Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
155
Hazards XXI
A Joint Industry Project[9] (JIP) was set up by HSE to overcome these difficulties.
INTRODUCTION
Implementation of the ATEX Directives[1,2] has brought
about a structured approach to the supply and use of equipment intended for use in hazardous areas. The Equipment
Directive[1] deals with the supply of protected equipment
whilst, the User Directive[2], implemented in the UK as
the Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres
Regulations[3] (DSEAR), deals with the installation and
use of protected equipment. DSEAR requires a risk assessment and the installation of appropriate protected equipment
in identified hazardous areas.
With the implementation of DSEAR it was necessary
to re-consider hazardous area classification for non-domestic gas installations. In the UK, the main relevant
sources of guidance are BS EN 60079-10[4], IP 15[5] and
IGEM/SR/25[6]. The recommendations provided by these
documents were increasingly regarded as excessive for secondary releases from low-pressure gas installations. Earlier
theoretical work at HSL[7,8] had demonstrated that the recommendations lead to a very large degree of conservatism
when used for area classification of outdoor systems.
When applied to low pressure indoor gas systems, the recommendations of these documents generally result in a
zone 2 requirement. The gas industry maintained that the
incidence of fires or explosions following foreseeable
small leaks from flanges, fittings, joints etc. is so low that
area classification is inappropriate and that risk assessment
based arguments should be applied. However, in many
cases area classification was and still is applied by suppliers,
required by users, or recommended by enforcing authorities
or notified bodies. In the absence of alternative well founded
technical data and suitable criteria, recommendations and
enforcement were not uniform internationally or nationally.
VENTILATION
The application of ventilation to area classification was
probably first discussed in detail in the seminal publication
of Cox, Lees & Ang, 1990[10] and it is now generally
accepted by all the relevant standards and codes that ventilation is a critical factor.
Guidance on ventilation assessment is given in IGEM/
SR/25[6]. Naturally ventilated indoor spaces are assessed on
the basis of ventilator location and relative size, buoyancy
effects, and overall location. However, even if adequate
ventilation is demonstrated in accordance with this code, it
recommends zone 2 within defined distances from secondary
sources for all gas pressures, without any lower limit. Similarly adequate ventilation is defined in IP 15 on the basis of
air change rates, and the extent of the resulting zone 2 from
secondary sources of gas recommended by this code also
has no lower pressure limit.
BS EN 60079-10[4] defines the degree of ventilation
as high, medium or low on the basis of a calculated hypothetical parameter Vz, which is itself defined as the volume
within which the mean concentration of flammable gas
arising from a release will be (for secondary releases)
50% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL). The standard
gives a method for the calculation of Vz, for indoor situations, using the enclosure air change rate and flammable
(gas) release rate. It is based on the presumption of instantaneous and homogeneous (perfect) mixing and therefore
requires the adoption of an empirical correction factor. Subsequent to the calculation of Vz, area classification can then
# Crown Copyright 2009. This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queens Printer for Scotland.
249
Hazards XXI
The JIP was carried out between 2006 and 2007 and is
reported by Ivings et al., 2008[9]. The full report is available
on the HSE website1. The support of the following sponsors
is gratefully acknowledged.
Health and Safety Executive
Burgoyne Consultants
Corus Construction and Industrial
Danish Gas Technology Centre
Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning
EnergieNed
EON-UK
Epsilon Compliance (Europe)
Gastec Technology
Gasunie
Hamworthy Combustion
Knauf Insulation Ltd
National Grid
Northern Gas Networks
SGL Technic Ltd
Slough Heat and Power
www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr630.htm
250
Hazards XXI
RESULTS
A review was carried out on the ventilation of enclosures
focusing on measures of ventilation effectiveness and how
ventilation rates can be measured for input into an area
classification methodology. The most accurate approach to
calculating air change rates for naturally ventilated enclosures is to make measurements of the decay rate of a
tracer gas within the enclosure. However, the time and
expense required to do this means that it is not an approach
suitable for area classification. BS 5925[11] describes a
method for calculating air change rates of naturally ventilated enclosures that is simple to apply and should provide
data of sufficient accuracy to be appropriate for area classification. The approach was applied to two enclosures where
the air change rate was measured experimentally. In the first
of the two cases considered the calculated air change rate
was in good agreement with the measurements and in the
other case it under-predicted the ventilation rate.
BS EN 60079:10[4] was reviewed in detail. The JIP
made a clear distinction between the two definitions given
in the standard for the gas cloud volume Vz. They are:
.
