50999882VAKX - Electromagnetic Field Theory - Solution Manual

1
Vector Analysis
Solutions of Examples for Practice

Example 1.6.3
Solution : The origin O (0, 0, 0) while P (3, 3, 2) hence the distance vector OP is,
OP = ( 3 - 0) a x + ( -3 - 0) a y + ( -2 - 0) a z = 3 a x - 3 a y - 2 a z
\
OP
2
2
( 3) 2 + ( - 3) + ( - 2) = 4.6904
Hence the unit vector along the direction OP is,

3ax - 3ay - 2az
OP
a OP =
=
4.6904
| OP|
= 0.6396 a x 0.6396 a y 0.4264 a z
Example 1.6.4
Solution : The starting point is A and terminating point is B.
Now
\
A = 2 a x + 2 a y + a z and B = 3 a x - 4 a y + 2 a z
AB = B - A = ( 3 - 2) a x + ( -4 - 2) a y + ( 2 - 1) a z
\
AB = a x - 6 a y + a z
This is the vector directed from A to B.
Now
AB = (1) 2 + ( - 6) + (1) 2 = 6.1644

2
Thus unit vector directed from A to B is,

ax - 6ay +az
AB
a AB =
=
6.1644
AB
= 0.1622 a x 0.9733 a y + 0.1622 a z
It can be cross checked that magnitude of this unit vector is unity i.e.
( 0.1622) 2 + ( - 0.9733) 2 + ( 0.1622) 2 = 1.

Example 1.7.3
Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.
Example 1.7.4
Solution : Consider the upper surface area, the normal to which is a z . So the differential
surface area normal to z direction is r df dr. Consider the Fig. 1.7.8.
(1 - 1)
TM
TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge
Electromagnetic Field Theory
2p R
S1 =
1-2
r df dr =
0 0
2p
Vector Analysis
r2
R2
2p
2
2 df = 2 [f] 0 = p R
0
The bottom surface area S 2 is same as S 1 i.e. p R 2 . For remaining surface area consider the
differential surface area normal to r direction which is r df dz.
L 2p
S3 =
L 2p
r df dz but r = R is constant
2p
R df dz = R [f] 0 [z] L0 = 2 p RL
Total surface area = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = p R 2 + p R 2 + 2 p RL = 2 p R ( R + L).

Example 1.8.3
Example 1.8.4
Example 1.8.5
Solution : Consider the spherical shell of radius a hence r = a is constant.
Consider differential surface area normal to r direction which is radially outward.
dS r = r 2 sin q dq df = a 2 sin q dq df ... as r = a
But f is varying between 0 to a while for spherical shell q varies from 0 to p.
\
a p
Sr = a 2
0 0
a2
sin q dq df = a 2 [ - cos q ] 0 [f] 0
- cos p - ( - cos 0) a = 2 a 2 a
So area of the region is 2
a 2 a.
If a = 2 p, the area of the region becomes 4 p a 2 , as the shell becomes complete sphere of
radius a when f varies from 0 to 2 p .
Example 1.10.4
Example 1.10.5
Example 1.10.6
Solution : The dot product is,
A B = A x Bx + A y By + A z Bz
= ( 2 3) + ( -5)(5) + ( -4)( 2) = -27
As A B is negative, it is expected that the angle between the two is greater than 90.
|A| =
( 2) 2 + ( -5) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 45 and |B| = ( 3) 2 + (5) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 38
TM
1-3
Vector Analysis
A B
-1 -27 =
q = cos -1
130.762
= cos
|A| |B|
45 38
Example 1.10.7
Solution : A = 5 a x and B = 4 a x + B y a y , q AB = 45
Now
A B = A x B x + A y B y + A z B z = (5 4) + ( 0) + ( 0) = 20
But
A B = |A| |B|cos q AB
(5) 2 ( 4) 2 + (B y ) cos 45 i.e.

2
20 =
B 2y = 16
Now
Still
\
\
i.e.
16 + B 2y = 5.6568
By = 4
B = 4 a x + By a y + Bz a z
A B = 20
20 =
(5) 2 ( 4) 2 + (B y ) + ( B z ) 2 cos 45
2
16 + B 2y + B 2z = 5.6568
i.e.
B 2y + B 2z = 16
This is the required relation between B y and B z .

Example 1.11.4
Solution : Note that the unit vector normal to the plane containing the vectors A and B is
the unit vector in the direction of cross product of A and B.
ax ay az
4 -5
3 -5
3 4
Now
3
4 -5 = a x
-ay
+az
AB =
2 4
-6 4
-6 2
-6 2
4
= 26 a x + 18 a y + 30 a z
\
aN =
AB
AB
26 a x - 18 a y + 30 a z
( 26) 2 + (18) 2 + ( 30) 2
= 0.5964 a x + 0.4129 a y + 0.6882 a z
This is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.

Example 1.11.5
Solution : The perpendicular vector to the plane containing A and B is given by their
cross product.
ar
AB = Ar
Br
\
af
Af
Bf
az
ar af
Az = 2
p
3p
Bz
-1
2
az
7p
1 =a + 3a f + 4pa z
2 r
-2
a n = Unit vector in the direction A B
TM
1-4
Vector Analysis
7p
a + 3a f + 4pa z
-3.5 pa r + 3a f + 4pa z
2 r
= - 0.648 a r + 0.1768 a f + 0.74 a z
=
16.9651
2
7 p + ( 3) 2 + ( 4p) 2

2
Example 1.11.6
Example 1.12.3
Solution : The scalar triple product is,

2 0 -1
A B C = 2 -1 2 = 14
2 -3 1
The vector triple product is,

A BC = B A C - C A B
A C = ( 2)( 2) + ( 0) ( - 3) + ( - 1) (1) = 3
\
A B = ( 2)( 2) + ( 0) ( - 1) + ( - 1) ( 2) = 2
A B C = 3 B -2 C = 3 2 a x - a y + 2 a z - 2 2 a x - 3 a y + a z
] [
] = 2a x + 3a y + 4 a z
Example 1.13.9
Solution :
A = y a x - xa y + za z
\
A r = A a r = ya x a r - xa y a r + z a z a r
= y cosf - x sinf (Refer Table 1.13.1)
A = A a = y a a - x a a
= - y sinf - x cosf
A = A a = y a a - x a a
Now x = r cosf, y = r sinf, z = z
f
+ z a a
(1)
+ za z a f
(2)
z
= z
(3)
Using in equations (1), (2), (3) we get,

A = [r sinf cosf - r sinf cosf] a r + [- r sin 2 f - r cos 2 f] a f + z a z
= 0 - r (sin 2 f + cos 2 f) a f + z a z = - r a f + z a z
Example 1.13.10
Solution :
\
B =
Br =
10
a + r cos q a q + a f
r r
10
,
r
B q = r cos q,
Bf = 1
Bx
sin q cos f cos q cos f - sin f
B = sin q sin f cos q sin f cos f
y
- sin q
0
B z
cos q
TM
In spherical
10
r
r cos q
1-5
Vector Analysis
Bx =
10
sin q cos f + r cos 2 q cos f - sin f
r
(1)
By =
10
sin q sinf + r cos 2 q sin f + cos f
r
(2)
Bz =
10
cos q - r sin q cos q
r
(3)
But
r =
sinq =
x2 + y 2 + z2 ,
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2 + z2
cosq =
x2 + y 2 + z2
y
sin f =
y
x
x
cos f =
x2 + y 2
tan f =
x2 + y 2
Using equations (1), (2) and (3), B in cartesian system is :

where,
B = Bx a x + By a y + Bz a z
Bx =
By =
Bz =
10 x
2
x +y +z
10 y
2
x +y +z
10 z
x2 + y 2 + z2
xz 2
(x 2
y2)
(x 2
y2
z2)
yz 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
y
x2
(4)
+ y2
x
(5)
x2 + y 2
z x2 + y 2
(6)
x2 + y 2 + z2
At ( 3, 4, 0), x = 3, y = 4, z = 0
\
B = - 2 ax + ay
In cartesian
For transforming spherical to cylindrical use,

Br
sin q
B = 0
f
B z
cos q
\
Now
And
\
cos q 0 B r

0
1 Bq
- sin q 0 B f
Br = sin q B r + cos q B q =
10 sin q
+ r cos 2 q, B f = B f = 1
r
B z = cos q B r - sin q B q =
10 cos q
- r sin q cos q
r
r = r sin q, z = r cosq, f = f, r = r 2 + z 2 , q = tan - 1

tanq =
r
hence sin q =
z
r
r2 + z2
, cos q =
z
r2 + z2
B = Br a r + B f a f + B z a z where,
TM
r
z
1-6
10 r
Br =
r +z
z2
r2 + z2
Vector Analysis
B f = 1, B z =
10 z
2
r +z
rz
r2 + z2
p
p
and z = 2
At given point 5, , - 2 , r = 5, f =
2
2
10 5
Br =
5 2 + ( - 2) 2
10 ( - 2)
Bz =
52
+ (-
2) 2
( - 2) 2
= 2.467 ,
5 2 + ( - 2) 2
5 ( - 2)
Bf = 1
= 1.167
5 2 + ( - 2) 2
B = 2.467 a r + a f + 1.167 a z
In cylindrical
Example 1.13.11
Solution : Q ( 2, 6, 3) i.e. x = 2, y = 6, z = 3
x2 + y 2 =
1) In cylindrical, r =
f = tan 1
y
= tan
x
4 + 36 = 6.3245,
6
= 71 . 565 but as x is negative f must be in second quadrant
2
hence add 180.

\
f = 71.565 + 180 = 108.435,
\
In spherical,
z=3
Q ( 6.3245, 108. 435, 3)

r =
x2 + y 2 + z2 =
Cylindrical
4 + 36 + 9 = 7
z
3
q = cos 1 = cos 1 = 64.623, f = 108.435 as above
7
r
\
Q (7 , 64. 623 , 108. 435 )
Spherical
2) B in spherical co-ordinates
Br = B a r = y (a x a r ) + (x + z) (a y a r )
= y sin q cos f + ( x + z) sin q sin f
But
x = r sin q cos f, y = r sin q sin f, z = r cos q

Br = 2r sin 2 q sin f cos f + r sin q cos q sin f
B q = B a q = y(a x a q ) + ( x + z) (a y a q )
= y cos q cos f + ( x + z) cos q sin f
B q = 2r sin q cos q sin f cos f + r cos 2 q sin f

B f = B a f = y(a x a f ) + (x + z) (a y a f )
= y ( sin f) + ( x + z) cos f
TM
1-7
Vector Analysis
B f = r sin q sin 2 f + r sin q cos 2 f + r cos q cos f
B f = + r sin q cos 2 q + r cos q cos f
cos 2 f sin 2 f = cos 2 q
B = Br a r + Bq a q + Bf a f
At Q, r = 7, q = 64.623, f = 108.435 hence B at Q is,

B = 0.8571 a r 0.4064 a q 6 a f
At point Q
Example 1.13.12
Solution : Refer example 1.13.11 for P in cylindrical system.
\ P (6.3245, 108.43, 3)
Cylindrical
To convert A to cylindrical,
Ar = A a r = y(a x a r ) + (x + z) (a y a r )
= y cos f + ( x + z) sin f and x = r cos f , y = r sin f, z = z
\
Ar = 2r sin f cos f + z sin f = r sin 2 f + z sin f

A f = A a f = y (a x a f ) + ( x + z) (a y a f )
= y ( sin f) + ( x + z) (cos f)
cos 2 f sin 2 f = cos 2 f
= r cos 2 f + z cos f
\
A = [r sin 2 f + z sin f] a r + [r cos 2 f + z cos f] a f + 0 a z
\ At P,
A = 0.9485 a r 6 a f
Example 1.15.3
Solution : From given A, A x = 2 xy, A y = z, A z = yz 2
Ax Ay Az
+
+
A = div A =
x
y
z
[2 xy ]+ y [z] + z
x
[yz ] = 2y + 0 + 2zy = 2y + 2yz

2
At P (2, 1, 3), x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
\
A = (2) ( - 1) + ( 2)( -1)( 3) = - 8
Example 1.15.4
Solution : Given A in cylindrical system,
1
1 Af Az
div A =
r A r )+
+
\
(
r r
r f
z
where
\
A r = r z sin f,
div A =
A f = 3 r z 2 cos f,
1
1
r 2 z sin f +
r r
r f
[3 r z
TM
Az = 0
cos f + 0
=
At point P,
1-8
1
1
z sin f 2r + 3r z 2 [ - sin f] = 2z sin f - 3 z 2 sin f
r
r
p
,
2
f=
r = 5,
z=1
div A = 2 1 sin
Vector Analysis
p
p
- 3 1 sin = 1 at P.
2
2
Example 1.16.3
Solution : The outward flux is given by,
f =
Surface
S1
F dS over a closed surface S

S
z=1
r=4
The cylindrical surface is shown in the Fig. 1.1.

The total surface is made up of,
1. Top surface S1 for which z = 1, r varies from
0 to 4 and f varies from 0 to 2p .
Surface
S2
2. Lateral surface for which z varies from 0 to 1,

f from 0 to 2p and r = 4.
z=0
3. Bottom surface S3 for which z = 0, r varies from

0 to 4 and f varies from 0 to 2p .
For S1,
dS = r dr df az
For S2,
dS = r dz df ar
For S3,
dS = r dr df ( az)
dS =
F dS =
F d S =
F
S1
S3
S2
Surface
S3
Fig. 1.1
+ z sin f a ) [r dr df ( -a
+ z sin f a ) ( r dz df a )
(r
cos 2 fa r + z sin f a f ) ( r dr df a z ) = 0
(r
cos 2 fa r
(r
cos 2 fa r
S1
S3
S2
2p
z )]
=0
cos 2 fr dz df
= (4)3
2p
z = 0 f= 0
F
S
dS =
2p
f= 0
2
dz cos f df = 64 dz
= 64 [z] 10
a r a z = 1, a f a r = 0 r = 4
z = 0 f= 0
1 + cos 2f
df
2
1 2 p sin 2f 2 p
= 64p
[f] + +
2 0
2 0
0 + 64p + 0 = 64p
TM
1-9
Vector Analysis
Let us verify divergence theorem which states that,
F
S
dS = ( F) dv
F =
1
1
( r r 2 cos 2 f) +
( z sin f) + 0
r r
r f
z cos f
cos 2 f
z
2
3r 2 + ( + cos f) = 3 r cos f +
r
r
r
1
1 Ff Fz
(r Fr) +
+
r r
r f
z
( F) dv =
where dv = r dr df dz
2p
z = 0 f= 0 r = 0
z cos f
2
3r cos f + r r dr df dz
2p
3r3
=
cos 2 f + z cos f r df dz
3
0
z = 0 f = 0
1
2p
z= 0
=
Thus
3 1 + cos 2f
4 2 + 4z cos f df dz =
f= 0
z= 0
z= 0

sin 2f 2 p
2p
+ 4z [sin f] 0
32
f
+

2 0
z= 0
1
dz
{ 32 [2p + 0] + 4z[0]} dz = 64 p dz = 64p
F
S
dS = ( F) dv and divergence theorem is verified.

v
Example 1.16.4
Solution : Using divergence theorem
A dS =
( A) dv
To evaulate A d S it is necessary to consider all six faces of the cube. Let us find dS for
each surface, for a cube shown in the Fig. 1.2.
ax Back
ax Front
(a) Cube
ay
Left
az
Top
Right
ay
az
Bottom
(b) Directions of dS
x = Constant planes
(back and front)
y = Constant planes
(sides)
Fig. 1.2
TM
z = Constant planes
(top and bottom)
1 - 10
Vector Analysis
dS = dy dz a x
1. Front surface (x = 1), dS = dy dz, direction = a x ,
2. Back surface (x = 0), dS = dy dz, direction = - a x , dS = - dy dz a x

3. Right side (y = 1),
dS = dx dz, direction = a y ,
4. Left side (y = 0),
dS = dx dz, direction = - a y , dS = - dx dz a y
5. Top side (z = 1),
dS = dx dy, direction = a z ,
dS = dx dz a y
dS = dx dy a z
6. Bottom side (z = 0), dS = dx dy, direction = - a z , dS = - dx dy a z

A = xy 2 a x + y 3 a y + y 2 z a z
For front, A d S = xy 2 dy dz (x = 1) = y 2 dy dz
For back, A d S = - xy 2 dy dz (x = 0) = 0
For right, A d S = y 3 dx dz (y = 1) = dx dz
For left,
A d S = - y 3 dx dz (y = 0) = 0
For top,
A d S = y 2 z dx dy (z = 1) = y 2 dx dy
For bottom, A d S = - y 2 z dx dy (z = 0) = 0
A dS =
z= 0 y= 0
y 2 dy dz +
z= 0 x= 0
dx dz +
y 2 dx dy
y= 0 x= 0
1
y 3
y 3
1 5
1
1
1
1
1
=
[z] 0 + [x] 0 [z] 0 +
[x] 0 = + 1 + =
3
3 3
3
3
0
A =
A y A z
A x
+
+
= y 2 + 3y 2 + y 2 = 5y 2
x
y
z
1
( A) dv =
5y 2 dx
z= 0 y= 0 x= 0
y 3
1
5
1
1
dy dz = 5
[x] 0 [z] 0 = 5 1 1 =
3
3
3 0
Thus divergence theorem is verified.

Example 1.16.5
Solution : A = 2xy a x + y 2 a y + 4 yz a z
Using Divergence theorem,
A dS =
( A) dv
A x A y A z
+
+
= 2y + 2y + 4y = 8y
A =
x
y
z
\
A dS =
... dv = dx dy dz
(8y)dv
TM
1 - 11
Vector Analysis
z= 0 y= 0 x= 0
y2
1
1
1
8y dx dy dz = 8
[x] 0 [z] 0 = 8 = 4
2
2
Example 1.16.6
Solution : The divergence theorem states that
A dS =
A dS = + + A dS
side top bottom
Now
( A) dv
Consider dS normal to a r direction which is for the side surface.

\
dS = r df dz a r
A dS =
( 30 e- r a r - 2z a z ) r df dz a r
= 30 r e - r ( a r a r ) df dz = 30 r e - r df dz
2p
side
A dS =
30 r e - r df dz
with
r=2
f = 0z= 0
2p
= 30 2 e -2 [f] 0 [z] 0 = 255.1

5
The dS on top has direction a z hence for top surface, dS = r dr df a z

\
\
( 30 e
A dS =
-r
A dS =
2p
ar - 2 zaz
) r dr df a z
- 2 z r dr df with z = 5
az
f = 0r= 0
top
... ( a z a z = 1)
= 2 z r dr df
z=5
r2
2p
= -2 5 [f]0 = - 40 p
2
0
dS
While dS for bottom has direction - a z hence for

bottom surface, dS = r dr df ( - a z )
\ A dS =
dS
( 30 e- r a r - 2 z a z ) r dr df ( - a z )
= 2 z r dr df
... ( a z a z = 1)
But z = 0 for the bottom surface, as shown in the
Fig. 1.3.
\
A dS = 255.1 40 p + 0
S
= 129.4363
ar
z = 0 az
Fig. 1.3
TM
1 - 12
Vector Analysis
This is the left hand side of divergence theorem.

Now evaluate
( A) dv
A=
1
1 A f A z
r A r )+
+
(
r r
r f
z
and A r = 30 e - r , A f = 0, A z = -2 z
A =
=
1
r r
1
r
{30 r (- e ) + 30 e
-r
2p
A dv =
( 30 r e- r ) + 0 + z ( -2 z)
z = 0f = 0r = 0
5
-r
30
(1) + ( - 2) = - 30 e - r + r e - r - 2
-30 e - r + 30 e - r - 2 r dr df dz
-r
-r
(- 30 r e + 30 e - 2r )
dr df dz
z = 0f = 0r = 0
e - r r 2
e- r
e- r
2p
5
= - 30 r
- ( - 30)
dr + 30
- 2 2 [z]0 [f]0
1
1
1
Obtained using integration by parts.

