSurface = 10 C
Geothermal gradient = 3 C/100m
Packer setting force = 10000N tension
Page 41
Collaps
API Collapse Formulas:
Four formulas (named according to the type of failure) are available for
calculating the collapse resistance:
- Elastic collapse
- Transition between elastic and plastic
- Plastic collapse
- Yield collapse
Page 42
Collaps
Page 43
Collaps
Yield Collapse:
Four formulas (named according to
the type of failure) are available for
calculating the
Source: Applied Drilling Engineering
Page 44
Collaps
Plastic Collapse:
(based on empirical data)
Page 45
Collaps
Transition Collapse:
(obtained by numerical curve fitting between plastic and elastic collapse)
Page 46
Collaps
Elastic Collapse:
(based on theoretical
instability failure)
elastic
Page 47
Collaps
Example:
API Collapse
Determine the collapse strength of a 5 14 lbm/ft J-55 pipe under zero
axial loads. (t = 0,244 in)
Page 48
Burst
API Burst Formulas:
Internal pressure is higher than external pressure.
p
Yp
t
D
minimum internal yield pressure (psi)

minimum yield strength (psi)
wall thickness (in)
Outside pipe diameter (in)
Page 49
Burst
API Burst Example:
Calculate the minimum internal yield pressure for a pipe 5, 15 lbm/ft and
grade C-95 (density steel = 0,286 lbm/in, t = 0,296 in)
Page 50
Biaxial Design
Collapse and Axial Stress
-
The collapse pressure resistance of a pipe depends on the axial

stress
The collapse resistance of a pipe is reduced when tensional loads

are present
The collapse resistance of a pipe is increased when compression

loads are present
Page 51
Biaxial Design
Burst and Axial Stress
-
The burst pressure resistance of a pipe depends on the axial stress
The burst resistance of a pipe is increased when tensional loads are

present
The burst resistance of a pipe is reduced when compression loads

are present
Page 52
Biaxial Design
Page 53
Biaxial Design
Example:
Biaxial Collapse
Determine the collapse strength for a 5 , 14 lbm/ft, J55 pipe under
axial load of 100000 lb!
Page 54
Triaxial Design
Triaxial Analysis
The analysis of the axial stress , radial stress and tangential stress
is called triaxial analysis.
Von Mises Equivalent:
Page 55
Triaxial Design
Page 56
Triaxial Design
Page 57
Triaxial Design
Page 58
Triaxial Design
Page 59
Load Cases
-
Initial conditions
Tubing pressure test
Annulus pressure test
Production
Evacuated tubing
Tubing leak
Injection
Pump in to kill
Page 60
Load Cases
-
Gas lift installation
Page 61
Load Cases
-
Shut in
Page 62
Packers
Packers provide a structural purpose and a sealing purpose.
Objectives:
-
Isolate the annulus to provide sufficient barriers or casing corrosion

prevention (production packer)
Isolate different production zones for zonal isolation
Isolate gravel and sand (gravel pack packer)
Provide a repair or isolation capability (e.g. straddle packers)
Aid in forming the annular volume required for gas lift
Limit well control to the tubing at the surface, for safety purpose
Hold well servicing fluids
Page 63
Packers
Page 64
Packers
Permanent Packer:
Retrievable Packer:
Page 65
Packers
Packing loads on Casing:
The slips of a packer or anchor will generate an outward (burst) force on
casing. This outward force from the slips will try to expand the casing
radially.
Fr =
Fa .(1.tan )
+tan
pburst = pcasing +
Fr
Fa
Fr
Slip area
Friction force (lb / N)

Axial force (lb / N)
Friction coefficient (-)
Cone angle of slips ()
Page 66
Packers
Example
Packer
Calculate the required friction force and the additional burst pressure to
support 100000 N. (6 slips each 80 x 20 mm)
= 0,45
= 10
Page 67
Subsurface Safety Valve

SSSV are fail-safe valves that
are designed to prevent an
uncontrolled
release
of
hydrocarbons from the well if
something catastrophic occurs
at surface.
Page 68
SSSV
Operation Principle:
The hydraulic pressure (applied surface pressure, hydrostatic pressure
of the control line fluid) in the control line must overcome the spring
force to maintain the valve open.
If the valve is positioned too deep, the hydrostatic pressure can
maintain the valve open even when all surface pressure has been bled
off.
Dmax =
pvc pmc
g.f
Dmax
pvc
pmc
f
maximum fail setting depth (m)

recorded valve closing pressure (Pa)
closing safety margin (Pa)
control line fluid density (kg/m)
Page 69
SSSV
Example
SSSV: Fail close setting depth calculation
Calculate the fail close setting depth for a well with hydraulic oil control
line fluid (0,87 s.g.), 1,2 s.g. packer fluid, a recorded valve closure
pressure of 1500 psi and a recommended safety margin of 200 psi.
Page 70

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Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Tubing Stress Analysis

Defines the size, weight and grade of the tubing

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Stress Strain Relationship

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

B. Howard: Petroleum Engineers Handbook

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

B. Howard: Petroleum Engineers Handbook

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Stress (lbf/in or psi / Pa)

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Maximum Axial Force

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Elongation / self weight

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Calculate the axial load of the 5,5 in, 17 lb/ft

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Pressure testing plug

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

p in tubing (psi, Pa)

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Poisson ratio (-) 0,3 in most cases

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Carbon & 13C steels

Coefficient of thermal expansion (1/F, 1/C)

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

friction pressure drop (psi/ft, Pa/m)

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Source: Well Completion Design Book

Chair of Petroleum & Geothermal Energy Recovery

Outside tubing diameter (in, m)