SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

BCA, IGNOU
1) What type of projects are amenable for Spiral model? Justify your answer with an example.
2) Differentiate between function-oriented design and object-oriented design. Also, explain the
problems which arise if two modules have high coupling.
3) Explain the characteristics of MIS. Give the components of MIS. Also differentiate between DSS
and expert system.
4) Give an example of a structure chart and explain it.
5) Distinguish between technical, operational and economic feasibility with suitable examples.
6) What are the roles of a system analyst in system development? What is a data dictionary? Mention
the uses of data dictionary by a system analyst, with the help of an example. Explain the contents
of data dictionaries.
7) What is the need of functional decomposition in software development? Explain with an example.
8) What are different phases in SDLC? What is need of System Analysis ? Explain the role of System
Analyst.
9) Draw a Data Flow Diagram (DFD) till 10 second level Depicting the various processes, data flow
and data repositories for a "Petrol - Pump retail outlet".
10) What is DSS ? Explain various components briefly with the help of a suitable diagram.
11) What is reverse engineering ? Explain the need of reverse engineering with an example.
12) What is on - line transaction processing ? Give an example of on - line transaction processing.
Also differentiate between on - line transaction, processing and batch processing.
13) Write a short note on following : (i) Coupling and cohesion (ii) Distributed system (iii) Software
Quality Assurance (iv) CASE Tools (v) Real Time System (vi) Software Documentation
14) What are the roles of a system analyst in 8 system development ? What is a data dictionary ?
Mention the uses of data dictionary by a system analyst, with the help of an example. Explain the
contents of data dictionaries.
15) What is decision table? Design a decision table for Library Management System. Make
appropriate assumptions.
16) What is DFD? Draw a DFD (0 and 1 level) for Online Admission System to offer online
admission to graduate and post graduate students of a university.
17) What is cost and effort estimation.? Give a - brief explanation of any cost and effort estimation
model.

18) What is SRS ? Briefly explain any four characteristics of SRS. Develop an SRS for Library
Management System. Make appropriate assumptions.
19) What is coupling ? Explain advantages and disadvantages of a highly coupled system.
20) What is CASE tool ? Categorise various types of CASE tools.
21) What is Cohesion? Explain any four types of Cohesion.
22) What do you mean by Cost Benefit Analysis?
23) Explain various steps involved in the process 10 of documentation.

Humoral immunity:
Humoral immunity, also called the antibody-mediated beta cellularis immune system, is the aspect
ofimmunity that is mediated by macromolecules (as opposed to cells) found in extracellular fluids such as
secretedantibodies, complement proteins, and certain antimicrobial peptides. Humoral immunity is so
named because it involves substances found in the humours, or body fluids.
The study of the molecular and cellular components that form the immune system, including their
function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system is divided into a more
primitive innate immune system, and acquired or adaptive immune system of vertebrates, each of which
contains humoral andcellular components.
Humoral immunity refers to antibody production and the accessory processes that accompany it,
including: Th2activation
and cytokine production,
germinal
center formation
and isotype switching, affinity
maturation andmemory
cell generation.
It
also
refers
to
the effector functions
of
antibodies,
which
include pathogen and toxinneutralization,
classical complement activation, and opsonin promotion of phagocytosis and pathogen elimination.
ESR:
The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), also called asedimentation rate or Westergren ESR, is the rate
at which red blood cells sediment in a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a nonspecific measure of inflammation. To perform the test, anticoagulated blood was traditionally placed in an
upright tube, known as a Westergren tube, and the rate at which the red blood cells fall was measured and
reported in mm/h.
The ESR is governed by the balance between pro-sedimentation factors, mainly fibrinogen, and those
factors resisting sedimentation, namely the negative charge of the erythrocytes (zeta potential). When an
inflammatory process is present, the high proportion of fibrinogen in the blood causes red blood cells to
stick to each other. The red cells form stacks called 'rouleaux,' which settle faster, due to their increased
density. Rouleaux formation can also occur in association with some lymphoproliferative disorders in
which one or more immunoglobulins are secreted in high amounts.
Precaution before blood transfusion:
To minimize the chance of an adverse reaction during a transfusion, health care practitioners take several
precautions. Before starting the transfusion, usually a few hours or even a few days beforehand, a
technician mixes a drop of the donor's blood with the recipient's to make sure they are compatible. This
procedure is called cross-matching.
After double-checking labels on the bags of blood that are about to be given to ensure the units are
intended for that recipient, the health care practitioner gives the blood to the recipient slowly, generally
over 1 to 2 hours for each unit of blood. Because most adverse reactions occur during the first 15 minutes
of the transfusion, the recipient is closely observed at first. After that, a nurse checks on the recipient
periodically and must stop the transfusion if an adverse reaction occurs.
Most transfusions are safe and successful. However, mild reactions occur occasionally, and, rarely, severe
and even fatal reactions may occur.
The most common reactions, which occur in 1 to 2% of transfusions, are
Fever
Allergic reactions

The most serious reactions are

Fluid overload
Lung injury
Breakdown of red blood cells due to a mismatch between the donor's and recipient's blood type
AIDS:
AIDS is an abbreviation of the word Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. It is caused by the virus
HIV. AIDS is a disease of disorder of the bodys immune system. Immunity is bodys natural resistance to
fight against germs and resist diseases. The body of AIDS infected person stops producing natural
defences against diseases, so victim often dies from cancer or other infections that it cannot fight. AIDS
virus also attacks brain cells causing a loss of mental abilities.
AIDS is transmitted through
Sexual contact with an infected person carrying AIDS
Blood transfusion involving transfusion of blood from an AIDS infected person to a normal
person.
Use of infected needles.
Infected pregnant mother to her unborn child.
AIDS is not transmitted by casual social contacts such as shaking hands and sharing a drink. IN
developing countries, the largest number of AIDS cases has occurred among male homosexuals and
intravenous drug abusers.