=
[ 30 r e
-r
+ 30 e - r - 30 e - r - r 2
2
0
[5][ 2 p ] =
[60 e
-2
- 22
] [10 p] = 129.437
This is same as obtained from the left hand side.

Example 1.16.7
in
spherical
Solution : The
given
D is
co-ordinates. The volume enclosed is shown in the
Fig. 1.4.
Dr
z
ar
According to divergence theorem,

D dS = D dv
S
The given D has only radial component as given.

5 r2
while D q = D f = 0.
Hence D r =
4
Hence D has a value only on the surface r = 4 m.
Consider dS normal to the a r
r 2 sin q dq df
45
r=4m
aq
Dq
direction i.e.
x
Fig. 1.4
TM
1 - 13
Vector Analysis
dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r
D dS =
2p p / 4
D dS =
f = 0q = 0
(r 2 sin q dq df) 5r4
5 4
= r sin q dq df
4
5 4
r sin q dq df
4
... r = 4m
- cos p - - cos 0 2 p
(
) [ ]
5 4
5
p/4
2p
r [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 = ( 4) 4
4
4
= 588.896 C
... ( a r a r = 1)
To evaluate right hand side, find D.
D =
=
Df
1
1
1
r 2 Dr +
sin q D q ) +
(
r sin q q
r sin q f
r2 r
1
r
2
r
5 r 2 + 0 + 0 = 5
4
4 r2 r
(r 4 ) = 4 5r 2 (4 r 3 ) = 5 r
In spherical co-ordinates, dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df

\
D dv =
2p p / 4 4
f = 0 q = 0r = 0
(5 r ) r 2 sin q dr dq df
r4
44
p
p/4
2p
= 5 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0 = 5
- cos - ( - cos 0) 2 p
4
4
4
0
= 588.896 C
Example 1.16.8
Solution : The volume bounded by the given planes is a cube. To evaluate total charge
use Gauss's law.
Q = D dS
But to evaluate D d S, it is necessary to consider all six faces of the cube. Let us find dS
for each surface.
1) Front surface (x = 2), dS = dy dz, direction = a x , dS = dy dz a x
2) Back surface ( x = 1), dS = dy dz, direction = - a x , dS = dy dz a x
3) Right side (y = 3), dS = dx dz, direction = a y , dS = dx dz a y
4) Left side (y = 2), dS = dx dz, direction = - a y , dS = dx dz a y
5) Top side (z = 4), dS = dx dy, direction = a z , dS = dx dy a z
6) Bottom side (z = 3), dS = dx dy, direction = - a z , dS = dx dy a z
TM
1 - 14
Vector Analysis
Key Point Remember that though the co-ordinates of x, y and z are positive, the directions of
unit vectors are with respect to region bounded by the planes, as shown in the Fig. 1.5 (b).
ax Back
az
Top
ay
ax Front
(a) Cube
y = constant planes
(sides)
For left
D dS =
4x dy dz +
z= 3 y= 2
x = 1
... a x
y = 3
... a y
y = 2
... a y
z = 4
... a z
z = 3
... a z
3y 2 dx dz +
z= 3 x= 1
Right, y = 3
+
- 4x dy dz
z= 3 y= 2
Front, x = 2
+
2z 3 dx dz +
Back, x = 1
4
-3y 2 dx dz
z= 3 x= 1
Left, y = 2
3
- 2z 3 dx dz
y = 2x = 1
y= 2 x= 1
Top, z = 4
Bottom, z = 3
= ( 4)( 2)[ y ]2 [z]43 - ( 4)(1)[ y ]2 [z]43 + ( 3)( 3) 2 [x]21 [z]43

3
TM
a
a
a
a
a
... a x a x = 1
For bottom
z = constant planes
(top and bottom)
x = 2
For top
D d S = 4x dy dz,
D d S = 3 y dx dz,
D d S = - 3 y dx dz,
D d S = 2 z dx dy,
D d S = - 2 z dx dy,
2
For right
ay
Fig. 1.5
D d S = 4x dy dz,
For back
Right
x = constant planes
(back and front)
For front
Left
az
Bottom
=1
=1
=1
=1
=1
1 - 15
Vector Analysis
= - ( 3)( 2) 2 [x]21 [z]43 + ( 2)( 4) 3 [x]21 [ y ]2 - ( 2)( 3) 3 [x]21 [ y ]2

3
= 8 - 4 + 27 - 12 + 128 - 54 = 93 C
This is the total charge enclosed.
Let us verify by divergence theorem.
Dx Dy Dz
+
+
= 4 + 6 y + 6 z2
D =
x
y
z
D dv =
z = 3y = 2 x = 1
4
z = 3y = 2
(4 + 6 y + 6 z 2 ) dx dy dz
... Integrate w.r.t. x
(4 + 6y + 6z 2 )[x]21 dy dz
... Integrate w.r.t. y
y2
= 4y + 6
+ 6 z 2 y dz
2
2
z = 3
4
(4 + 15 + 6 )
4 3 - 2 + 6 3 2 - 2 2 + 6 z 2 3 - 2 dz
) 2
(
)
(
z= 3
z= 3
z2
z3
dz = 19 z + 6
3
= 19 ( 4 - 3) + 2 4 3 - 3 3
) = 93 C
Thus divergence theorem is verified.

Example 1.17.6
Solution :
t = x 2 y + ez
t = Gradient of t =
At P,
\
and
P(1, 5, 2)
t
t
t
a +
a +
a = 2xy a x + x 2 a y + e z a z
x x
y y
z z
x = 1,
y = 5, z = 2
t = 10 a x + a y + e - 2 a z
Example 1.17.7
z
Solution : 1) V = e sin 2x cosh y

V
V
V
ax +
ay +
a
\
V =
x
y
z z
V
z
z
=
[e sin 2x cosh y] = 2 e cos 2x cosh y
x
x
TM
1 - 16
Vector Analysis
=
[e z sin 2x cosh y] = e z sin 2x sinh y
y
y
V
z
z
=
[e sin 2x cosh y] = e sin 2x cosh y
z
z
V = 2e - z cos 2x cosh y a x + e - x sin 2x sinh y a y - e - z sin 2x cosh y a z
U = r 2 z cos 2f
2)
\
U =
U
U
1 U
a +
a +
a
r r r f f z z
= 2 r z cos 2f a r +
1
r 2 z( - sin 2f 2) a f + r 2 cos 2f a z
r
= 2 r z cos 2f a r - 2rz sin 2f a f + r 2 cos 2f a z

3)
W = 10 r sin2 q cos f
W =
W
1 W
1 W
a +
a +
a
r r r q q r sin q f f
1
1
2
= 10 sin q cos f a r + 10 r cos f 2 sin q cos q a q +
10r sin 2 q( - sin f) a f
r
r sin q
2
= 10 sin q cos f a r + 10 cos f sin 2q a q - 10 sin q sin f a f

Example 1.17.8
Solution : Gradient of f in spherical system is,
f
1 f
1
f
ar +
aq +
af
f =
r q
r sin q f
r
Hence verify the answer as,
f = 100 r 3 sinq cosf + 5 sinf a r + 25r 3 cosq cosf
5 cosf
2 sinq
a q + 25r 3 sinf +
af
sinq
r
Example 1.18.7
Solution : A = x 2 a x + y 2 a y + y 2 a z
A =
A y
(x 2 ) (y 2 ) (y 2 )
A x
A z
+
+
=
+
+
x
y
z
x
y
z
= 2x + 2y + 0 = 2 (x + y)
A =
ax
x
x2
ay
y
y2
... Divergence
az
= a x [2y - 0] +a y [0 - 0] + a z [0 - 0] = 2y a x
z
y2
TM
Curl
1 - 17
Vector Analysis
Example 1.18.8
Solution :
1)
2
P = x yz a x + xz a z
2
Px = x yz, Py = 0, Pz = xz
Py
P
Py Px
Px Pz
ay +
P = z ax +
a
y z
z
x
z
y
x
= [0 0] a x + [x2y z] a y + [0 x2z] a z = (x2y z) a y x2z a z

Q = r sin f a r + r 2 z a f + z cos f a z
2)
Qr = r sin f, Qf = r 2 z, Qz = z cos f
Q r Q z
1 Q z Q f
1 (rQ f ) 1 Q r
ar +
af +
Q =
r f
z
r
z
r f
r r
az
1
1
1
= ( - z sin f) - r 2 a r + [0 - 0] a f + 3r 2 z - r cos f a z
r
r
- z sin f
=
- r 2 a r + (3rz - cos f)a z
r
T =
3)
Tr =
T =
1
r sin q
1
r2
1
r2
cos q, Tq = r sin q cos f, Tf = cos q
Tf sin q Tq
1 ( rTq ) Tr
1 1 Tr ( rTf )
ar +
a q + r r - q a f
r
sin
q
r
q
f
( r cos q)
1 (sin q cos q)
1 1
- r sin q( - sin f) a r +
( 0) aq
r sin q
r
sin
q
r
q
cos q a r + r sin q cos f a q + cos q a f
1 ( r sin q cos f) 1
( - sin q) a f
r
r
r2
(sin q cos q)
1 ( 2 sin q cos q) 1 (sin 2q)
1
=
=
= 2 cos 2q = cos 2q
2
2
2
q
q
q
\ T =
sin q
1
1
1
[cos 2q + r sin q sin f] a r + [- cos q] a q + 2r sin q cos f +
af
r sin q
r
r
r2
cos 2q
cos q
sin q
=
+ sin f a r a q + 2 sin q cos f +
a f
r sin q
r3
TM
1 - 18
Vector Analysis
Example 1.18.9
Solution :
E = yz a x + xz a y + xy a z
Ey
Ex
Ez
+
+
= 0+0+0 = 0
E =
x
y
z
As
E = 0,
ax ay
x y
yz xz
E =
As E = 0,
field E is solenoidal in nature.

az
z
xy
= a x ( x - x) - a y ( y - y) + a z ( z - z) = 0
field E is irrotational in nature.
Example 1.18.10
Solution : 1) A = yza x + 4xya y + ya z
ax ay az
= a x + ya y + [4y z] a z
\
A =
x y z
yz 4xy y
2) B = rz sin fa r + 3rz 2 cos fa f
ar
r
rz sinf
1
\ B=
r
az
ra f
= 6rz cosfa r + r sinfa f + ( 6z 2 cosf z cosf) a z

f
z
3r 2 z 2 cosf 0
Example 1.19.2
Solution :
Cylindrical
dL = + + +
ab
bc
cd
da
DL = dr a r + rdf a f + dz a z
Cylindrical system
A r = r cos f, Af = sin f, Az = 0
For path ab, the direction is a f hence A d L = (sin f) ( r df)

\
A dL =
ab
30
sin f r df
with r = 2
f = 60
30
= [- cos f] 60 (2) = 2 [ 0.866 + 0.5] = 0.732
For path bc, the direction is a r hence A d L = r cos f dr

\
bc
dL =
r cos f d r
with f = 30
r=2
TM
From given A
1 - 19
Vector Analysis
r 2
25 - 4
= + 9.093
= (cos 30) = 0.866
2
2
2
For path cd, the direction is a f hence A d L = (sin f) ( r df)
A dL =
cd
60
sin f
r df
with r = 5
f = 30
60
= 5 [- cos f] 30 = 5 [ cos 60 + cos 30] = 1.83
For path da, the direction is a r hence A d L = r cos f dr
da
dL =
r cos f d r
with f = 60
r =5
r 2
4 - 25
= 5.25
= (cos 60) = 0.5
2
2 5
dL =
0.732 + 9.093 + 1.83 5.25 = 4.941
For Stoke's theorem, find A in cylindrical system.

A r A z
1 (rA f ) 1 Ar
1 A z A f
ar +
af +
a
A =
r f z
r
f
z
r
z
r r
1
1
(1 + r)
= [0 0] a r + [0 0] a f + sin f - r( - sin f)] a z = sin f
a
r
r
r z
dS = r d r d f a z
[ A]
dS
( A)
As surface is in x-y plane
1 +r
= sin f
r d r df = sin f (1 + r) dr df
r
60
sin f (1 + r) dr df =
f = 30 r = 2
60
[- cos f] 30
r2
r + 2
2
25
4
= [ cos 60 + cos 30] 5 +
- 2 - = 4.941
2
2
Thus
dL =
( A)
S
dS hence Stoke's theorem is verified.
Example 1.19.3
Solution : A = r cos f a r + r 2 a z
In cylindrical system,
TM
1 - 20
Vector Analysis
z
A f
A r
1 A z
A z
A =
a r + z - r a f
r
f
az
1 (rA f ) 1 A r
+
a
r f z
r
r
Given : A r = r cos f,
1
1
A z = r2
A f = 0,
Fig. 1.6
A =
1
a r + [0 - 2r] a f + 0 - ( - sin f) r a z = - 2 r a f + sin f a z
[0 - 0]
As the surface is in x - y plane, dS = r dr d f a z

\
( A) dS
( sin f a z ) [r dr df] a z
p 2
af az = 0
p 2
f= 0r = 0
sin fr dr df = [ - cos f] 0
r 2
1 1
2 = 0 + - 0 - ( - 1) 2 = 2

0
Example 1.19.4
z
Solution : The path L is shown in the Fig. 1.7.
F dL
F dL
AB
AB
[(x
BC
CD
+ y 2 i 2xy j dx i
AB
x3
= (x 2 + y 2 )dx =
+ y 2 x
3
x =
x = a
x=a
y
y=0
y=b
F dL
DA
x=+a
Fig. 1.7
2a 3
3
y = 0 for AB
F dL =
BC
[(
x 2 + y 2 i 2xy j dy j =
BC
2xy dy
y= 0
2xy 2
=
y =
F dL =
CD
= ab 2
x = + a for BC
2
2
[(x + y )i 2xy j] dx i =
CD
x3
=
+ y 2 x
3
x =
+a
(x
+ y 2 ) dx
x= a
a3
a3
=
ab 2
ab 2
3
3
TM
DA
Vector Analysis
2a 3
2ab 2
3
F dL =
1 - 21
y = + b for CD
2
2
[(x + y )i 2xy j] dy j =
DA
2xy dy
y= b
2xy 2
=
y =
F dL
y
-2xy
L.H.S.
= ( 2y 2y) k = 4yk
z
0
4y k ( dxdy) k =
S
+a
4y dxdy
y = 0 x = a
x = a for DA
2a 3
2a 3
ab 2
2ab 2 ab 2 = 4ab 2
3
3
F =
x
2
x + y2
( F) dS =
= ab 2
4x]+a
x = a
ydy =
4[x]+a
a
y= 0
y2
2
= 4ab
2
0
Stoke's theorem is verified
Example 1.19.5
Solution : According
theorem,
H dL =
L
to
Stoke's
( H) dS
y = 1
Let us evaluate left hand side. The

integral to be evaluated on a
perimeter of a closed path shown in
b
the Fig. 1.8. The direction is a-b-c-d-a
x
such that normal to it is positive a z
according to right hand rule.
H dL = + + + H dL
ab
ab
y=1
H dL =
x= 2
bc
cd
x=5
c
Fig. 1.8
da
(6xy a x - 3 y 2 a y ) dx a x
TM
x=2
1 - 22
5
x2
6 xy dx = 6y
2
2
x= 2
Vector Analysis
6y
[25 - 4] = 63 y
2
Now y = 1 for path ab,
H dL = 63 ( -1) = -63
ab
Similarly H dL =
bc
- 3y 2 dy =
y= - 1
x= 5
cd
[ ]
-1
= - [1 - ( -1)] = 2
H dL =
- 3y3
=- y3
3
x2
6y
6 xy dx = 6 ( y) =
[4 - 25] = - 63y
2
2
5
But y = 1 for path cd hence
H dL = 63
cd
[ ]
H dL = -63 - 2 - 63 + 2 = - 126 A
- 3y 2 dy = - y 3
y=1
Now evaluate right hand side.

ax
ay
H =
x
y
6 xy -3y 2
\
-1
da
-1
H dL =
= - ( -1) 3 - (1) 3 = - [-1 - 1] = + 2
az
z
0
= a x [0 - 0] + a y [0 - 0] + a z [0 - 6x] = - 6x a z
H d S = ( -6 x a z ) ( dx dy a z )
dS = dx dy a z normal to direction a z
\
( H) dS
y = -1
x2
1
6x
dx
dy
=
6
2 [y] - 1
2
x= 2
6
[25 - 4][1 - ( -1)] = -3 21 2 = - 126 A
2
Thus both the sides are same, hence Stoke's theorem is verified.
= -
Example 1.19.6
Solution : According to Stoke's theorem,
H dL =
( H) dS
S
TM
1 - 23
Vector Analysis
In spherical system,
dL = dr a r + r dq a q + r sin q df a f
The closed path forming its perimeter is composed of three circular arcs. The first path 1 is
r = 3, f = 0, 0 q 90 as shown in the Fig. 1.9. The second path 2 is r = 3, q = 90,
Path 1
f = 0
Path 3 f = 90
dL= rdq aq
dL=
rdq aq
r=3
r=3
y
r=3
dL= rsin qdf af
Path 2
f = 90
Fig. 1.9
0 f 90 while the path 3 is r = 3, f = 90, 0 q 90. For all the three arcs r = 3 m.
Let us evaluate
H dL =
H dL over these three paths.

H q r dq +
Path1
H f r sin q df +
Path2
H q r dq
Path3
Now,
H r = 0, H q = 0, H f = 10 sin q
Thus only second line integtal exists.
\
H dL =
p/2
... Given H
10 sin q r sin q df = 10 r sin 2 q [f]p0 / 2
... Path 2
f= 0
= 10 3 [ sin 90 ]
2
p
= 47.1238 A
2
... r = 3 m, q = 90 for path 2
Now evaluate second side of Stoke's theorem.

H in spherical co-ordinates is,
=
1 (rH q ) H r
1 H f sin q H q
1 1 H r (rH f )
ar +
aq +
a
r r
r sin q
r sin q f
q f
q
f
r
As H r = 0, H q = 0, H f = 10 sin q
H =
(r10 sin q)
1 sin 2 q
1
1
10
- 0 a r + 0
a q + r [0 - 0] a f
r sin q
r
q
r
TM
( H) dS
(
1
1
10 2 sin q cos q ]a r + [ - 10 sin q ]a q
r sin q [
r
10
10
sin 2 q a r sin q a q
r sin q
r
while
\
1 - 24
\ H dS =
S
Vector Analysis
... As given in a r direction
10
sin 2 q r 2 sin q dq df
r sin q
p/ 2 p/ 2
... a r a r = 1
10 r sin 2q dq df
f= 0 q= 0
p/ 2
- cos p ( - cos 0) p
- cos 2 q
= 10 r
[ f ] p0 / 2 = 10 r 2 - 2 2 ... r = 3 m
p
1
1
... Thus Stoke's theorem is verified.
= 10 3 + = 47.1238 A
2 2 2
Example 1.20.3
qqq
TM
Coulomb's Law
and Electric Field Intensity
Solutions of Selected Examples for Practice
Example 2.2.6
z
Solution : The force exerted on 0.3 mC charge is,

Q 1Q 2
a 12
F2 =
4pe 0 R 212
a 12 =
Q2 (1, 2, 3)
0.3 mC
Q1 (2, 0, 5)
R12
a12
0.1 mC
R12
R12 = (1 - 2) a x + ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 3 - 5) a z
= - ax + 2 ay - 2 az
and
\
Fig. 2.1
( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( -2) 2 = 3
R12 =
F2 =
(0.3 10 -3 )(-0.1 10 -3 ) [a
4p 8.854 10 -12 ( 3) 2
12
- ax + 2 ay - 2 az
= 29.9591
= 9.986 a x + 19.9727 a y 19.9727 a z N

\
( -9.986) + (19.9727 ) + ( -19.9737 )
F2 =
2
C
R1Q
= 24.4613 N
R2Q
Q1
A
Example 2.2.7
Q2
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 2.2.