251
Hazards XXI
was less than 10% LEL the gas cloud volume Vz was found
to be less than 0.1 m3. This suggests that the condition cout
less than 10% LEL would provide a more suitable criterion
for zone 2 NE rather than using the method of calculating Vz
in BS EN 60079:10[4]. The approach described here
removes a very large degree of conservatism from the
zoning methodology described in BS EN 60079:10[4].
For the above approach to be applicable, the leak
source must not be located within a confined space within
an enclosure. It has been shown that local confinement of
a leak can lead to re-entrainment of gas into the jet resulting
in significantly larger gas cloud volumes than would be
expected in an unconfined space. Such cases are more
likely to occur in large enclosures where the jet length
scale is smaller relative to the enclosure and there is more
opportunity for short-circuiting of the ventilation to occur
leading to stagnant regions.
The CFD model for the above work has been validated against 29 experimental tests carried out in a
purpose built enclosure. The experimental tests consisted
of releases of simulated methane gas for a range of leak
rates and ventilation rates. Three different configurations
of the release location and direction were tested and
measurements of the point gas concentration measurements
were used as the basis for the model validation. The results
of the CFD simulations showed good agreement with the
experimental data.
252
Hazards XXI
253
Hazards XXI
P
A4.3.4 of IGEM/SR/25[6],
Tfin 0.0068, so that the
number of simultaneous secondary releases that should be
taken into account for the purposes of IGEM/SR/25[6] is
two based on Table 13.
For zoning calculations using IGEM/SR/25[6] and
the results of the new research, use 2 simultaneous leaks,
one at each pressure. Leak rate 0.2 0.17 0.37 g/s.
For zoning calculations using IEC 60079-10[13] use
the single largest value (Table B.2), leak rate 0.2 g/s.
dT min k LELm
293 103 0:5 0:0293
0:013 m3 =s
From equation B.4:
Vz
f
dV
dt min
254
Hazards XXI
5. Area classification code for installations handling flammable fluids, Model Code of safe practice, IP 15 3rd
edition, The Energy Institute, 2005.
6. IGEM/SR/25, Hazardous area classification of natural gas
installations, Institution of Gas Engineers and Managers,
2000.
7. Gant S.E. and Ivings M.J., CFD Modelling of Low Pressure
Jets for Area Classification, Report HSL/2005/11, Health
& Safety Laboratory, Buxton, 2005.
8. Gant S.E., Ivings M.J., Jones A. and Santon R., Hazardous
area classification of low pressure natural gas systems
using CFD predictions, Hazards XIX, Manchester, UK,
March 2006.
9. Ivings M.J., Clarke S., Gant S.E., Fletcher B., Heather A.,
Pocock D.J., Pritchard D.K., Santon R. and Saunders C.J.,
Area Classification for secondary releases from low
pressure natural gas systems Health and Safety Executive
Research Report, RR630, 2008.
10. Cox A.W., Lees F. P. and Ang M. L., Classification of
Hazardous Locations, IChemE, 1990.
11. BS 5925:1991, Code of practice for Ventilation principles
and designing for natural ventilation.
12. Ivings M., Lea C., Ledin H.S., Pritchard D., Santon R. and
Saunders C.J., Outstanding safety questions concerning the
use of gas turbines for power generation Executive
report, Health and Safety Laboratory Report CM/04/02,
Buxton, 2004.
13. IEC 60079-10-1:2008, Electrical apparatus for explosive
gas atmospheres Part 10: Classification of hazardous
areas.
OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
The project has produced a set of simple criteria that may be
used to allow the classification of Zone 2 NE to be applied to
a wide range of natural gas installations operating at pressures below 10 barg. It has been shown that the method is
very much less demanding than the previously used
methods. Whilst some judgement is required, the use of relatively simple tools, such as a smoke generator, and simple
calculations will enable many installations to use a lower
classification of zone whilst identifying those that require
additional measures, thereby concentrating resources on
genuine hazards. It is intended to include the results of
this work in an imminent revision of IGEM/SR/25[6].
REFERENCES
1. Directive 94/9/EC of the European Parliament and the
Council of 23 March 1994 on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive
atmospheres.
2. Directive 99/92/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 16 December 1999 on minimum requirements
for improving the safety and health protection of workers
potentially at risk from explosive atmospheres.
3. The Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres
Regulations 2002, UK Statutory Instrument 2002 No.
2776.
4. BS EN 60079-10:2003, Electrical apparatus for explosive
gas atmospheres Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas.
255