The position vectors of the points A, B and C are,
A = - 4ay + 3 az
B
4
B = ay +az
x
C = - 3 ay + 4 az
Fig. 2.2
(2 - 1)
TM
y
1
2-2
R1Q = C - A = a y + a z
and
R2Q = C - B = - 4 a y + 3 a z
R1Q =
(1) 2 + (1) 2 = 2 And
R2Q =
( -4) 2 + ( 3) 2 = 5
F1 = Force on Q due to Q 1 =
and
F2 = Force on Q due to Q 2 =
Ft = F1 + F2 =
Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity
Q Q1
4 p e 0 R 21Q
a 1Q
QQ 2
a 2Q
4 p e 0 R 22Q
Q
Q Q1
a 1Q + 2 a 2Q
4 p e0 R2
R 22Q
1Q
-9
Q
2 10 a y + a z + Q 2 - 4 a y + 3 a z
2
4 p e0
5
2 (5) 2
2
Q
Q
7.071 10 -10 a y + a z + 2 - 4 a y + 3 a z
125
4 p e 0
( )
\ Total z component of Ft is,

=
3 Q2
Q
7.071 10 -10 +
a
125 z
4 p e0
To have this component zero,

3 Q2
= 0 as Q is test charge and cannot be zero.
7.071 10 -10 +
125
\
Q2 = -
7.071 10 -10 125

= 29.462 nC
3
y
Example 2.2.8
Solution : Let the side of equilateral

triangle is d and is placed in x-y plane as
shown in the Fig. 2.3.
l(AB) = l(BC) = l(AC) = d
2
l(CD) =
\ A (0, 0, 0),
d
d 2 - =
2
d
P
3d
2
A
B (d, 0, 0),
d
2
d 3d
C ,
, 0
2 2
Fig. 2.3
TM
d
2
2-3
1
rd of height of
3
perpendicular drawn from any one corner to opposite side, from the side on which
Key Point
For equilateral triangle, the centroid is at a distance of
perpendicular is drawn.
\
1
l(CD)
3
l(DP) =
i.e.
l(DP) =
d
1
3d
=
= 0.2886d
3
2
2 3
d
\ Co-ordinates of centroid P , 0 . 2886 d, 0
2
The charge at each corner is +Q. Let charge at P is QP. Then net force Ft on charge at A
due to all other charges is,
Ft = FB + FC + FP
=
a BA
Ft
4p e 0 R 2BA
a BA +
QQ
4p e 0 R 2CA
a CA +
4p e 0 R 2PA
a PA
d
a - 0 . 2886 da y
2 x
0 . 5773 d
d
3d
Q2 - a x - 2 a x - 2 a y
=
+
4pe 0 d 2
d2 d
Q QP
d
3d
- ax ay
RCA
2
2
=
a CA =
d
|RCA |
- da x
RBA
=
=
= ax ,
d
|RBA |
a PA =
QQ
Q2
4pe 0
Q QP
+ 4pe
0
[- a x - 0.5 a x - 0.866 a y ] + 4pe

d2
- d a - 0 . 2886 d a
y
2 x
(0.5773 d) 2 (0.5773 d)
Q QP
Q
4pe 0 d 2
0d
[- 2 .5987 a x - 1 .5 a y ]
{[ - 1.5 Q - 2.5987 Q P ] a x + [- 0.866 Q - 1 .5 Q p ] a y }
For keeping all charges in equilibrium, Ft = 0

\
\
1.5 Q 2.5987 QP = 0
QP = 0.5773 Q
Thus charge at centroid P must be negative and 0.5773 times the charge Q.
Example 2.2.9
Solution : The square is kept in x-y plane with origin as one of its corners, as shown in
the Fig. 2.4.
The diagonals AC = BD = 8 m
Let AD = DC = BC = AB = l m
TM
2-4

z
\ l2 + l2 = 82
\ l = 5.656 mz
Q2 = 150 mC
l (AC) = 8 m
l (BD) = 8 m
Hence the co-ordinates of various points are,

A (0, 0, 0), B (0, 5.656, 0), C (5.656, 5.656, 0),
D (5.656, 0, 0)
The point E is centroid hence E (2.828, 2.828, 0).

The point P is 3 m above the centre E hence the
co-ordinates at P are (2.828, 2.828, 3).
C
x
To find force on charge at P which is

Q 2 = 150 mC due to charges at A, B, C and D of Q 1 = 30 mC each.
\
FP = FA + FB + FC + FD
FA =
FC =
Q1 Q2
2
4 p e 0 RAP
Q1 Q2
4 p e 0 R 2CP
Q1 Q2
a AP =
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a CP =
Q1 Q2
4 p e 0 R 2CP
At A, B, C, D
Q1 = 30 mC
Fig. 2.4
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
RAP
RBP
, FB =
a BP =
2
2
| RAP|
4 p e 0 R BP
4 p e 0 R BP | RBP|
Q1 Q2
Q1 Q2
RCP
RDP
, FD =
a DP =
2
2
| RCP|
4 p e 0 R DP
4 p e 0 R DP | RDP|
RAP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z

RBP = (2.828 - 0) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z
RCP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 5.656) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x - 2.828 a y + 3 a z
RDP = (2.828 - 5.656) a x + (2.828 - 0) a y + (3 - 0) a z = - 2.828 a x + 2.828 a y + 3 a z
| RAP| =| RBP| = | RCP| = | RDP| =
\ FA + FB + FC + FD =
\ FP =
Q1 Q2
4 p e 0 (5) 3
30 10 - 6 150 10 - 6
4 p 8.854 10 - 12 5 3
(2.828) 2 + (2.828) 2 + 3 2 = 5
[RAP + RBP + RCP + RDP ]

[12 a z ] = 3.8827 a z N
z
Example 2.2.10
Solution. : The arrangement of charges is shown
in the Fig. 2.5. The charge at P is test charge i.e.
QP = 1C.
Q 1Q P
... Force due to Q1
a R1
F1P =
4pe 0 R 21
P (1, 1, 0)
0
R1 = [( -1) - (1)]a x + [1 - 2] a y + ( 0 - 0) a z
= 2 ax ay
y
R1
Q2(2, 0, 0)
\ R1 = R1 = 2 2 + 1 2 = 5
R2
Q1(1, 2, 0)
Fig. 2.5
TM
\ F1P =
Q1
( 5)
4pe 0
Q1
4pe 0 5 5
F2P
2-5
-2 a x - a y
(-2a x - a y )
Q2 QP
4pe 0 R 22
... Force due to Q2
a R2
R2 = [(1) (2)] a x + [1 0] a y + [0 0] a z = 3 a x + a y
R2 = R2 = ( 3) 2 + (1) 2 = 10
\
F2P =
Q2
4pe 0
10
-3 a x + a y
Q2
=
10
4pe 0 10 10
[-3a x + a y ]
FP = F1P + F2P
=
3Q 2
Q2
- Q1
1 -2Q 1
+
ax +
ay
4pe 0 5 5
5 5 10 10
10 10
i) If x component of FP must be zero then,

-2Q 1
5 5
3Q 2
10 10
= 0
i.e. Q1 = 0.5303 Q2
ii) If y component of FP must be zero then,

- Q1
5 5
Q2
10 10
= 0
i.e. Q1 = 0.3535 Q2
Example 2.2.11
Q 1Q 2
a AB
F21 =
2
4pe 0 RAB
RAB = (2 - 0) a x + (3 - 0) a y + (6 - 0) a z
RAB
Q2 = 4.9 mC
= + 2a x + 3a y + 6a z
|RAB| =
a AB =
\
F12 =
B (2, 3, 6)
Q1 = 0.7 mC
4 + 9 + 36 = 7
A (0, 0, 0)
+ 2a x + 3a y + 6a z
RAB
=
7
|RAB|
0.7 10 - 3 4.9 10 - 6 2 a x + 3 a y + 6 a z
7
4 p 8.854 10 - 12 7 2
TM
Fig. 2.6
2-6
= 0.1797 a x + 0.2696 a y + 0.5392 a z N

|F12| =
(0.1797) 2 + (0.2696) 2 + (0.5392) 2 = 0.6291 N
Magnitude
Example 2.2.12
z
P4(0, 0, 2 2 )

Consider the
P4 (0, 0, 2.828).
charge
at
R3
i.e.
P4 (0, 0, 2 2)
Let us find force on charge at P4 due to all the

charges at P1 , P2 and P3 .
1. Force due to charge at P1 .
Q1 Q4
a R1
F1 =
4pe 0 R 21
=
R2
P3(1, 3, 0)
P2(1, 3, 0)
y
R1
P1(2, 0, 0)
x
Fig. 2.7
Q 1 Q 4 R1
4p e 0 R 21 |R1|
Q 1 = Q 4 = 1 mC
R1 = (0 - 2) a x + (0 - 0) a y + (2.828 - 0) a z = - 2a x + 2.828 a z
\
F1
- 2 a + 2.828 a
x
z
2
2
[2 2 + 2.828 2 ]
2 + 2.828
1 10 - 3 1 10 -3
4p 8.854 10 - 12
= - 432.423 a x + 611.446 a z
2. Force due to charge at P2 .
Q2Q4
Q2Q4
a R2 =
F2 =
2
4pe 0 R 2
4pe 0 R 22
N
R2
|R2|
R2 = [(0) - ( -1)] a x + [0 - 3]a y + [2 2 - 0] a z = a x - 1.732 a y + 2.828 a z

\
\
|R2| =
F2
1 2 + 1.732 2 + 2.828 2 =
12 = 3.4641
a x - 1.732 a y + 2.828 a z
12
12
1 10 - 3 1 10 - 3
4p 8.854 10 - 12
= 216.211 a x - 374.489 a y + 611.446 a z N

3. Force due to charge at P3
Q 3Q4
Q 3 Q 4 R3
a R3 =
F3 =
2
4p e 0 R 3
4p e 0 R 23 | R3|
R3 = [0 - ( - 1)]a x + [0 - ( - 3)] a y + [2 2 - 0] a z = a x + 3 a y + 2 2 a z
\
|R3| =
1 2 + ( 3) 2 + (2 2) 2 =
12 = 3.4641
TM
F3 =
2-7
a x + 3 a y + 2 2 a z
12
12
1 10 -3 1 10 - 3
4p 8.854 10 - 12
= 216.211 a x + 374.489 a y + 611.538 a z N

\ The total force on charge at P4 is,
F = F1 + F2 + F3 = 3 611.446 a z = 1834.338 a z N i.e. |F| = 1834.338 N
The magnitude of force on each charge remains same as above due to symmetrical
distribution of charges.
y
Example 2.2.13
P 0.25 mC
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the

Fig. 2.8.
10 5
= 8.66 cm
10 cm
The co-ordinates of the vertices of triangle are,

Point O (0, 0, 0)
Point Q (0.1, 0, 0)
O
0.25 mC
Point P (0.05, 0.0866, 0).
5 cm
Let us find the force on P due to the charges

at O and Q.
Q 1Q 2
Q 1Q 2
ROP
\
a OP =
F1 =
2
2
ROP|
|
4 p e 0 R OP
4 p e 0 R OP
\ ROP = 0.05 a x + 0.0866 a y , | ROP| =
\
F1 =
F2 =
0.25 10 - 6 0.25 10 - 6
4 p 8.854 10
Q 1Q 2
4pe 0 R 2QP
- 12
a QP =
0.1 2
Q 1Q 2
4 p e 0 R 2QP
5 cm
R
d
10 cm
0.25 mC
Fig. 2.8
(0.05) 2 + (0.0866) 2 = 0.1
[0.05 a x + 0.0866 a y ]
0.1
= 0.02808 a x + 0.0486 a y N
R
QP
| RQP|
RQP = (0.05 - 0.1) a x + 0.0866 a y = - 0.05 a x + 0.0866 a y

|RQP| =
(0.05) 2 + (0.0866) 2 = 0.1

0.25 10 - 6 0.25 10 - 6
F2 =
F = F1 + F2 = 0.09729 a y N
4p 8.854 10 - 12 0.1 2
[- 0.05 a x + 0.0866 a y ]
0.1
= - 0.02808 a x + 0.0486 a y N
Direction a y
|F| = 0.09729 N
Magnitude
TM
2-8

z
Example 2.3.6
a R1 =
\
R1
( 2)
E2 =
Q2
4 p e 0 R 22
=
R2
ax + az
2
R2
ax + az
P (0, 0, 1) Q
1
R1
A (1, 0, 0)
y
Q2
1
=
[a x + a z ]
2
B
(1, 0, 0)
Fig. 2.9
Q R2
( 0 - 1) a x + (1 - 0) a z
R2
4 p e0
( 2)
4 p e0
+ (1 - 0) a z
R1
8 p e0
R2
a R1
4 p e 0 R 21
[ 0 - ( -1)] a x
4 p e0
a R2 =
\
R1
E1 =
E2 =
Q1
E1 =
Solution :
-ax + az
1
a x + a z
=
[ -ax + az
2
2
E = E 1 + E 2 = 0.3535 a x + 1.0606 a z V m
Example 2.3.7
Solution :
The various points and charges are
Q2
The position vectors of points A, B and P are,

A = 2ax , B = - 2ax
aBP
P = ax + 2ay + 2az
EA is field at P due to Q 1 , and will act along a AP .
EB is field at P due to Q 2 and will act along a BP .
Q1
Q1
P-A
a AP =
\ EA =
x
2
2
P-A
4 p e 0 RAP
4 p e 0 RAP
\ EB =
Q2
a BP =
4 p e 0 R 2BP
Q2
4 p e 0 R 2BP
aAP
RBP
Q1
A(2, 0, 0)
RAP
Q
Q
1
P-A
1
+ 2
2
4 p e0 R
P - A R2
AP
BP
1
=
4 p e0
P-B
P-B
P-B
P-B
1 -ax + 2ay + 2az
( 9)
(1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2
17
TM
2
2
2
( 3) + ( 2) + ( 2)
Q2 3a x + 2a y + 2a z
P(1, 2, 2)
Fig. 2.10
\ E at P = EA + EB
=
B(2, 0, 0)
2-9
-a + 2a + 2a
Q2 3a x + 2a y + 2a z
y
z
1
x
+
4 p e0
27
70.0927
The y component of E must be zero.

2 Q2
2
2
70.0927
= 0
i.e.
+
= - 2.596 C
Q2 = 27 70.0927
27
2
This is the required charge Q 2 to be placed at ( - 2, 0, 0) which will make y component of
E zero at point P.
Example 2.3.8
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 2.11.
3l
2
Let AB = BC = CA = l. So CP =
l
A(0, 0, 0), B (l, 0, 0), C ,
2
3l
, 0
2
and
R3
P , 0, 0
2
E1 =
Now
E2 =
3Q
4pe 0 ( 0 . 5l) 2
3Q
ax =
E2 =
And
E3 =
l
2
R2
l
2
1Q
Fig. 2.11
1.078 10 11 Q
l2
ax
l
a R2, R2 = - l a x + 0 a y + 0 a z = 0.5 l a x
2
4p e 0 R2
Q2
|R2| = 0.5 l, a R2 =
\
R1
R1 = - 0 a x + 0 a y + 0 a z =
2
0.5 l a x
R1
=
=
= ax
0.5 l
|R1|
l
3l
2
E at P is to be obtained.
Q1
E1 =
a R1
4p e 0 R 21
0.5 l ax, a R1
2Q
1Q
4p e 0 ( 0 . 5 l) 2
R2
= ax
|R2|
(- a x ) =
- 3 . 595 10 10 Q
l2
ax
3
l l
a R3 , R3 = - a x + 0 l a y + 0 a z
2
2
2
4p e 0 R3
Q3
TM
2 - 10
R3 = 0.866 l a y ,|R3| = 0.866l, a R3 =
E3 =
- 2Q
4p e 0 ( 0 . 866 l) 2
E at P = E1 + E2 + E3 =
(- a y ) =
Q
l2
R3
= ay
|R3|
2 . 3968 10 10 Q
l2
ay
[7.185 10 10 a x + 2.3968 10 10 a y ] V/m
... Ans.
Example 2.3.9
Solution : Let the square is in x-y plane as shown
in the Fig. 2.12. The co-ordinates of various points
are,
A(0, 0, 0), B(0, 0.1, 0), C(0.1, 0.1, 0), D(0.1, 0, 0)
10 cm
10 cm
1 mC
D
To find E at the vacant corner A.
1 mC
B
10 cm
10 cm
C
1 mC
Fig. 2.12
3
E =
i=1
EB =
ED =
EC =
Qi
4pe 0 Ri 2
Q
4pe 0 R B 2
Q
4pe 0 R D 2
Q
4pe 0 R C 2
a Ri
a RB where R B = 0.1 a y , a RB = a y
a RD where R D = 0.1 a x , a RD = a x
a RC where R C = 0.1 a x 0.1 a y , a RC =
EA = EB + ED + EC =
=
1 10 6
4p 8.854 10 12
Q
4pe 0
0.1 a x 0.1a y
( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.1) 2
[ 0.1 a x 0.1 a y ]
ay
ax
+
2 (0.1) 2
[( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.1) 2 ] 3 / 2
(0.1)
[100 a y 100 a x 35. 35 a x 35. 35 a y ] = 1216.49 a x 1216.49 a y kV m
Example 2.3.10
Solution : Consider the circle consisting of charges placed in xy plane and charge of
- 20 mC is on z axis, 2 m from the plane of the circle. This is shown in the Fig. 2.13.
The charges are placed equally i.e. at an interval of 360/10 = 36 between each other. Five
pairs of charges which are dimetrically opposite to each other, exists on the circumference
of a circle. Consider a pair A and B. The field EA due to Q at A, at point P is shown in
the Fig. 2.13.
l (OQ) = 2 m, l (OP) = 2 m
hence PAO = 45
TM
2 - 11

EA
\ y component of EA i.e. EA y = EA cos 45

Similarly l (OB) = 2 m, l (OP) = 2 m
hence
PBO = 45
EB
45
\ y component of EB i.e. EBy = EB cos 45

But EAy is in - a y direction while EBy is in
a y direction. From symmetry of the
arrangement EAy = EBy . Hence they cancel
45
EBy
P(0,0,2)
EAy
R
R
2
each other.
B
Q
Q
45
Q
45
O
2
While z components of EA and EB help

Q
each other as both are in a z direction.
Q
Q
EAz = EBz = EA or EB sin 45 a z
x
Similarly there are 4 more pairs of charges
Fig. 2.13
which will behave identically and their y
components are going to cancel while z components are going to add.
A
Q
Thus total z component of E at P is,

Etotal = (E due to any charge) 10 sin 45 a z =
where
R =
Etotal =
Q
4 p e0 R2
10 sin 45 a z
( 2) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 8
500 10 -6
4 p e0
( )
8
10 sin 45 a z = 3.972 10 6 a z
V/m
FP = Q P Etotal = -20 10 -6 3.972 10 6 a z = 79.44 (a z ) N
This is the force on the charge at P. In general, force acts normal to the plane in which
circle is kept, i.e. 79.44 a n where a n is unit vector normal to the plane containing the
circle.
Example 2.3.11
Solution :
\
Now
a) A (2, 1, 3) and P (0, 0, 0)

Q
a AP
E at P =
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a AP =
E =
( 0 - 2) a x + [ 0 - ( -1)]a y + [0 - 3] a z
( -2) 2 + (1) 2 + ( 3) 2
5 10 -9
4 p 8.854 10 -12
14
- 2ax +ay - 3az
14
= 1.715 a x + 0.857 a y 2.573 a z V/m

TM
2 - 12
b) Let point P is now (x, 0, 0).

\
a AP =
E =
( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z
rAP
=
rAP
( x - 2) 2 + (1) 2 + ( -3) 2
4 p e0
( x - 2) a + a - 3 a
x
y
z
2
( x - 2) + 1 + 9
( x - 2) 2 + 1 + 9
Q
[
[
5 10 - 9
4 p e 0 ( x - 2) + 10
=
| E| =
44.938
[(x - 2)
3/ 2
+ 10
44.938
3/ 2
( x - 2) 2 + 10
3/ 2
[( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z ]
[( x - 2) a x + a y - 3 a z ]
44.938
x - 2 2 + 1 2 + -3 2 =
) ( ) ( )
(
( x - 2) 2 + 10
d | E|
= 0
dx
- 2 ( x - 2)
44.938
( x - 2) 2 + 10
4.49
|E| max
= 0
2
V/m
|E| in V/m
To find x at which| E| is maximum,
x
10
10
Fig. 2.14
(x 2) = 0
x = 2
\
The graph of| E| against x is shown in the Fig. 2.14.
where| E| is maximum.
c) Hence| E|max is at x = 2,
\
| E|max =
44.938
= 4.4938 V/m
10
Example 2.3.12
Solution :
E=
aR =
Q
4pe 0 R 2
RQP
RQP
aR
=
P- Q
P
P- Q
P - Q = ( -0.2 - 0.2) a x + ( 0 - 0.1) a y + -2. 3 - ( -2 . 5) a z

= -0.4 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z
TM
5 nC Q
aR
Fig. 2.15
aR =
2 - 13
-0.4 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z
( -0.4) 2 + ( 0.1) 2 + ( 0.2) 2

-0.4 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z
0.45825
= -0.8728 a x - 0.2182 a y + 0.4364 a z

\
R =
E =
P - Q = 0.45825
5 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12 ( 0.45825) 2
[a R ] = 214 a R
Substituting value of a R ,
E = -186.779 a x - 46.694 a y + 93.389 a z V/m
E at P
Example 2.3.13
z
Solution : The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 2.16. Let

the charges are placed at A, B and C while E is to be
obtained at fourth corner O.
\ E at 'O' = EA + E B + E C
Q
Q
Q
a RA +
a RB +
a RC
=
2
2
4pe 0 RA
4pe 0 R B
4pe 0 R 2C
(0,0,0)
RA = 0.05 a x , RA = 0.05, a RA = a x
(0,0.05,0)
RC
O
RA
RB
B
(0.05,0,0)
a RB = 0.707 a x 0.707 a y
(0.05,0.05,0)
Fig. 2.16
RC = 0.05 a y , RC = 0.05, a RC = a y
E =
RB = 0.05 a x 0.05 a y , RB = 0.0707,
Q ( a x ) ( 0.707 a x 0.707 a y ) ( a y )
+
+
4pe 0 (0.05) 2
(0.05) 2
( 0.0707) 2
100 10 9
4p 8.854 10 12
[400 a x 141.4 a x 141.4 a y 400 a y ]
= 486.6 a x 486.6 a y kV/m, |E| at 'O' = 688.156 kV/m

Q2 = 2 mC
Example 2.3.14
F3 = F13 + F23 =
Q 1Q 3
4pe 0 R 213
a R13 +
Q2Q 3
4pe 0 R 223
(1,1,4)
z
R23
Q3 = 10 nC
(0,3,1)
y
a R23
R
R13 = 3 a x + a y + 2 a z , R13 = 14, a R13 = 13
R13
R13
x
(3,2,1)
Q1 = 1 mC
Fig. 2.17
TM
2 - 14
R
26, a R23 = 23
R23
R23 = a x + 4 a y 3 a z , R23 =
\ F3 =
1 1 10 3 10 10 9 3 a x + a y + 2 a z 2 10 3 10 10 9 a x + 4 a y 3 a z
4pe 0
14
26
( 14 ) 2
( 26 ) 2
= 6.503 a x 3.707 a y + 7.4985 a z mN

E3 =
F3
= 650.3 a x 370.7 a y + 749.85 a z KV/m
Q3
Example 2.4.4
Given : r v = 10 z 2 e - 0.1 x sin p y C m 3 .
Solution :
Consider differential volume in cartesian system as, dv = dx dy dz

dQ = r v dv = 10 z 2 e - 0.1 x sin py dx dy dz
\
\
Q =
r v dv
vol
But now it becomes triple integration

\Q =
10 z 2 e - 0.1 x sin py dx dy dz
z = 3 y = 0 x = -2
2
e - 0.1 x
2
10 z sin p y - 0.1 dy dz =
-2
z= 3 y = 0
4
z 3 - cos p - cos 0
4.0267 = 10
= 10
p
3 p
3
1
- 0.2
e + 0.2
2 cos p y e
dz
10
z
p 0 - 0.1 - 0.1
z= 3
4
43 - 33 1 1
p + p 4.0267 = 316.162 C
Example 2.4.5
Solution : i) 0 < x < 5 m, r L = 12x 2 mC m
Q =
r L dL =
ii) r S = rz 2 nC m 2 ,
Q =
x3
= 500 mC = 0.5 C
12 x 2 dx mC = 12
3
0
r = 3, 0 < z < 4 m
r S dS =
S
r S [r df dz] = r
S
2p
rz 2 10 9 df dz
z = 0 f= 0
= ( 3) 10
iii) r v =
10
C m 3,
rsinq
[f]
2p
0
z3
3 = 1.206 mC
0
r=4m
TM
... r = 3
Q=
r v dv =
vol
2 - 15
2p
r v r 2 sin q dr dq df =

4
f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
vol
10
r 2 sin q dr dq df
r sin q
r2
= 10 [q] 0p [f] 20 p = 1579.136 C.
2
0
Example 2.4.6
f
1000
electrons/m 3
cos
r
4
1 electron = - 1.6 10 -19 C charge
Solution :
ne =
r v = n e charge on 1 electron =
f
- 1.6 10 - 16
cos C / m 3
r
4
The volume is defined as sphere of r = 2 m.

dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df
\
\
Q =
2p
r v dv =
vol
... spherical system

2
f = 0q = 0r = 0
= - 1.6 10 - 16
f
- 1.6 10 - 16
cos r 2 sin q dr dq df
4
r
2p
sin f
2
r2
p
4
2 [- cos q]0 1
0
4
0
= - 1.6 10 - 16 2 2 4 1 = - 2.56 10 - 15 C
Example 2.6.6
Solution : i) For origin let r = r1
E=
rL
a
2pe 0 r1 r1
Parallel
to x-axis
Point on the line is (x, 3, 5). Origin is (0, 0, 0)

z=5
Do not consider x co-ordinate as the charge is parallel

to x-axis.
\
r1 = (0 3) a y + (0 5) a z
= 3 a y 5 a z , |r 1 | =
\
E=
30 10 -9
2p 8.854 10 -12
34
y=3
-3 a y - 5a z
34
34
Fig. 2.18
= 47.582 a y 79.303 a z V/m

ii) P(5, 6, 1)
\
r2 = (6 3) a y + (1 5) a z = 3 a y 4 a z , |r2 | = 5
TM
E=
2 - 16
3 ay - 4 az
= 64.711 a y 86.2823 a z V/m

5
5
30 10 -9
2p 8.854 10 -12
Example 2.6.7
Solutino :
Fig. 2.19.
a) The line charge is shown in the
2
P(6,1,3)
It is parallel to the x axis as y = 1 constant and

z = 2 constant. The line charge is infinite hence
using the standard result,
r
L
a
E =
2 p e0 r r
O
1
To find a r , consider a point on the line charge

x
(x, 1, 2) while P (6, 1, 3). As the line charge is
parallel to x axis, do not consider x coordinate while finding a r .
\
r = ( -2) 2 + (1) 2 = 5
r = ( -1 - 1) a y + ( 3 - 2) a z = - 2 a y + a z ,
ar =
E =
Fig. 2.19
- 2ay +az
r
=
|r|
5
rL
2 p e0
-9 2ay +az
- 2 a y + a z 24 10
=
5
5
2 p 8.854 10 -12 5
= 172.564 a y + 86.282 a z V/m

b) Consider a point charge Q A at A (3, 4, 1).
The electric field due to Q A at P (6, 1, 3) is, EA =
QA
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a AP
RAP = [ 6 - ( -3)]a x + [-1 - 4] a y + [3 - 1] a z = 9 a x - 5 a y + 2 a z , RAP = 10.488

\
a AP =
EA =
RAP
RAP
9ax -5ay + 2az

10.4888
QA
4 p e 0 (10.4888) 2
9ax -5ay + 2az
10.4888
The total field at P is now, Et = E + EA

The y component of total Et is to be made zero.
5 QA
\ - 172.564 ay = 0
4 p e 0 (10.4888) 3
\
QA =
i.e.
5 QA
4 p e 0 (10.4888) 3
= 172.564
- 172.564 4 p 8.854 10 -12 (10.4888) 3

= 4.4311 mC
5
TM
2 - 17
Example 2.6.8
Solution : The charge is shown in the Fig. 2.20.
z=3
Key Point Charge is not infinite hence basic method of
differential charge dQ must be used.
dQ
(0,0,z)
dQ = r L dL = r L dz
r L dz
dQ
R
dE =
aR =
2
2
|R|
4p e 0 R
4p e 0 R
\
\
z=1
y
i) To find E at origin
\
R = z a z , |R| = z, a R = a z
dE =
E =
r L dz( -a z )
4p e o
z2
i.e.
-20 10 -9
E=
-rL
4p e o
x
3
dz
2
z=1 z
az
Fig. 2.20
z= 3
4p 8.854 10 -12
ii) To find E at P(4, 0, 0)
- 1
a z = 119.824 a z V/m
z z = 1
\ R = (4 0) a x + (0 z) a z = 4 a x z a z , |R| = 16 + z 2
Example 2.6.9
P(2,3,15)
Solution : The line is shown in the Fig. 2.21.

The line with x = 3 constant and y = 4 constant
is a line parallel to z axis as z can take any value.
The E at P (2, 3, 15) is to be calculated.
The charge is infinite line charge hence E can be
obtained by standard result,
rL
a
E=
2 p e0 r r
ar
4
3
O
To find r, consider two points, one on the line

which is (3, 4, z) while P (2, 3, 15). But as line is
parallel to z axis, E cannot have component in x
a z direction hence z need not be considered
while calculating r.
r = [ 2 - ( -3)]a x + [3 - 4] a y = 5 a x - a y
\
\
|r| =
ar =
(5) 2 + ( -1) 2 = 26
5ax -ay
r
=
|r|
26
TM
Fig. 2.21
... z not considered
2 - 18
25 10 -9 5 a x - a y
rL
1 5 a x - a y
E =
=
2 p e 0 26
26 2 p 8.854 10 -12 26
= 86.42 a x - 17.284 a y V/m
z
rL = 30 nC/m
Example 2.6.10
5
The charge is parallel to x-axis hence E cannot have any

component in x direction hence do not consider x while
calculating E.
(x, 3, 5)
y
3
i) E at P(0, 0, 0)
\ r = (0 - 3) a y + (0 - 5) a z = - 3 a y - 5 a z
Parallel to
x-axis
\ r = | r |= 3 2 + 5 2 = 34
rL
rL r
\
ar =
E =
2p e 0 r
2p e 0 r | r|
=
30 10 - 9
2p 8.854 10 - 12
Fig. 2.22
- 3ay - 5az
= - 47.58 a y - 79.3 a z V m
34
34
ii) E at P(0, 6, 1)
\
r = (6 - 3) a y + (1 - 5) a z = 3 a y - 4 a z , |r| =
\
E =
30 10 - 9
2p 8.854 10 - 12
32 + 42 = 5
+ 3a y - 4 a z
= 64.71 a y - 86.28 a z V m
5
5
iii) E at P(5, 6, 1)
As E does not have any component in x direction and y, z, co-ordinates are same as in (ii)
hence E also remains same as obtained in (ii).
E = 64.71 a y - 86.28 a z V m
\
Example 2.6.11
rL = 40 nC/m
P(2,2,8)
Key Point As charge is along z-axis, E can not have any
component in a z direction.
Do not consider z co-ordinate while calculating r .
r = ( -2 - 0) a x + (2 - 0) a y
\
= -2 a x + 2 a y , r =
\
E =
4+4 = 8
(0,0,z)
x
rL
rL
r
a =
2 p e0 r r 2 p e0 r r
40 10 -9 -2 a x + 2 a y
2 p 8.854 10 -12
Fig. 2.23
8 8
= - 179.754 a x + 179.754 a y V m
TM
2 - 19

z
Example 2.6.12
Solution : Consider the charge along z-axis as shown in
the Fig. 2.24. Consider the differential charge at a
distance z.
dQ = r L dl = r L dz
\
dE =
r dz
L
B (0, 0, z2)
dl
R
P(0, h,0)
R = 0 a x + ( - h - 0)a y + (0 - z)a z
h 2 + z2 , a R =
dE =
E =
r dz
Fig. 2.24
R
| R|
- ha y - za z
4pe 0 (h + z )
h 2 + z2
z2
z 2 - h dz a
z a z dz
y
4pe 0 (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2 (h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
z1
z1
I1
z2
I1 =
z1
z2
I1 =
z1
h dz
(h 2
+ z 2 ) 3/ 2
h 2 sec 2 q dq
h
sec 3
z2
z1
z2
I2 =
z1
z dz
(h 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
u du
u3
(1)
I2
, z = h tan q, dz = h sec q dq
1
h
z2
cos q dq =
z1
1
z
[sin q] z 2
h
1
2
z2
z1
1
1
z
=
=
h
h
h 2 + z 22
h 2 + z 21
h 2 + z 2 z 1
I2 =
A (0, 0, z1)
= - ha y - za z
aR
4pe 0 R 2
| R| =
(0, 0, z)
z
h2+z2
, h + z = u , 2z dz = 2u du
z
TM
1
h 2 + z 22
Fig. 2.24 (a)
2
1 z2
1
= -
= -
u z
h 2 + z 2 z 1
1
1
1
= -
2 + 2
2 + 2
z2
h
z1
h
Using I1 and I2in equation (1),
q
h
2
2
h + z1
E =
2 - 20
-rL
z2
z1
4pe 0
2
2
2
2
h h + z 2 h h + z 1
a + -rL
y 4pe 0
1
-1
2
2
2
h + z 21
h + z 2
a V/ m
z
Example 2.6.13
Solution : Q = 1 mC and placed
A(0, 0, 1) and B(0, 0, 2) m.
L = 21=1m
\
between
B
Q 1
= = 1 mC/m
=
\
r
L
L 1
Consider an elementary charge dQ at a distance
z as shown in the Fig. 2.25.
dQ = r dz
\
(0, 0, 2)
dz
(0, 0, z)
z
P2(0, 1, 1)
(0, 0, 1)
y
P1(0, 0, 0)
i) For point P1(0, 0, 0),
R = -z a z , a R = - a z
| R| = z
r L dz
dQ
(- a z )
aR =
dE =
2
4pe 0 z 2
4pe 0 R
z =2
E =
r dz
L
2
z = 1 4 pe 0 z
-r
4pe 0
= -
Fig. 2.25
(- a z )
dz
z =1z
az
1 10 -6
4p 8.854 10 -12
- 1 a = 8987.7424 1 - 1 a
z
2 z
z 1
= 4493.8712 a z V/m
ii) For point P2(0, 1, 1)
R = 0 a x + (1 - 0)a y + (1 - z)a z , | R| = 1 + (1 - z) 2
\
dE =
dE =
E =
dQ
4pe 0 R 2
aR =
r dz
[a y + (1 - z)a z ]
R
L
=
4pe 0 R 2 |R | 4pe 0 [1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 1+ (1 - z) 2
dQ
1 10 -6
4p 8.854 10
-12
dE = 8987.7424
a y dz
(1 - z) a z dz
2
3/
2
[1 + (1 - z) ]
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
2
z =
dz a y
(1 - z) dz a z
+
2 3/ 2 [1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
[1 + (1 - z) ]
1
TM
2 - 21
dz
I1 =
2 3/ 2
1 [1 + (1 - z) ]
z =
2
put 1 z = tan q, dz = sec q dq
For z = 1, q 1 = 0 and z = 2, q 2 = 45
q2
I1 =
q1
- sec 2 q dq
[1 + tan 2 q] 3/ 2
= - [sin q]
I1
-45
0
z = 1
for z = 1,
u2
I2 =
- u du
u3
q2
cos q d q
q1
put [1 + (1 z) ] = u
(1 z)dz = u du
u1 = 1 and z = 2,
u1
i.e.
1
dq = sec q
= - [sin ( - 45 )] = + 0.7071
[1 + (1 - z) 2 ] 3/ 2
\ 2(1 z) ( dz) = 2u du
q2
q1
(1 - z) dz
I2 =
=-
u2 =
1 2
1
= - -
=
- 1 = 0.2928
u 1
2
E = 8987.7424 [0.7071 a y 0.2928 a z ] = 6355.2326 a y 2631.6109 a z V/m

z
Example 2.6.14
Solution : The
Fig. 2.26.
charge
is
shown
as
in
rL
the
dQ
Key Point If rL is not distributed all along the
length then standard result can not be used. The
aR
basic procedure is to be used.

R
As charge is not infinite, let us use basic

procedure of considering differential charge.
Consider the differential element dl in the z
direction hence,
dl = dz
\
\
dQ = r
dE =
dl = r
dQ
4 p e0
R2
(2,0,0)
P
5
x
dE
rL
dz
aR =
r L dz
4 p e0 R2
Fig. 2.26
aR
Any point on z axis is (0, 0, z) while point P at which E to be calculated is ( 2, 0, 0).

R = ( 2 - 0) a x + ( 0 - z) a z = 2 a x - z a z
|R| =
( 2) 2 + ( - z) 2 = 4 + z 2 , a R =
TM
2ax - zaz
R
=
|R|
4 + z2
dE =
2 - 22
r dz
2ax - zaz
L
=
2
4 p e 4 + z 2
4+z
0
dz
4 p e 0 4 + z 2
3/ 2
(2 a x
- zaz )
Now there is no charge between 5 to 5 hence to find E, dE to be integrated in two zones

- to 5 and 5 to in z direction.
-5
E =
dE + dE
5
Looking at the symmetry it can be observed that z component of E produced by charge

between 5 to will cancel the z component of E produced by charge between 5 to - .
Hence for integration a z component from dE can be neglected.
-5
r dz ( 2 a x )
r dz ( 2 a x )
L
L
+
\
E =
3/ 2
3/
2
2
5 4 p e0 4 + z2
- 4 p e 0 4 + z
Solving,
E = 13 a x V m
To find cylindrical co-ordinates find the dot product of E with a r , a f and a z , at point P,
referring table of dot products of unit vectors.
\
E r = E a r = 13 a x a r = 13 cos f
\
Ef =
Ez =
E a
E a
= 13 a a
= 13 a a
f
z
= - 13 sin f
= 0
At point P, x = 2, y = 0, z = 0
x 2 + y 2 = 2 and
r =
cos f = 1
and
E r = 13,
f = tan -1
y
= tan -1 0 = 0
x
sin f = 0
E f = 0,
Ez = 0
Hence the cylindrical co-ordinate systems E is,

E = E r a r + E f a f + E z a z = 13 a r V/m
Example 2.7.2
Kept this example for student's practice.
Example 2.8.5
Solution :
Case 1 : Point charge Q 1 = 6 mC at A (0, 0, 1) and P (1, 5, 2)
E1 =
Q1
2
4 p e 0 RAP
a AP =
Q1
2
4 p e 0 RAP
RAP
| RAP|
RAP = (1 - 0) a x + (5 - 0) a y + ( 2 - 1) a z = a x + 5 a y + a z
\
| RAP | =
(1) 2 + (5) 2 + (1) 2 = 27
TM
E1 =
2 - 23
6 10 -6
4p 8.854 10 -12
27
a x +5a y + a z
27
\
E1 = 384.375 a x + 1921.879 a y + 384.375 a z V/m
Case 2 : Line charge r L along x-axis.
It is infinite hence using standard result,
rL
rL
r
ar =
E2 =
2 p e0 r
2 p e0 r r
Consider any point on line charge i.e. (x, 0, 0) while P (1, 5, 2). But as line is along x-axis,
no component of E will be along a x direction. Hence while calculating r and a r , do not
consider x co-ordinates of the points.
r = (5 - 0) a y + ( 2 - 0) a z = 5 a y + 2 a z
\
\
| r| =
E2
(5) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 29
= 557.859 a y + 223.144 a z V/m

Case 3 : Surface charge r S over the
plane z = 1. The plane is parallel to xy
plane and normal direction to the plane
is a n = a z , as point P is above the
plane. At all the points above z = 1
plane the E is constant along a z
direction.
\ E3 =
=
180 10 - 9 5 a y + 2 a z
5 a y + 2 a z
=
=
29
2 p e 0 29
2p 8.854 10 -12 29
rL
P(1, 5, 2)
rS
a
2 e0 n
25 10 -9
2 8.854 10 -12
az
az
= 1411.7913 a z V/m
rS
Hence the net E at point P is,

E = E1 + E2 + E3
Fig. 2.27
= 384.375 a x + 1921.879 a y + 384.375 a z + 557.859 a y + 223.144 a z + 1411.7913 a z

= 384.375 a x + 2479.738 a y + 2019.3103 a z V/m
Example 2.8.6
Solution :
The sheet of charge is shown in the Fig. 2.28.
Consider the differential area dS carrying the charge dQ. The normal direction to dS is a z
hence dS z = r dr d f .
TM
2 - 24
dQ = r S dS = r S r dr df =
dQ = 10 -4 dr df
dE =
10 -4 dr df
10 -4
r dr df
r
P(0, 0, 3)
aR
4 p e0 R2
Consider R as shown in the Fig. 2.29, which has

two components in cylindrical system,
1. The component along - a r having radius
r i.e. - r a r .
rS
r=4
2. The component z = 3 along a z i.e. 3 a z .

\
R = - r ar + 3az
2
aR =
dE =
Fig. 2.28
- rar + 3az
R
=
|R|
r2 + 9
10 -4
R
az
It can be seen that due to symmetry about

z-axis, all radial components will cancel each
other. Hence there will not be any component
of E along a r . So in integration a r need not be
considered.
\
2p
E =
10 -4 dr df
f= 0 r= 0
P(0, 0, 3)
- rar + 3az
r 2 + 9
dr df
4 p e 0 r 2 + 9
dS
( - r ) + ( 3) = r + 9
|R| =
\
aR
4 p e0 r 2 + 9
3/ 2
y
r
ar
Fig. 2.29
(3az )
As there is no r dr in the numerator, use

dr = 3 sec 2 q dq
r = 3 tan q,
For r = 0,
For r = 4,
q2 = tan 1 4 / 3
2p
E =
q2
10 -4 3 sec 2 q dq df
f = 0 q1 = 0
2p
E =
...Change of limits
q1 = 0
q2
f = 0 f = 0
4 p e 0 9 tan 2 q + 9
3/ 2
299.5914 10 3 sec 2 q dq df
[1 + tan q]
2
3/ 2
TM
(3az )
az

2p
q2
f = 0 q1 = 0
2 - 25
299.5914 10 3
dq df a z =
sec q
2p
= 299.5914 10 3 [f]0
[sin q ]qq12= 0
= 1.8823 10 6 sin q 2 a z
Now
\
q 2 = tan -1
sin q 2

2p
q2
299.5914 10 3 dq df[ cos q ]a z
f = 0 q 1 = 0
... Separating variables
az
... sin 0 = 0
4
4
i.e. tan q 2 =
3
3
4
= 0.8
=
5
q2
3
E = 1.8823 10 6 0.8 a z
4 +3
=5
Fig. 2.30
= 1.5059 10 6 a z V/m
= 1.5059 a z MV/m
Example 2.8.7
Sheet
at x = 0
Solution : The sheet is shown in the Fig. 2.31.
The point P is on the back side of the plane.
P (5, 0, 0)
ax
The normal to the plane in the direction of P is - a x .
\ EP =
\ an = -ax
10 -12
rS = 5 pC/m
rS
5
a =
(- a x )
2 e0 n
2 8.854 10 -12
Fig. 2.31
\ EP = 0.2823 a x V/m
Example 2.8.8
Solution : Q = 100 mC, r = 10 cm = 0.1 m, area = pr 2 = 0.03141 m2
Q
100 10 6
= 3.1831 10 3 C m 2
=
area
0.03141
z
The disc is shown in the Fig. 2.32.
rS =
Consider differential surface area dS.

Using cylindrical system,
dS = r dr df, R = r a r + za z
aR =
r a r + za z
zaz
y
r 2 + z2
Key Point All radial components of E
at P will cancel each other due to
0
rar
ds
symmetry.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2.32
TM
E=
dQ
4pe 0 R 2
2 p 0. 1
f = 0r = 0
2 - 26
aR
r S [r dr df]
4pe 0
Use r 2 + z 2 = u 2
[r 2
zaz
+ z2]
i.e.
r 2 + z2
2p
rSz
4pe 0
0. 1
f= 0 r= 0
r dr df
[r 2
+ z 2 ] 3/ 2
az
r dr = u du
Limits : r = 0, u 1 = z and r = 0.1, u 2 = 0.1 2 + z 2

\
rSz
4pe 0
E =
2p u 2
u du df
u3
f= 0 u1
az =
u
1 2 a
z
u u
1
rSz
1
1
2p
az
4pe 0
u
u
2
1
0.05 = 0.2236
Using z = 20 cm = 0.2 m, u 1 = 0.2 and u 2 =

\
rSz
[f] 2 p
4pe 0 0
3.1831 10 3 0.2
E =
4p
8.854 10 12
1
1
a = 18.9723 a z MV/m
2p
0.2 0.2236 z
Example 2.8.9
Solution : The plane is shown in the Fig. 2.33

Consider the differential surface area dS carrying
charge dQ.
dQ = r S dS where dS = dxdy
\
\
\
dQ = 2
dE =
R =
x2
+ y2
dQ
4p e o R 2
+9
3/2
z = 3 plane
O
y
R
dx dy nC
(2, 2, 3)
dS
aR
P
(2,2,3)
[0 x] a x + [ 0 y ] a y + [ 0 ( 3)] a z
Q (2,2,3)
Fig. 2.33
R = x a x y a y + 3 a z ,
| R| =
x 2 + y 2 + 9, a R =
dE =
2 x2 + y 2 + 9
R
| R|
3/ 2
dx dy
4p e o x 2 + y 2 + 9
[x a x y a y + 3 a z ] 10 9
(x 2 + y 2 + 9)
Due to symmetrical distribution, x and y components of dE will cancel each other and
only z component will exist.
TM
dE =
2 - 27
6 a z 10 9
dx dy
4p e o
2
E =
y = 2 x =2
6 10 9
6 10 9
dx dy a z =
[x] 22 [y] 22 a z = 862.82 a z V/m.
4p e o
4p e o
z
Example 2.8.10
Solution : The sheets are shown in the

Fig. 2.34.
rS
E =
a
2 e0 N
rS3 = 8 nC/m
z=4
z=1
rS2 = 6 nC/m
i) PA = (2, 5, 5)
rS1 = 3 nC/m
z = 4
It is below the plane z = 4.

Hence a N for this point due to all the
sheets is a z .
Fig. 2.34
Et
r S1
r
r
=
( a z ) + 2 eS2 ( a z ) + 2 eS3 ( a z ) = 56.47 a z V/m
2 e0
0
0
ii) PB = (4, 2, 3)
It is above z = 4 and below other two plane. Hence a N = +a z for r S1 and a z for r S2
and r S3 .
\
Et =
iii)
8 10 9
3 10 9
6 10 9
az )+
a z ) +
(
(
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
) (a
) = 282.358 a z V/m
PC = (1, 5, 2)
It is above z = 1 and below z = 4. Hence a N = +a z for r S1 and r S2 while a z for r S3 .

\
Et
8 10 9
3 10 9
6 10 9
=
az +
az +
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
iv)
PD = (2, 4, 5)
It is above all the planes hence a N = +a z for all.
\
Et
8 10 9
3 10 9
6 10 9
=
az +
az +
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
) (a
) (a
) = + 56.47 a z V/m
) = 960.018 a z V/m
Example 2.8.11
Solution : i) For Q = 12 nC at P(2, 0, 6)
RPO = 2 a x 6 a z , |RPO | =
\
E1 =
Q
4p e 0 R 2PO
40
a RPO
TM
2 - 28
12 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12

z
- 2ax - 6az
40
40
12 nC
(2,0,6)
P
= 0.8526 a x 2.558 a z V/m
x = 2,y = 3
rL = 3 nC/m
ii) r L is parallel to z-axis.

Any point on line charge is ( 2, 3, z)
\
y
O
r = [0 ( 2) a x + [0 3] a y
= 2 a x 3 a y , |r| =
ax
Origin on
back side
13
The z co-ordinate is not considered as line charge

is parallel to z-axis.
x=2
rs = 0.2 nC/m
Fig. 2.35
E2 =
rL
3 10 -9
ar =
2p e 0 r
2p 8.854 10 -12 13
2ax - 3ay
13
= 8.2963 a x 12.445 a y V/m

iii) r S is at x = 2 and origin is on the back side of the sheet. Hence a n = a x .
\
\
E3 =
rS
0.2 10 -9
an =
( - a x ) = 11.2943 a x V/m
2 e0
2 8.854 10 -12
E at origin = E1 + E2 + E3 = 3.8506 a x 12.445 a y 2.558 a z V/m
qqq
TM
Electric Flux Density

and Gausss Law
Example 3.5.3
Solution : a) A point charge of 40 mC at the

origin.
O(0,0,0) Q
P (6, 8, 10) and O (0, 0, 0)

\
r = ( 6 - 0) a x + ( 8 - 0) a y + ( -10 - 0) a z
r =
ar =
D =
P(6,8,10)
= 6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
\
y
ar
Fig. 3.1 (a)
( 6) 2 + ( 8) 2 + ( -10) 2 = 200
6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
200
Q
4pr 2
ar =
6 a x + 8 a y - 10 a z
200
4p ( 200 ) 2
40 10 -3
= 6.752 10 -6 a x + 9.003 10 -6 a y - 11.254 10 -6 a z C m 2

b) r L = 40 mC m along z-axis
The charge is infinite hence,
rL
a
E =
2pe 0 r r
As the charge is along z-axis there can not be any component of E along z-direction.
Consider a point on the line charge (0, 0, z) and P (6, 8, 10). But while obtaining r do
not consider z co-ordinate, as E and D have no a z component.
\
r = ( 6 - 0) a x + ( 8 - 0) a y = 6 a x + 8 a y
( 6) 2 + ( 8) 2 = 10
rL
6 ax + 8 ay
E =
2pe 0 (10)
10
ar =
hence
(3 - 1)
TM
6 ax + 8ay
10
3-2
Electric Flux Density and Gauss's Law

z
y
Plane
x=12
6
ax
8
10
P
Back side
of plane
Fig. 3.1 (b)
D = e0 E =
rL 6ax + 8ay
-7
-7
2
= 3.819 10 a x + 5.092 10 a y C m
2p 10
10
c) r S = 57. 2 m C m 2 on the plane x = 12.

The sheet of charge is infinite over the plane x = 12 which is parallel to yz plane. The
unit vector normal to this plane is a n = a x .
rS
\
a
E =
2e 0 n
The point P is on the backside of the plane hence a n = - a x , as shown in the Fig. 3.6.2.
rS
\
E =
(- a x )
2e 0
But
D = e0 E
D =
rS
( - a x ) = - 28.6 10 -6 a x C m 2
2
Example 3.5.4
Solution : i) Case 1 : Point charge Q = 6 mC at P (0, 0, 0).
While D to be obtained at A (0, 0, 4).
\
\
r = ( 4 - 0) a z = 4 a z , r = ( 4) 2 = 4 , a r =
D1 =
Q
4pr
ar =
6 10 -6
4 p ( 4) 2
r
= az
r
a z = 2.984 10 - 8 a z C m 2
Case 2 : Line Charge r L = 180 nC/m along x-axis. So any point P on the charge is
(x, 0, 0), while A (0, 0, 4). As charge is along x-axis, no component of D is along x-axis.
So do not consider x co-ordinate while obtaining r.
r
r = ( 4 - 0) a z = 4 a z , r = 4 , a r =
= az
\
r
TM
3-3
As charge is infinite,
\
D2 =
rL
180 10 - 9
ar =
a z = 7.161 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2pr
2p 4
Case 3 : Uniform sheet of charge lies in z = 0 plane. So the direction normal to it is z

direction as plane is xy plane. Hence a n = a z and r S = 25 nC/m 2 .
As sheet is infinite,
D3 =
\
an =
25 10 - 9
a z = 12.5 10 - 9 a z C m 2
2
D = D 1 + D 2 + D3 = 49.501 10 - 9 a z C m 2
ii) The point at which D is to be obtained is now B (1, 2, 4).

Case 1 : Point charge Q = 6 mC at P (0, 0, 0).
\
r = (1 - 0) a x + ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 4 - 0) a z = a x + 2 a y + 4 a z
=
(1) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( 4) 2 =
ar =
ax + 2ay + 4az
r
=
r
21
D1 =
Q
4pr 2
ar =
21
6 10 - 6
4p (
21 ) 2
a x + 2a y + 4a z
21
= 4.961 10 - 9 a x + 9.923 10 - 9 a y + 1.9845 10 - 8 a z C m 2

Case 2 : Line charge : The point on the charge is (x, 0, 0).
As charge is along x-axis, do not consider x co-ordinate.
\
\
r = ( 2 - 0) a y + ( 4 - 0) a z = 2 a y + 4 a z
r
D2 =
( 2) 2 + ( 4) 2 =
20
hence
ar =
... as B ( 1, 2, 4)
2ay + 4az
r
=
r
20
rL
180 10 - 9 2 a y + 4 a z
ar =
2pr
2p 20
20
= 2.8647 10 - 9 a y + 5.7295 10 - 9 a z C m 2
Case 3 : Infinite sheet of charge in z = 0 plane.
The point B ( 1, 2, 4) is above z = 0 plane hence a n = a z and D3 remains same as before.
r
25 10 - 9
a z = 12.5 10 - 9 a z C m 2
D3 = S a n =
2
2
\
D = D 1 + D 2 + D3
= 4.961 10 - 9 a x + 1.2786 10 - 8 a y + 3.807 10 - 8 a z C m 2
TM
3-4
iii) Let us find the total charge enclosed by a sphere of radius 4 m.

Charge 1 : Q 1 = 6 mC at the origin.
Charge 2 : The charge on that part of the line which is enclosed by the sphere. The line
charge intersects sphere at x = 4. Hence charge on the length of 8 m is enclosed by the
sphere. This is shown in the Fig. 3.2.
z
4
4m
Intersection of
z = 0 plane with
sphere
y
+4
rL
rS
z = 0 plane
Fig. 3.2
Q 2 = r L length enclosed = 180 10 -9 8 = 1.44 mC
Charge 3 : The intersection of z = 0 plane with a sphere is a circle with radius 4 m, in xy

plane.
The surface area of this circle is p r 2 .
\
S = p ( 4) 2 = 50.2654 m 2
Hence the total charge enclosed is,

\
Q 3 = r S S = 25 10 -9 50.2654 = 1.2566 mC
Hence the total charge enclosed by the sphere is,

Q total = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 8.6966 mC
But
y = Q total = Total electric flux leaving the surface of sphere

= 8.6966 mC
Example 3.5.5
Solution : Due to point charge at (3, 0, 0),
Q
ar
D =
4p r 2
r = ( 2 - 3) a x + 0 a y + 3 a z
TM
\ | r| =
1+9 =
3-5

z
10
- 4p 10 -3 -a x + 3a z
2
10
4p
10
\ D1 =
= 3.162 10
-5
a x - 9.486 10
P(2,0,3)
-5
az C m
y
r
The line charge is along y axis so there can not

be any component at E along y direction.
4pmC
x
Let point on line charge is (0, y, 0) and P (2, 0, 3).
E =
(3,0,0)
Fig. 3.3
r = ( 2 - 0) a x + ( 3 - 0) a z = 2 a x + 3 a z ,
\
rL = 2p mC/m
|r| = 13
rL
2p 10 -3
2a x + 3a z
ar =
2p e 0 r
13
2p e 0 13
D2 = e 0 E =
10 -3
2a + 3a z ] = 5.547 10 - 4 a x + 8.3205 10 - 4 a z C / m 2
13 [ x
2
D = D1 + D2 = 0.5863 a x + 0.7372 a z mC/m
Example 3.6.2
z
Solution : The cube is shown in the Fig. 3.4.

As the origin is at the centre, x varies from 1
to 1, y varies from 1 to 1 and z varies from
1 to 1, as each side of the cube is 2 m.
p
r v = 50 x 2 cos y 10 -6 C / m 3
2
\Q =
2m
O
r v dv where dv = dx dy dz
2m
v
1
z = -1 y = -1 x = -1
50 10 -6
p
50 x 2 cos y 10 -6 dx dy dz
2
p 1
1
x 3 sin 2 y
1
3 p [z]-1
-1
2 -1
2m
Fig. 3.4
1 3 ( -1) 3 2
p
p
= 50 10 -6
sin - sin - [1 - ( -1)]
p
2
2
3
3
50 10 -6
2
(1 + 1) p [1 - ( -1)]( 2) = 84.882 mC
3
TM
3-6
Example 3.6.3
Note that the r v is dependent on the variable r. Hence though the charge
4
distribution is sphere of radius 'a' we can not obtain Q just by multiplying r v by p a 3
3
Solution :
as r v is not constant. As it depends on r, it is necessary to consider differential volume dv

and integrating from r = 0 to a, total Q must be obtained. Thus if r v depends on r, do
not use standard results.
... Spherical system
a)
dv = r 2 sin q dr dq df
\
Q =
r v dv =
2p
r2 2
r 0 1 r sin q dr dq df
2
a
f= 0 q = 0 r = 0
2p
= r 0 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
2 r4
r - a 2 dr
r= 0
a
r 3
r5
= r0 2 2 p
= r 0 [ - ( -1) - ( -1)][ 2 p ]
3 5 a2
a 3 a 3
3 - 5
8p
2a3
r a3 C
=
15 0
15
Outside sphere, r v = 0 so Q = 0 for r > a.
b) The total charge enclosed by the sphere can be assumed to be point charge placed at
the centre of the sphere as per Gauss's law.
Q
\
a r at r > a
D =
4 p r2
= r0 4 p
\ Outside the charge distribution i.e. r > a,

E
Q
4 p e0 r 2
8p
3
r0 a 3
2 r0 a 1
= 15
=
15 e 0 r 2
4 p e0 r 2
z
3
1
2 r0 a
a r V/m
E=
15 e 0
r2
Thus E varies with r, outside the charge

distribution.
Gaussian
surface
r=a
r
c) For r < a, consider a Gaussian surface as a

sphere r having r < a as shown in the Fig. 3.5.
Consider dS at point P normal to a r direction,
as D and E are in a r direction.
P
ar
D
x
dS
Fig. 3.5
TM
3-7
D = Dr a r
D d S = D r r 2 sin q dq df
Q1 =
2p
D dS =
D r r 2 sin q dq df
f= 0 q = 0
p
2p
= D r r 2 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
= 4 p r 2 Dr
where
Q 1 = Charge enclosed by Gaussian surface
Dr =
Q1
i.e.
4 p r2
D=
Q1
4 p r2
and
ar
E=
Q1
D
=
ar
e0
4 p e0 r 2
Let us find Q 1 , charge enclosed by Gaussian surface of radius r.

2p p r
r2 2
Q 1 = r 0 1 r sin q dr dq df
2
a
f= 0 q = 0 r = 0
p
2p
= r 0 [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
r 3
r 3
r5
r5
= 4 pr0
C
3 3 5 a2
5 a 2 0
Using in the equation of E, field intensity for r < a is,
E=
r 3
r5
4 pr0
3 5 a2
4 p e0 r 2
d) To find E to be maximum, inside

d E
d r 0
= 0 i.e.
dr e 0
dr
1 3 r2
= 0
3 5 a2
r2 =
\
\
max
5 a2
9
ar =
r0 r
r3
a V/m
e0 3 5 a 2 r
the sphere i.e. r < a obtain,

r
r 3
= 0
3 5 a 2
as r v 0,
e0 0
i.e. r = 0.745 a
... Proved
r 0 0.745 a ( 0.745 a ) 3 0.1656 a r 0

V/m
=
e0 3
e0
5 a2
Example 3.6.4
Solution : The charges are shown in the Fig. 3.6. Consider line charge along x-axis. Any
point Q on this charge is (x, 0, 0). As the charge is infinite along x axis, E and hence D
has no component in a x direction.
\ Q (x, 0, 0) and P (3, 3, 3)
TM
3-8
P(3,3,3)
y
rL
rL
Fig. 3.6
\ r = ( 3 - 0) a y + ( 3 - 0) a z
\
\
... x co-ordinate need not be considered.
r = 3 a y + 3 a z and |r|=
D1 =
9 + 9 = 18
rL
25 10 -6 3 a y + 3 a z
ar =
2pr
2 p 18
18
= 6.6314 10 -7 a y + 6.6314 10 -7 a z C / m 2
Consider any point Q on charge along y axis.
Hence Q (0, y, 0) and P (3, 3, 3). There is no component of E hence D along a y direction
as charge is along y axis. So do not consider y co-ordinate.
\
r = ( 3) a x + ( 3) a z and r = 9 + 9 = 18
\
D2 =
rL
25 10 -6 3 a x + 3 a z
ar =
2pr
2 p 18
18
= 6.6314 10 -7 a x + 6.6314 10 -7 a z C / m 2
Hence total D at point P due to both the charges is,
D = D1 + D2
= 0.6631 a x + 0.6631 a y + 1.3262 a z mC / m 2
Example 3.6.5
Solution :
a) The flux leaving is charge enclosed.

y = Q=
r S dS =
2p
f = 0r = 0
5r
r2
+1
r dr df
The dS = r dr df as the r S is in plane z = 2, to which the normal direction is a z , as

TM
3-9
z
az
r<5
rS
z=2
plane
dS
Fig. 3.7
y =
2p
5 r2
f= 0 r = 0
Now
x 2 dx
2
ax +c
dr df
r2 +1
a
x c 1
tan -1 x
c
a a ac
r - tan -1 r
[]
1
0
2p
y = 5 [f]0
... a = c = 1
= 5 2 p 5 - tan -1 5 = 113.932 nC
... use radian mode
b) Half of the flux leaves in a z direction while other half leaves in - a z direction.
\
y leaving in - a z direction =
113.932
= 56.966 nC
2
Example 3.7.6
z
rL1
r = 3m
r = 3m
rL1
A
rS
rS
(a) Charge distribution
(b) Gaussian surfaces
Fig. 3.8
TM
3 - 10
The spherical surface A shown in the Fig. 3.8 (b) is the Gaussian surface for the line
charge. Let the differential surface area is dS = r df dz to which a r is normal. The D is
directed radially outwards. The length of the Gaussian surface is L.
and d S = r df dz a r
\
D = Dr a r
The radius r of Gaussian surface A is 0 < r < 3.
\
Q =
D dS =
S
L
... ( a r a r = 1)
D r r df dz
2p
D r r df dz = D r r [f] 20 p [z] L0 = D r r 2pL
z= 0 f= 0
But charge on the line of length L is Q = r L1 L

\
r L1 L = D r r 2pL
\
Dr =
r L1
2pr
and
D=
r L1
a
2pr r
0.3978
2.5 10 -6
for 0 < r < 3 m
ar =
ar mC m2
r
2pr
The spherical surface B is the Gaussian surface enclosing both the charge distributions.
r
Due to the line charge, D 1 = L1 a r remains same.
2pr
And due to cylinder of radius 3 m, let it be D 2 . The direction of D 2 is radially outwards.
Consider differential surface area normal to a r which is r df dz. The length of Gaussian
surface is L.
\
\
D =
D 2 = D 2r a r
Q =
D2
and
dS =
d S = r df dz a r
2p
D 2r r df dz = D 2r r 2 p L
z= 0 f= 0
... ( a r
= 1)
Now charge on the surface of length L and radius r is,

Q = r S Surface area = r S 2p rL
where r = 3 m = Radius of charge distribution
= 2p - 0.12 10 -6 (3) L = - 2.2619 10 -6 L C

\
\
\
- 2.2619 10 -6 L = D 2r r 2p L
i.e.
D 2r =
- 0.36
a r mC m 2
r
0.0378
a r mC m 2
D = D1 + D2 =
r
D2 =
- 2.2619 10 -6 - 0.36
=
10 -6
2p r
r
for r > 3
for r > 3
Example 3.7.7
Solution : a) At r = 2 cm, it is inner side of inner sphere. It is seen that inside a spherical
shell with surface charge E and D = 0. Now r = 2 cm is inside of all three spheres hence
E = D = 0.
TM
3 - 11
At r = 4 cm which is exterior to innermost sphere but inside of spheres having radii 5

and 7 cm. Hence at r = 4 cm, D and E exist due to sphere of r = 3 cm with
r S = 200 mC/m 2 .
E =
rS a 2
e0 r 2
... (Refer section 3.8.5)
ar
(
) a = 12.706 10 6 a V/m
r
2 r
8.853 10 -12 (4 10 -2 )
200 10 -6 3 10 -2
Here
a = Radius of sphere = 3 cm and r = 4 cm is distance.
and
D = e 0 E = 112.5 a r m C m 2
At r = 6 cm, the E and D will be due to the two spherical shells having radii 3 and 5
cm. While due to sphere of r = 7 cm, D and E are zero at r = 6 cm.
\ a 1 = 3 cm ,
r S1 = 200 mC m 2
r S1 (a 1 ) 2
(
)
ar =
2
8.854 10 -12 (6 10 -2 )
200 10 -6 3 10 -2
E1 =
D 1 = e 0 E = 50 a r mC m 2
And a 2 = 5 cm,
e 0 (r) 2
a r = 5.6471 10 6 a r V/m
r S2 = - 50 mC m 2
r S2 (a 2 ) 2
(
)
2
8.854 10 -12 (6 10 -2 )
- 50 10 -6 5 10 -2
E2 =
D 2 = e 0 E = - 34.722 a r mC m 2
e0
(r) 2
ar =
E = E 1 + E 2 = 1.7255 10 6 a r V/m
and
D = D 1 + D 2 = 15.278 a r mC m 2
a r = - 3.9216 10 6 a r V/m
Note that radial distance r is measured from the centre i.e. origin of the spheres.
b) The spheres are shown in the Fig. 3.9.
At r = 7.32 cm, all three shells produce D.
\
D1 =
r S1 (a 1 ) 2
(r) 2
ar ,
D2 =
r S2 (a 2 ) 2
(r) 2
a r , D3 =
r x (a 3 ) 2
(r) 2
ar
But D = 0 at r = 7.32 cm as given.

\
D = D 1 + D 2 + D3 = 0
i.e.
r S1 (a 1 ) 2 + r S2 (a 2 ) 2 + r x (a 3 ) 2
(r) 2
TM
ar = 0
3 - 12
a1 = 3 cm
a2 = 5 cm
a3 = 7 cm
r = 7.32 cm
Fig. 3.9
But r 0 and a r 0
\
r S1 (a 1 ) 2 + r S2 (a 2 ) 2 + r x (a 3 ) 2 = 0
\
rx
) (
(
)
) (
-6
-2 2
+ - 50 10 -6 5 10 -2
200 10 3 10
= -
2
7 10 -2
= 11.2244 mC m 2
Solution : Consider a sphere of radius 'a' as

shown in the Fig. 3.10 (a).
\ Dr =
Q
4 p r2
i.e.
0
+
Gaussian
surface
Fig. 3.10 (a)
= Dr r sin q dq df
D d S =
2
\ dy = D dS = Dr a r r sin q dq df a r
Q = y=
dS
+
Case [1] Consider point P outside sphere

such that r > a. The Gaussian surface passes
through point P. Now D is directed along a r
direction hence D = D r a r .
dS = r2 sin q dq df
Spherical system
r>a
Charged
sphere
Example 3.7.8
2p
Dr r sin q dq df = 4p r Dr
f= 0 q= 0
D=
Q
4 p r2
ar
TM
P
+
3 - 13
Now total charge enclosed is, Q = r v dv

v
2p
Q =
3 2
k r r sin q dr dq df =
f= 0 q= 0 r= 0
D = Dr a r =
k a6
2
a r C/m
4pk a6
6
6r
Case [2] Let point P is on the surface of sphere i.e.
4pk a6
Q
and Q =
\
ar
D =
6
4pa2
for r > a
r=a
k a4
2
a r C/m
6
Case [3] Let point P is inside sphere i.e. Charged
sphere
r < a. The Gaussian surface passes through
point P as shown in the Fig. 3.10 (b).
y = Q=
Again dS and D are directed radially

outwards.
2
\ D dS = Dr r sin q dq df
\
for r = a
D =
dS
P
D = Dr a r
D d S
S
2p
Dr r sin q dq df
Gaussian
surface
f= 0 q= 0
Fig. 3.10 (b)
= 4p r 2 D r
\
Dr =
Q
4 p r2
i.e.
D=
Q
4 p r2
ar
Now charge enclosed by sphere of radius r only is to be considered and not the entire
sphere.
2p p
r
kr6
Q = r v dv = k r3 r2 sin q dr dq df =
\
4p
6
f= 0 q= 0 r= 0
D =
kr6 4 p
6 4 p r2
ar =
k r4
2
a r C/m
6
The sketch of D against r is,

1 2
D =
( r D r ) as D is only in a r direction
r2 r
TM
for 0 < r < a
=
D =
3 - 14
1 2 ka 6
=0
r
r 2 r
6 r 2
for r > a
1 k 5
1 2 kr4
3
= 2 6r = k r
r
2 r
6
6
r
for r a
Key Point As D = r v = k r as given, the results are correct.

ka
6
D
in C/m2
ka
kr
6
6r
r in m
r=a
Fig. 3.10 (c)
Example 3.7.9
Solution : Given D is in cartesian co-ordinates so convert given point P(r = 20 m, f = 55,
z = 5 m) to cartesian.
x = r cos f = 11.471, y = r sin f = 16.383, z = 5
At point P, D = 4x a x + 2 (1 y) a y + 4z a z |P(x, y, z)
\
2
D = 45.884 a x 30.766 a y + 20 a z C/m
Given area 1 mm 1 mm = 10
m is very
small i.e. differential dS hence dS = dS a n

where a n is normal unit vector to dS.
According to gauss's law, dy = D d S

No need to integrate as area is differential.
A(0,0,5)
To find a n , consider the cylinder as shown in
dS
P(11.471, 16.383, 5)
the Fig. 3.11.
5
an
The normal a n is a r at P. But to find a n in

r
cartesian co-ordinates, extend point P radially to

meet axis of the cylinder at A (0, 0, 5).
f=55
The vector AP is now in radial direction at P and

x
represents the direction of a n to dS at P.
Fig. 3.11
TM
\ an =
3 - 15
11.471 a x + 16.383 a y + 0 a z
11.471 2 + 16.383 2
= 0.5735 a x + 0.8191 a y
6
\ dS = dS a n = 10 [0.5735 a x + 0.8191 a y ]
dy = D d S at P = (45.884 a x 30.766 a y + 20 a z ) d S
= 45.884 10 6 0.5735 30.766 10 6 0.8191 = 1.114 C
This is the required flux.

Example 3.7.10
Solution : i) The spherical surface at r = 5 encloses all the shells with r1 = 1, r2 = 2 and
r3 = 3.
Q = Charge enclosed by surface at r = 5
\
= Charge enclosed by surfaces (r1 + r2 + r3)
= Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = r S 1 4 p r12 + r S 2 4 pr22 + r S 3 4 pr 32
= 4p [20 10 9 12 9 10 9 22 + 2 10 9 32] = 25.1327 nC
\ Flux leaving the surface at (r = 5) = Q = 25.1327 nC
ii) P(1, 1, 2) is in cartesian form
\
r =
(1) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 2.4494 m
Hence shells r1 = 1 and r2 = 2 are enclosed. Refer section 2.8.5 where D =
rSa 2
r2
a r for a
spherical shell with radius a at r > a.

\ D at P = D1 due to (r1 = 1) + D2 due to (r2 = 2) while D at P = 0 due to r3 = 3 as
r = 2.4494 is inside the shell.
r (a ) 2
r (a ) 2
\
D at P = S 1 1 a r + S 2 2 a r
( r) 2
( r) 2
20 10 - 9 (1) 2 ( -9 10 - 9 ) (2) 2
2
=
+
a r = 2.667 a r nC/m
2
2
(2.4494)
(2.4494)
Example 3.7.11
Solution :
The region is shown in the Fig. 3.12 (a).
a) Region r < 2 m
For this region, there is no charge enclosed hence D = 0.
b) Region 2 < r < 4 m
Consider Gaussian surface in cylindrical form of height L and radius r such that 2 < r < 4
as shown in the Fig. 3.12 (b)
TM
3 - 16
r C/m
Dotted shown is
Gaussian surface
2m
4m
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.12
D = Dr a r
... D is in radial direction.
d S = r df dz a r
Q =
D dS=
2p
r dr df D r = r D r 2 p L
... a r a r = 1
z = 0f = 0
But Q enclosed by Gaussian surface at 2 < r < 4 is,

Q = r [Volume of Gaussian surface at 2 < r < 4] = r
2p
r dr df dz
z= 0 f= 0 r= 2
( )
r (r 2 - 4)
=
= r p r 2 - p ( 2) 2 L = p r r 2 - 4 L
\p r r 2 - 4 L = r D r 2 p L
\
D =
r r2 - 4
2r
i.e.
Dr
2r
a r C/ m 2
... 2 < r < 4
c) Region r > 4 m
Again
Q = r Dr 2 p L
But Q enclosed by Gaussian surface is Q enclosed by the entire cylindrical region of length
L as r > 4 m.
TM
3 - 17
Q = r Volume enclosed = r

2p
r dr df dz
z= 0 f= 0 r= 2
= r
\
{p[4 ]- p [2] } L = r p (16 - 4) L = 12 r p L

2
12r p L = r D r 2 p L
Dr =
6r
r
6r
a r C/ m 2
r
i.e. D =
... r > 4
Example 3.7.12
Solution :
a) To find Q tot use standard result as r v is constant.

Q tot =
4
p (r) 3 r v
3
r v dv =
...
r = 10 cm
dv =
4
p (r) 3
3
4
p ( 0.1) 3 4 = 0.016755 mC
3
p
2p 0. 1 m
rv r
Alternatively, Q tot =
sin q dr dq df = 0.016755 mC
q= 0 f= 0 r = 0
b) To find D r , consider a Gaussian surface as a sphere of

radius r as shown in the Fig. 3.13. Consider dS at point P. r = 10 cm
The D is in a r direction hence D = D r a r and dS normal to
a r is r 2 sin q dq df.
\ dS = r 2 sin q dq df a r
\
Q =
D dS =
Q = Dr
Dr =
2p
r2
p
0
[- cos q ]
D r r sin q dq df
4
p r 3 rv
3
Fig. 3.13
... ( a r a r = 1)
[f]20 p
D =
and
4 p r2
ar
P
Gaussian
surface
f= 0 q= 0
dS
r
Q
4 p r2
ar
But
Q =
4
p r 3 4 10 -6
= 1.333 r mC / m 2
D = 3
2
4pr
for a sphere of r
c) Let charge between 10 cm < r < a is Q 1 .

\ Q1 =
r v dv =
2p
2p
r v r 2 sin q dr dq df = [ - cos q ]0 [f]0
f = 0 q = 0 r = 0.1
TM
r = 0.1 r
-3 r 2
3
+ 0.001
dr
Put r 3 + 0.001 = u
\
3 - 18
3 r 2 dr = du
i.e.
Q 1 = 2p 2
r = 0.1
du
a
= 4 p [ - ln u ]r = 0.1
u
Resubstitute u = r 3 + 0.001,
\
a 3 + 0.001
= - 4 p ln
nC
0.1
2 10 -3
Q 1 = -4 p ln r 3 + 0.001
Hence the total charge for 0 < r < a is, Q tot + Q 1 i.e. resultant charge Q R is
a 3 + 0.001
Q R = 0.016755 10 -6 - 4 p ln
10 -9 C
-3
2 10
But required Q R = 0
a 3 + 0.001
\ 4 p ln
10 -9 = 0.016755 10 -6
-3
2 10
a 3 + 0.001
\
\
2 10 -3
i.e.
= e 1.3333 = 3.7936
i.e.
a 3 + 0.001
ln
= 1.3333
-3
2 10
a 3 = 6.5872 10 -3
a = 0.1874 m = 18.74 cm
Example 3.7.13
Solution : The charge enclosed by the cylinder is given by,
Q = Charge density Area
Let length of each cylinder is 'L'
Area = 2p R L
\
For cylindrical sheet 1, Q 1 = 5 2p 2 L = 20pL C
... R = 2 m
For cylindrical sheet 2, Q 2 = - 2 2p 4 L = - 16pL C
... R = 4 m
For cylindrical sheet 3, Q 3 = - 3 2p 5 L = - 30 pL C

Charge enclosed
a
D =
Area of cylindrical shell considered r
... R = 5 m
The shells are shown in the Fig. 3.14.

For R 1 = 1 m,
Q = Charge enclosed = 0 C
For R 2 = 3 m,
Q = Q 1 = 20p L C, D =
\ D = 0 C m2
Q
20pL
10
=
=
a C m2
2pR 2 L
2p 3L
3 r
For R 3 = 4.5 m, Q = Q 1 + Q 2 = 20p L - 16pL = 4pL C
TM
3 - 19
R=5
R4 = 6 m
R=4
R3 = 4.5 m
R=2
R2 = 3 m
R1 = 1 m
Fig. 3.14
Q
4pL
=
a = 0.444 a r C m 2
2pR 3 L
2p 4.5 L r
D =
For R 4 = 6 m,
Q = Q 1 + Q 2 + Q 3 = 20p L - 16pL - 30 p L = - 26 pL C
D =
- 26 pL
Q
=
= - 4.333 a r C m 2
2pR 4 L
2p 6 L
Example 3.7.14
Solution :
1)
r
-9
a r 10
4
D
=
E =
e0
8.854 10 - 12
E =
2)
Q =
0.25 10 - 9
4 8.854 10 - 12
... r = 0.25 m
a r = 7.0589 a r V/m
D d S
dS = r 2 sin q dq df
\
Q =
r a 10 - 9 r 2 sin q dq df (a )
r
4 r
2p
f= 0
... Normal to a r in spherical
r 3
r3
-9
sin
d
d
10
q
q
f
10 - 9 [- cos q] 0p [f] 02 p
=
4
4
q= 0
r3
10 - 9 [1 + 1] [2 p] = r 3 10 - 9 p C
4
For a sphere of radius r = 0.25 m,

Q = (0.25) 3 10 - 9 p = 49.087 pC
TM
... (1)
3 - 20
3) According to Gauss's law, the total flux leaving is same as the charge enclosed.
\
y = Q = r 3 10 - 9 p
y = (0.35) 3 10 - 9 p = 134.695 pC
at
r = 0.35 m
Example 3.7.15
Solution :
y 2 z 3 a x + 2 xyz 3 a y + 3 xy 2 z 2 a z
D =
i) As x = 3 is constant, the differential surface area is dS = dydz and the direction is + a x .

\
dS = dy dz a x
dS = y z dy dz
According to Gausss law,
D dS = Q = Flux passing
... a x
= 1
Q =
y z
z= 0 y= 0
ii) At P (3, 2, 1),
x = 3, y = 2, z = 1
E =
E at P =
y 3 z4
1
dy dz =
= 0.6666 pC
= 2.667
3
4
4
0 0
D = 4 a x + 12 a y + 36 a z
i.e.
D
1
=
[4 a x + 12 a y + 36 a z ] 10 - 12
e0
e0
1
e0
4 2 + 12 2 + 36 2 10 - 12 =
1456
8.854 10 - 12
10 - 12 = 4.3096 V/m
Example 3.9.7
Solution : i) Q =
r v dv =
10 e - 2r r 2 sin q dr dq df
v
2p
10 e - 2r r 2 sin q dr dq df
f = 0 q = 0 0
r
e - 2r r 2 dr = r 2
e - 2r dr - 2r e -2r dr dr
r 2 e - 2r
2r e - 2r
r 2 e - 2r
-
+ r e -2r dr - 1 e -2r dr dr
dr =
-2
-2
-2
e - 2r
r 2 e -2r
e - 2r
+ r
-
dr
-2
-2
-2
r
r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r

r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1
= - e
+
- e =2
2
4
2
2
4
4
0
\
... By parts
r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1

2p
Q = 10 - e
+ [- cos q] p0 [f] 0
2
2
4
4
TM
r 2 e -2r r e -2r 1 -2r 1

= 40 p - e
+ C
2
2
4
4
2r
2r
e
e
e - 2r
Q
1
2
a r = 10 D =
+
a r C/ m
2
2
2
2
2
r
4r
4r
4p r
\
ii)
3 - 21
2
... D only in r direction
r Dr
r
1
=
- 5 r 2 e - 2r - 5 r e - 2r - 2.5 e - 2r + 2.5
r 2 r
1
=
- 10 r e - 2r + 10 r 2 e - 2r - 5 e - 2r + 10 r e - 2r + 5 e - 2r + 0
2
r
D =
r2
= -
10 e - 2r
5 e - 2r 10 e - 2r 5 e -2r
= 10 e -2r = r v
+ 10 e - 2r +
+
r
r
r2
r2
Hence the result obtained is correct.

Example 3.9.8
Solution : According to Gausss Law,
Q =
( D) dv
dv = 10 - 9 m 3
Here,
D =
at origin
i.e.
at origin
dv = [0 + 0 + 2] 10 - 9 = 2 10 - 9 C = 2 nC
Example 3.9.9
Solution :
Use Gauss's law in point form, D = r v
Given D in spherical coordinates hence,
D =
Now
\
x=y=z=0
D x D y D z
+
+
= - e - x sin y - e - x ( - sin y) + 2
x
y
z
dQ = ( D)
dQ = ( D) dv
and
1
r2
D r = 10 sin q,
D =
=
=
1
r2
1
r2
(r 2 Dr ) + r sin1 q
D q = 2 cos q,
r2
Df = 0
(r 2 10 sin q) + r sin1 q
10 sin q
10 sin q
Df
1
sin q D q ) +
(
r sin q f
q
(r 2 ) + r sin1 q
1
( 2 sin q cos q) + 0
q
( sin 2 q)
q
( 2r ) + r sin q [ 2 cos 2 q ] =
TM
20 sin q 2 cos 2 q
+
r
r sin q
Spherical
rv =
3 - 22
20 sin q 2 cos 2q
C m3
+
r
r sin q
cos 2 q = cos 2 q - sin 2 q
Now
\
rv
2 cos 2 q - sin 2 q
20 sin q
=
+
r
r sin q
20 sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 q - 2 sin 2 q

18 sin 2 q + 2 cos 2 q
=
r sin q
r sin q
sin q
2 cos 2 q sin q
=
18 +
r
r
sin 2 q
[18 + 2 cot 2q ] C / m 3
Example 3.9.10
Solution :
i) The surface x = 2, 0 y 2 and 0 z 2 is shown in the Fig. 3.15.

z
Key Point The plane is parallel to yz plane
and unit vector normal to the plane is a x .

z=2
The direction away from the origin is a x and

dS = dy dz.
\
dS = dy dz a x
\
as a x
\
2 2
x=y=z=0
y=2
D d S = 2y z dy dz
a x = 1 and a y a x = a z a x = 0
Q =
D dS
x=2
x
x=2
ax
2y 2 z 2 dy dz
Fig. 3.15
z= 0 y = 0
2
y 3 z3
2 8 8
= 2

= 3 3 = 14.22 pC
3
3
0
0
ii) r = 1 mm for the sphere. So incremental volume of the sphere is,
dv =
4
4
p r 3 = p 1 10 - 6
3
3
= 4.1887 10 -18 m 3
dQ = charge contained in volume dv = r v dv
Now
rv =
[ D]at P (2, 2, 2)
D y D z
D
= x +
+
y
z
x
( 2, 2, 2)
TM
Plane
bounded by
0y2
0z2
x=2
3 - 23
[0 + 6xyz
+ 2xy
(2, 2, 2)
= 96 + 8 = 104 pC/m 3
dQ = 104 10 -12 4.1887 10 -18 = 4.3562 10 -16 pC
Example 3.9.11
Solution : i) r v = D =
Dx Dy Dz
= y 2 + x 2 + 1 C/ m3
+
+
x
y
z
ii) Assume given D in spherical co-ordinate system.
rv = D =
=
r2
(r 2 Dr ) + r sin1 q
( sin q D q ) + r sin q
Df
f
[ ]
1
2
r2 + 0 + 0 =
2r = C / m 3
2
r
r
r
1
r
Example 3.9.12
Solution : D = 2r ( z + 1) cos f a r r ( z + 1) sin f a f + r cos f a z mC m 2
rv = D =
i)
1
rDr
r r
1
1
r 2r ( z + 1) cos f] +
r( z + 1) sin f] + [r cos f]
[
[
r r
r f
z
= 4 [z + 1] cos f +
ii)
Q =
1 D f D z
+
f
z
] +r
r v dv
1
r[z + 1] cos f + 0 = 3[z + 1] cos f C m 3
r
4 p 2 2
3 ( z + 1) cos f r dr df dz
z= 0 f = 0 r = 0
v
2
2
r 2
p 2 z
= 3 [ sin f]0
+ z = 3 2 1 12 = 72 mC
2
2
0
0
iii) Q =
D dS = D dS + D dS + D dS + D dS + D dS + D dS
r=0
D dS
r=0
D dS =
r=2
r=2
f= 0
f= p 2
z= 0
z= 4
[2r ( z + 1) cos f][r df dz] = 0

4 p 2
[2r ( z + 1) cos f][(r d f dz)]
z = 0 f= 0
2 + z = 96 mC.
0
p 2 z
= 2 ( 2) 2 [ sin f]0
TM
...r = 2
D dS =
f= 0
D dS =
f= p 2
3 - 24
4
p r 2 z 2
r( z + 1) sin f dr dz = sin 2 2 2 + z = 24 mC.

0
0
z= 0 r = 0
p 2 2
(r cos f) ( r dr df) =
z= 0
p
=
sin f]0
3 [
0
p 2 2
r 2 cos f dr df
f= 0 r = 0
r 3
8
mC
3
2
r 2 cos f
f= 0 r = 0
Q = 0 + 96 + 0 24
+ r( z + 1) sin f dr dz = 0
z= 0 r = 0
z= 0
z= 4
[r( z + 1)sin f][ dr dz] =
D dS =
D dS
r 3
p
sin f]0
dr df =
3 [
0
8
= + mC
3
8 8
+ = 72 mC.
3 3
...Gauss's law is verified.
Example 3.9.13
3
Solution : D = 4 x a x 2z a y 2y a z
i) D =
D x D y D z
2
3
= 12 x C/m
+
+
x
y
z
2
3
ii) r v = D = 12 x C/m
iii) Q =
r v dv =
vol
12 x dx dy dz
z = -1 y = - 1 x = -1
1
x3
2
1
1
= 12
[- y] -1 [z] -1 = 12 2 2 = 32 C
3
3
-1
iv) To find Q without finding r v .
Q = D dS
\
S
Consider all faces of the region 1 < x, y, z < 1.

z
ax back
ay
left
+az
top
+ay
right
+ax front
(a) 1 < x,y,z<1
Fig. 3.16
TM
bottom
az
3 - 25
1) For front surface, x = + 1, dS = dy dz a x

2) For back surface, x = 1, dS = dy dz a x
3) For right surface, y = + 1, dS = dx dz a y
4) For left surface, y = 1, dS = dx dz a y
5) For top surface, z = + 1, dS = dx dy a z
6) For bottom surface, z = 1, dS = dx dy a z
3
For front, D d S = 4x dy dz = 4 dy dz
x=1
For back, D d S = 4x3 dy dz = 4 dy dz

For right D d S = 2z dx dz
x=1
For left D d S = 2z dx dz
For top D d S = 2y dx dy
For bottom D d S = 2y dx dy
D dS =
S
z = -1 y = - 1
4 dy dz +
z = -1 y = - 1
2z dx dz +
z = -1 x = - 1
(right)
2 z dx dz
z = -1 x = - 1
2y dx dy +
y = -1 x = - 1
(left)
2 y dx dy
y = -1 x = - 1
(top)
(bottom)
1
(back)
(front)
+
4 dy dz +
z2
z2
1
Q = 4 [y] -1 1 [z] -1 1 + 4[y] -1 1 [z] -1 1 - 2 [x] -1 + 2 [x] 1-1
2
2
-1
-1
1
y2
y2
1
1
2
+
[x]
2
[x] -1
-1
2
2
-1
-1
= 4 2 2 + 4 2 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 32 C
qqq
TM
Electric Work,
Energy and Potential
Solutions of Selected Examples for Practice
Example 4.3.4
Example 4.3.5
Solution : The work done is given by,

W = -Q
E dL
Let us differential length dL in cartesian co-ordinate system is,

dL = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z
\
E dL =
(- 8 xy a x - 4x 2 a y + a z ) (dx a x + dy a y + dz a z )
= - 8 xy dx - 4x 2 dy + dz
As a x a x = a y a y = a z a z = 1, other dot products are zero.
A
A
A
A
W = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4x 2 dy + dz = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4 x 2 dy + dz
\
B
B
B
B
Case 1 : The path is y = 3x 2 + z, z = x + 4 y = 3x 2 + x + 4 differentiate i.e. dy = (6x + 1) dx
A
For
- 8 xy dx The limits are x = 1 to x = 2.
B
A
For
- 4x 2 y The limits are y = 8 to y = 18
B
A
For
dz The limits are z = 5 to z = 6.
18
6
2
W = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4 x 2 dy + dz
x= 1
y= 8
z= 5
Using y = 3x 2 + x + 4 and dy = (6x + 1) dx and changing limits of y from 8 to 18 interms of

x from 1 to 2 we get
(4 - 1)
TM
4-2
Electric Work, Energy and Potential
2
6
2
W = - Q - 8x 3x 2 + x+ 4 dx - 4 x 2 [6x+ 1] dx + dz
x= 1
z= 5
x = 1
2
6
2
= - Q -24x 3 - 8x 2 - 32x dx - 24 x 3 + 4x 2 dx + dz
x= 1
z= 5
x= 1
8
4
= - Q -6x 4 - x 3 - 16x 2 - 6x 4 - x 3
+ ( z)56
x = 1
3
3

= - Q {- 256 + 1} = - 6 -255 = 1530 J

Case 2 : Straight line path from B to A.
To obtain the equations of the straight line, any two of the following three equations of
planes passing through the line are sufficient,
B (1, 8, 5)
and A (2, 18, 6)
y - yB
(y - y B ) = A
( x - x B ),
xA - x B
(z - z B ) =
Using the co-ordinates of A and B,

18 - 8
y8 =
i.e.
(x - 1)
2 -1
\
\
And
\
Now
zA - z B
x - xB
y - y B ), (x - x B ) = A
(
(z - z B )
yA - y B
zA - z B
y 8 = 10 ( x 1)
y = 10x 2
... (1)
dy = 10 dx
z5 =
6 -5
(y - 8)
18 - 8
i.e.
z5=
1
(y - 8)
10
10 z = y + 42
... (2)
18
6
2
W = - Q - 8 xy dx - 4 x 2 dy + dz
x= 1
y= 8
z= 5
2
6
2
= - Q - 8 x(10x - 2) dx - 4 x 2 (10dx) + dz
x= 1
x= 1
z= 5
-80 3 16x 2 40x 3
= - Q
x +
+ [z]56
2
3
3
x= 1

= - Q {- 213.33 + 32 - 106.667 + 26.667 - 8 + 13.33 + 1} = - Q [ - 255] = - 6 -255 = 1530 J

This shows that irrespective of path selected, the work done in moving a charge from B
to A remains same.
TM
4-3
Example 4.3.6
Solution : The line charge along the z-axis Circular path
and the circular path along which charge is having radius r1
moving is shown in the Fig. 4.1.
Movement of charge Q in
z = 0 plane (xy plane)
r1
The circular path is in xy plane such that

its radius is r 1 and centered at the line
charge.
Consider cylindrical co-ordinate
where line charge is along z-axis.
y
r1
system
dL = rdf af
Infinite
line charge
The charge is moving in a f direction.
Fig. 4.1
\
dL = r df a f
The field E due to infinite line charge along z axis is given in cylindrical co-ordinates as,
rL
a
E =
2pe 0 r r
The circular path indicates that dL has no component in a r and a z direction.

\
dL = r df a f
\
W = -Q
final
E dL = - Q
initial
2p
rL
rL
a r r df a f = - Q
df
2pe 0 r
2pe 0
2p
(ar af ) = 0
As a r a f = 0 as q = 90 between a r and a f .
This shows that the work done is zero while moving a charge such that path is always
perpendicular to the E direction.
Example 4.3.7
Solution : The path along which the charge

is moved is shown in the Fig. 4.2.
As path is straight line from B to A and the
line is in xy plane (z = 0 plane), the equation
of line can be easily obtained as,
y = mx ... Passing through origin
Now, B (4, 2, 0) and A (0, 0, 0)
x
y - yB
0-2
1
\ y = A
x=
x= x
xA - x B
0-4
2
\
x = 2y
i.e.
A(0,0,0)
B(4,2,0)
Fig. 4.2
dx = 2 dy
dL = dx a x + dy a y + dy a z
\
W = -Q
E dL = - Q
... Cartesian
x
+ 2y a x + 2x a y
2
TM
[dx a
+ dy a y + dz a z
= -Q
4-4
A
x + 2y dx + (2x) dy
2
... a x
= ay
=1
0
0
= - Q + 2y dx+ 2x dy
2
x= 4
y= 2
... (1)
Using x = 2y and dx = 2dy and changing limits interms of y, in equation (1),

0
0 2y
W = - Q + 2y (2dy) + 2 ( 2y) dy
2
y= 2
y = 2
0
0
0
6y 2 4y 2
= - Q 6y dy + 4y dy = - Q
+
2
2
y = 2
2
y=2
= - 20 10 -6 [- 12 - 8] = + 400 mJ
Example 4.3.8
Solution : Q = 2 C, B(2, 0, 0), A(0, 2, 0), E = 12 x a x - 4 y a y
W = Q
E dL
where dL = dx a x + dy a y + dz a z
(0, 2 , 0)
= -2
(12 x a x - 4 y a y ) ( dx a x + dy a y + dz a z )
(2, 0, 0)
(0, 2 , 0)
= -2
y= 2
x= 0
4 y2
12 x 2
- 2
2
= -2 - 32 = + 64 J
2
y = 0
x = 2

Example 4.3.9
Solution :
(a x a y = a x a z = a y a z = 0)
12 x dx - 4 y dy
(2, 0, 0)
W = - Q E d L = - ( - 2) [y a x + x a y ] [dx a x + dy a y + dz a z ]
= 2
[ y dx + x dy]
= 2
[ y 4y dy + 2y
x = 2y 2
2
= 2 4 y 2 dy + 2 y 2 dy = 2 6
dx = 4y dy
dy
TM
y 2 dy
4-5
2
y 3
3
3
= 12
= 4 (2) - (1)
3
] = 4 (8 - 1) = 28 J
Example 4.3.10
Solution : The work done is given by,
P(2, p , p )
4 2
W = - Q E dL
B
dL = dr a r + r dq a
Now
+ rsin q df a f
III
y
Consider the path as shown in the Fig. 4.3.

Along path I, dq = df = 0
\ E dL = 5e - r
dr
Along path II, dr = dq = 0
\ E dL =
II
... (1)
x
Fig. 4.3
10
rsinq df
rsinq
= 10 df
... (2)
Along path III, dr = df = 0
\ E dL = 0
... (3)
p 2 p 4
W = -Q
[5e - r 4 dr + 10 df + 0]
f = 0q = 0r = 0
- r 4 2
p 2
= - 5 10
+ 10[f] 0 + 0
-1 4
0

- r 4 2
10p
5e
= - 5 10 - 6
+
-1 4
2
0

10p
= - 5 10 - 6 - 20 e - 0.5 + 20 e 0 +
= - 117.88 mJ
2
- 6 5e
Example 4.5.8
Solution :
E = VAB = -
6y
x
ax +
E dL
6
a +5 az
x y
where
Now a x a x = a y a y = a z a z = 1 and all other dot products are zero.

TM
E dL = -
VAB = -
4-6
6y
x2
A
dx +
6y
x
6
dy + 5 dz
x
dx +
6
dy + 5 dz
x
To obtain the integral as it does not depend on the path from B (4, 1, 2) to A ( - 7, 2, 1) we
can divide the path as,
Path 1,
B (4, 1, 2) to ( - 7 , 1, 2) only x varies, y = 1, z = 2.
Path 2,
( - 7 , 1, 2)
( - 7 , 2, 2)
Path 3,
\
to
to
( - 7 , 2, 2) only y varies, x = 7, z = 2.
A ( - 7 , 2, 1) only z varies, x = 7, y = 2.
x = - 7 - 6 y
dx +
VAB = -
2
x
x = 4
y=1
y= 2
6
dy +
x
y= 1
z= 1
z= 2
5 dz
x=7
-7
1
2
1
6
= - - 6
dx dy
+
5
dz
2
7
x= 4 x
y= 1
z= 2
1 -7
6
2
= - - 6 -
- [ y ] 1 + 5 [z]12
x 4
7
1 1
6
= - - 6 + + - [2 - 1] + 5 [1 - 2]
7
4
7
= - {- 2.3571 - 0.85714 - 5} = + 8.2142 V

Alternatively find the equations for straight line path from B to A by using,
y - yB
z -z
y - yB = A
( x - x B ) and z - z B = y A - y B ( y - y B )
xA - x B
A
B
and using the relations between x, y and z solve the integrals. From the above equations
we get, x = 11 y + 15 and z = y + 3 so use y interms of x for first integral and x
interms of y for the second integral and integrate.
Example 4.5.9
Solution :
\
\
Potential due to the point charge,

Q
V =
4 p e0 r
Q
Q
and VB =
VA =
4 p e 0 rA
4 p e 0 rB
VAB = VA - VB =
= -
r = Distance of point from Q
Q 1
1
4 p e 0 rA rB
20 10 - 10
4 p 8.854 10 - 12
1 - 1 = 143.8038 V
0.5 0.1
TM
... Q is negative
4-7
Example 4.5.10

The potential difference
spheres is given by,
Q
V =
4p e 0
between the two concentric
r2
+
+
Inner +
sphere
Refer equation (4.5.2)
+
+
+
Outer
sphere
r1 +
+
+
1
1
r - r
1
2
+
+
Fig. 4.4
while E on the surface of inner sphere is,

E =
Q
4p e 0 r12
ar
While E due to outer sphere at r = r1 is zero as E inside the spherical shell is zero.
r
But
r1 = 2
Given
2
Using in V,
V =
Q 1
1
Q 1
=
4p e 0 r1 2r1 4p e 0 2r1
Multiply both sides by
V
Q 1 1
1 Q 1
=
=

= | E|
r1
4p e 0 2 r 2
2 4p e r 2 2
0 1
1
1
,
r1
|E| =
r
2V
for r1 = 2 on surface of inner sphere.
2
r1
Example 4.5.11
Solution : Q = 5 nC, V = 2 V at (0, 6, 8), Q is at origin (0, 0, 0).
i) A ( 3, 2 , 6)
rA = 3 a x + 2 a y + 6 a z ,
\
VA =
9 + 4 + 36 = 7
Q
+C
4p e 0 rA
VR = 2 V at (0, 6, 8)
rA =
hence rR = 6 a y 8 a z , rR =
5 10 -9
+C
4 p e 0 10
VR =
Q
+C
4 p e 0 rR
VA =
5 10 - 9
2.4938 = 3.926 V
4p e 0 7
i.e.
2=
i.e. C = 2.4938
ii) B (1, 5, 7)
\
rB = a x + 5 a y + 7 a z ,
1 + 25 + 49 =
rB =
TM
6 2 + 8 2 = 10
75
VB =
iii)
4-8
Q
5 10 -9
+C =
2.4938 = 2.6952 V
4 p e 0 rB
4 p e 0 75
VAB = VA VB = 3.926 2.6952 = + 1.23 V
Example 4.5.12
The distances between the charges and point P are,
R1 =
( 0 - 1) 2 + 0 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
R 2 = ( 0) 2 + ( 0 - 1) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 =
1 + z2
P(0,0,z)
R3
R 3 = ( 0 + 1) 2 + ( 0) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
R4
R 4 = ( 0) 2 + ( 0 + 1) 2 + ( z - 0) 2 = 1 + z 2
Q3
Q4
D (0,1,0)
The potential at P due to all charges is,
R1
O
a) VP = V1 + V2 + V 3 + V4
=
Q1
1
Q + Q2 + Q 3 + Q4 ]
4 p e0 R [ 1
A(1,0,0)
VP =
4 6 10 -9
4p 8.854 10 -12
1 + z2
215.7058
1 +z2
b) To find VP ( max) , find dV/dz = 0

- 0.5
d
2
215.7058 1 + z 2
\
= 215.7058 ( 0.5) 1 + z
dz
Thus z = 0
- 1.5
(2z) = 0
or 1 + z 2 = 0 i.e. z = j but z coordinate can not be imaginary.
\ At z = 0, VP is maximum i.e. VP ( max ) = 215.7058 V

- 1.5
215.7058 z
dV
= 215.7058 ( - 0.5) 1 + z 2
c) Now
( 2 z) =
1.5
dz
1 +z2
d) To find its maximum value,

\
d
dz
Q2
B(0,1,0)
Fig. 4.5
where R = R 1 = R 2 = R 3 = R 4 = 1 + z 2
\
C (1,0,0)
R2
2
215.7058 z 1 + z
d dV
=0
dz dz
- 1.5
=0
\ 215.7058 z ( - 1.5) 1 + z 2
- 2.5
( 2 z) + 1 + z 2
TM
- 1.5
=0
\ 215.7058
(1 + z 2 )
- 1.5
4-9
3 z2
- 3 z2
+ 1 = 0 i.e.
+1 = 0
2
1 + z2
1+z
1
= 0.5
2
\ -3 z 2 + 1 + z 2 = 0
i.e. z 2 =
0.5 = 0.7071
z =
dV
( max) =
dz
215.7058 ( 0.7071)
[1 + (0.7071) ]
1.5
dV
( max)
dz
for
= 83.024 V/m
Example 4.5.13
Solution : The charges are placed as shown in the Fig. 4.6.
y
ax
P
Fig. 4.6
The potential at a point due to a point charge is,

Q
V =
4 p e0 R
For charge at x = 1, R 1 = 1 = ( 2) 0 ,
For charge at x = 2, R 2 = ( 2) = ( 2) 1
For charge at x = 4, R 3 = 4 = ( 2) 2 ,
For charge at x = 8, R 4 = 8 = ( 2) 3
\ VP = V1 + V2 + V 3 + V4 + ... =
Q 10 -9 1
1
1
1
+
+
+
+ ....
4 p e 0 ( 2) 0 ( 2) 1 ( 2) 2 ( 2) 3
From the series, a + a r + a r 2 + ...+ a r the sum given by, S =

Comparing the series, a = 1,
\
Similarly
VP =
E =
r=
1
hence S =
2
Q 10 -9
4 p 8.854 10 -12
Q
4 p e0 R2
aR
1
1-
1
2
a
1-r
=2
2 = 17.9754 Q V
aR = -ax
where
TM
EP
4 - 10
Q 10 -9
1
1
=
1+
+
4 p e 0 ( 2) 2
22
EP =
( ) (2 2 )
Comparing the series, a = 1,
r=
hence
22
Q 10 -9 ( 4 / 3)
4p 8.854 10 -12
S=
+ ... ( - a x )
a
=
1-r
1
1-
( - a x ) = 11.983 Q a x
4
3
22
V/m
Example 4.5.14
Solution
:
\
rA = 5 m, rB = 15 m, Q = 500 pC at origin
VA = Absolute potential at A =
Q
= 0.8987 V
4pe 0 rA
VB = Absolute potential at B =
Q
= 0.3 V.
4pe 0 rB
VAB = VA - VB = 0.8987 - 0.3 = 0.5987 V.
Also
VAB =
Q 1
1
500 10 -12
1 - 1 = 0.599 V
=
4pe 0 rA rB 4p 8.854 10 -12 5 15
Example 4.5.15
Solution : Q = 15 nC at origin
i)
Find V1 at P(2, 3, 1)
V1 =
V1 =
Q
2
and r1 = ( 2 0) 2 + ( 3 0) + ( 1 0) 2 =
4 p e 0 r1
15 10 9
4 p 8.854 10 12
14
= 36.0311 V
14
ii) V = 0 at (6, 5, 4)
\
V1 =
Q
+C
4 p e 0 r1
0 =
Q
+C
4 p e 0 r2
0 =
V1 =
and
V1 = 0 at (6, 5, 4)
where r2 = ( 6 0) 2 + (5 0) 2 + ( 4 0) 2 = 77
15 10 9
4 p 8.854 10 12
77
+C
i.e.
C = 15.3637
Q
15.3637 = 36.0311 15.3637 = 20.6673 V
4 p e 0 r1
TM
4 - 11

y
Example 4.6.3
Solution : r L = 1 nC/m
along x-axis and find V at
A (0, 1000) mm.
A(0,1)m
VA = ?
Consider
elementary
charge dQ on length dx at
distance x from origin.
\ dQ = r L dx
Distance of point A from
charge dQ is,
R =
\ d VA
x2
x2+1
R=
1m
L
+1
(0.5,0)
in m
(+0.5,0)
in m
dQ
=
4 p e0 R
=
r L dx
- 0.5
=
=
r L dx
4 p e0
2r L
4 p e0
0.5
x2 + 1
= 2
+ 0.5
r L dx
....
x +1
... changing limits
x2 + 1
4 p e0
dx
dx
x2
2 1 10 - 9
Solution : Q = 10 -8 C, r = 5 m, h = 5 m. The
ring is shown in the Fig. 4.8.
= ln x + x 2 + a 2
0.5 + 0.5 2 + 1 - ln [1]
Example 4.6.4
rL =
+a2
0.5
2 rL
2
ln
x
+
x
+
1
0
4 p e 0
ln
4 p 8.854 10 - 12
= 8.649 V
=
VA
Fig. 4.7
+ 0.5
VA =
x2 + 1
4 p e0
dx
Q
10 -8
=
circumference
2pr
P(0,0,5)
10 -8
10p
z
rL
= 0.3183 nC m
And
Consider the differential length dL on the ring.

dQ = r L dL
\
dL
dL = r d f = 5 d f ... in xy plane
r=5m
Fig. 4.8
TM
af
4 - 12
dQ = 5 r L df
dQ
dV =
and R =
4pe 0 R
dV =
V =
5r L df
4pe 0 5 2 + 5 2
2p
f= 0
5r L df
4pe 0 50
r 2 + z2
5 r L df
4pe 0 5 2 + 5 2
5r L
4pe 0 50
[f] 20 p =
5 r L df
... r = z = 5
4pe 0 50
5 0.3183 10 -9 2p
4p 8.854 10 -12 50
= 12.7102 V
Example 4.7.4
y
Solution : The ring lies in z = 0 i.e. xy

plane as shown in the Fig. 4.9.
Consider the differential surface area dS
at point P at a distance of r from the
origin.
dS
R+1
r
rS
Hence differential charge dQ is

dQ = r S dS
P
x
The dS in the xy plane is r dr df

\
dQ = r S r dr df
dV =
V =
r r dr df
dQ
= S
4 p e0 r
4 p e0 r
2p R + 1
f= 0 r = R
=
=
Fig. 4.9
r S dr df
4 p e0
rS
[r]RR + 1 [f]20 p
4 p e0
rS
r
[R + 1 - R][ 2 p ] = 2 eS V
4 p e0
0
This shows that the potential at the origin due to the ring is independent of the inner
radius R.
Example 4.7.5
Solution : Note that the charge is distributed over the entire surface of disc so it is a
surface charge. The surface charge density is,
40
40
Total charge
3
3
rS =
=
=
= 1.061 nC/m 2
Area
p r2
p ( 2) 2
Refer Ex. 4.7.2 and hence
TM
V =
\
4 - 13
rs 2
a + h 2 - h with a = 2 m, h = 5 m
2e 0
V = 23.0776 V
Example 4.8.1
Solution : Consider a sphere of radius R with a uniform charge density r v .
Case 1 : Let point P is outside sphere (r > R).
Gaussian
surface
The E is directed radially outwards, along a r direction.

... Normal to a r
\ dy = D d S
= Dr a r
y =
Solving,
+ +
+
+ +
R +
+ + ++ +
+
+ + + + +
+
+ + +
+ + + +
++
... Gausss law

2
r sinq dq df
= D r r 2 sin q dq df
\
D dS =
Dr =
2p
(a r
a r = 1)
D r r 2 sin q dq df = Q
i.e. D =
4pr 2
Q
ar
4pr 2
E =
Now
V = - E d L and d L = dr a r
V = -
... For r > R
ar
r=
Q
4pe 0 r
dS
Fig. 4.10
and
4pe 0 r 2
Charged
sphere
f= 0 q= 0
ar
dr a r = -
r=
Q
4pe 0 r 2
dr
Key Point The limits to be taken against the direction of the E i.e. from r = to r.
V = -
Q
4pe 0
At r = , V = 0 i.e. K = 0
r=
1
r2
hence
r
Q
- 1
+ K
+ K =+
r r =
4pe 0 r
dr = -
Q
4pe 0
V=
Q
4pe 0 r
Now total charge contained by sphere is,

Q = Volume of sphere r v =
4
pR 3 r v
3
4
pR 3 r v R 3 r
v
V = 3
=
4pe 0 r
3re 0
... r > R ... (1)
This is potential outside the spherical shell.

TM
4 - 14

Charged
sphere
Case 2 : Let point P is inside sphere (r < R).

D = D r a r and
\ dy = D d S = D r r 2 sin q dq df
\
y = Q =
S
2p
Gaussian
surface
D dS
P
R
E = Erar
D = Drar
D r r 2 sin q dq df = 4p r 2 D r
f= 0 q= 0
Dr =
Q =
and D =
Fig. 4.11
ar
4pr 2
4pr 2
The charge Q enclosed by radius r < R must be considered.
r v dv =
2p
r 2 sin q dr dq df =
f= 0 q= 0 r = 0
4 3
pr r v
rr v
ar =
ar
D = 3
2
3
4pr
V = - E d L and d L = dr a r
i.e.
E=
4 3
pr r v
3
D rr v
=
a
3e 0 r
e0
The limits of r are from r = R to r against the direction of E.

\
V = -
r= R
-rv
rr v
-rv r2
r 2 - R2
dr =
+ K1 =
6 e0
3e 0
3e 0 2
R
From equation (1), for r = R, V =

\
R 2r v
3 e0
) + K1
... (2)
R 2r v
3 e0
= 0 + K1
... (3)
Using in (2),
V=-
R 2r v
rv
r R2 - r 2
r 2 - R2 +
= v
+ R2 =
6 e0
3 e0
3 e0
2
r v 3R 2 - r 2
6 e0
Example 4.9.2
Solution : The two line charges are shown in the Fig. 4.12.
Now V = 100 V at the origin O (0, 0, 0).
TM
... r < R ... (4)
4 - 15
Let us obtain potential difference VPO

using standard result.
x=1,z=2
A(1,y,2)
Case 1 : Line charge 1

\
VPO1 = +
rL
r
ln O1
2pe 0 rP1
rO1 =
(1 - 0) 2
rP1 =
(1 - 4) 2 + ( 2 - 3) 2 = 10
\
But
\
VPO1
P
Line 1
where rO1 and rP1 are perpendicular

distances of points O and P from the line
1. The line 1 is parallel to y-axis so do not
use y co-ordinates to find rO1 and rP1 .
+ ( 2 - 0) 2
O
(0,0,0)
y
x=1, y=2
= 5
B(1,2,z)
Fig. 4.12
rL
5
= +
= - 49.8386
ln
2pe 0 10
VPO1 = VP1 - VO
Line 2
where
VO = 100 V
49.8386 = VP1 - 100
... Absolute potential of P due to line charge 1

\
VP1 = 50.16 V
Case 2 : Line charge 2, which is parallel to z-axis.
Do not consider z co-ordinate to find perpendicular distance.
\
rO2 =
( -1 - 0) 2 + ( 2 - 0) 2 = 5
and
rP2 =
( -1 - 4) 2 + ( 2 - 1) 2 = 26
rL
5
= - 118.5417 V
ln
2pe 0 26
VPO2 =
But
VPO2 = VP2 - VO
where VO = 100 V
\
VP2 = 118.5417 + 100 = 18.5417 V
This is absolute potential of P due to line charge 2
\
VP = VP1 + VP2 = 50.16 18.5417 = 31.6183 V
Note Students can use the method of using consant C to find absolute potential of P due
to line charge 1 and line charge 2. Adding the two, potential of P can be obtained. The
answer remains same. For reference, the constant C 1 = C 2 = 215.721 for both the line
charges.
Example 4.9.3
TM
4 - 16
Let rL be the infinite line charge at the

centre of one of the cylindrical tubes.
Then potential difference due to
r = 15 cm
infinite line charge is given by,
r
r
L
VAB =
ln B
2p e 0 rA
r
= 7.7621 10
0.9 m
rB
A
r = 15 cm
rA
0. 9
L
2500 =
ln
2p e 0 0.15
0.15
m
V = 750 V
rC = 0.2567 m
Fig. 4.13
C/m
The point at which VAC = 750 V is to be obtained.

\
VAC =
2p e 0
ln
rC
rA
i.e. 750 =
r
7.7621 10 -8
ln C
2p e 0
0.15
rC = 0.2567 m
z
E1 E 2
Example 4.9.4
Solution :
a) The charges are
shown in the Fig. 4.14 (a).
rS1
For z > 1.5 m,

r
E1 = S1 a z due to r S1
2 e0
E2
\
z = 1.5 m
r
= S2 a z due to r S2
2 e0
E =
=
E1
E2
rS2
1
r + r S2 ] a z
2 e 0 [ S1
1
2 e0
z = 0.5 m
[50 e 0 - 50 e 0 ] a z
= 0 V/m
x
E1
for z > 1.5 m
E2
Fig. 4.14 (a)
For 0.5 < z < 1.5,

E1 =
r S1
2 e0
(- a z )
\E =
1
2 e0
[ - r S1 + r S2 ] a z
and E2 =
r S2
(a z )
2 e0
= - 50 a z V/m
For z < 0.5,
E1 =
r S1
(- a z )
2 e0
and
TM
4 - 17
E2 =
r S2
2 e0
(- a z )
\E =
1
2 e0
[ - r S1 - r S2 ] a z
1
2 e0
[ -50 e 0 + 50 e 0 ] a z
= 0 V/m
\
E = 0 V/m for z > 1.5 m

= - 50 a z V/m for 0.5 < z < 1.5
= 0 V/m for z < 1.5
b) To find potential at any point on z axis.

Select any point A (x, y, z) and B (x, y, 0.5)
VAB = - E d L = -
( -50 a z ) (dx a x
+ dy a y + dz a z
z= z
= + 50
dz
... z varies from 0.5 to z for points B to A.
z = - 0.5
= + 50 [z]-z 0.5 = 50 [z + 0.5] V

But
VAB = VA - VB
where VA is potential at any point z

VB is potential at z = 0.5 which
V(z)
is zero.
\
100 V
VA = 50 [z + 0.5] V
= V(z)
The graph of V(z) as a function of z is

shown in the Fig. 4.14 (b).
z
0.5
For z > 1.5 and z < 0.5, the potential is

zero as E is zero in that region.
1.5
Fig. 4.14 (b)
Example 4.9.5
Solution : The various charges are shown in the Fig. 4.15.
There are three charge configurations.
TM
4 - 18
x = 3plane
P(5,6,7)
dS
Q1
C(3,1,2)
rS
y
rL
x
Fig. 4.15
Case 1 : Point charge Q 1 = 200 p e 0 C at C ( 3, - 1, + 2).

Q1
VP =
+ C 1 where C 1 = Constant
4 p e0 R1
R1 =
2
(5 - 3) 2 + [ 6 - ( -1)] + [7 - 2]2
\
R 1 = 78
To find C 1 , V = 0 V at Q (0, 0, 1)
Q1
+ C1
\
VQ =
4 p e0 R2
where
R2 =
0 =
VP =
... Distance between P and C
[0 - 3]2 + [ 0 - ( -1)]2 + [1 - 2]2

200 p e 0
4 p e 0 11
200 p e 0
+ C1
4 p e 0 78
i.e.
= 11
C 1 = 15.0755
15.0755 = 9.4141 V
Case 2 : Due to line charge along x axis.

rQ
rL
ln
VPQ =
2 p e0
rP
... Potential difference
As line charge is along x axis, any point on it (x, 0, 0).

\
rQ =
( 0 - 0) 2 + (1 - 0) 2 = 1
and
rP =
( 6 - 0) 2 + (7 - 0) 2 = 85
40 p e 0
ln
2 p e0
VPQ =
But
VPQ = VP - VQ
... ^ Distance from line charge

... x not considered
1
= 44.4265 V
85
and
VQ = 0 V
... Absolute potential of P

\
VP = VPQ + VQ = 44.4265 V
Case 3 : Surface charge in the plane x = 3 i.e. parallel to yz plane.
TM
4 - 19
Note As E due to infinite surface charge is known use V AB = -
E dL.
So
E =
rS
a
2 e0 x
... a x is normal to yz plane
Point P is infront of plane as x co-ordinate of P is 5 hence + a x .

rS
dx
\
E dL =
2 e0
VPQ = -
xQ = 0
and
... Potential between P and Q
rS
5 rS
5 8e
dx = = - 0 = 20 V
2 e0
2 e0
2 e0
VPQ = VP - VQ
But
VQ = 0 V
and
VP = 20 V
Total VP = 9.4141 44.4265 20 = 73.8406 V
... Absolute potential of P
Example 4.12.5
Solution :
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
x
y
z
V
- ( 2x)
= 2 y ( 2x) + 0 - 4
x
2
2
x + y
-2y
V
2
= 2x + 0 - 4
y
2
2
x + y
8x
= 4xy +
2
x2 + y 2
8y
= 2x 2 +
2
x2 + y 2
V
= 0 + 20 - 0 = 20
z
\
x P = 5 hence
VPQ = -
\
\
rS
dx
2 e0
... a x a y = a x a z = 0
8x
E = - 4xy +
x2 + y 2
8y
a + 2x 2 +
2 x
x2 + y 2
a + 20 a z
2 y
{ [- 60 + 0.0268]a x + [72 - 0.0112]a y + 20 a z }
E at P = -
= + 59.9732 a x - 71.9888 a y - 20 a z V/m

D at P = E at P e 0 = 0.531 a x - 0.6373 a y - 0.177 a z nC/m 2
TM
4 - 20
Now
rv = D
and
D = e0 E
hence
r v = E e0
E x E y E z
+
+
x
y
z
E =

8x
= 4xy +
x
x2 + y 2
8y
2
2x
+
2 y
x2 + y 2
2
2
2
2 2
8 - 8x 2 x 2 + y 2 x + y
x +y
( 2x)
= - 4y +
0 +
2
2 4
x +y

= - 4y -
32 x 2
( 8) - 8y 2 x 2 + y 2
(x
+y
( 2y)
32 y 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 ) (x 2 + y 2 )
2

- ( 20)
2 z
At P, x = 6, y = 2.5 and z = 3.
\
\
E = 10 - 4.4816 10 -3 + 0.01527 - 4.4816 10 -3 + 2.651 10 -3 = 10.00895
r v at P = e 0 E = 8.854 10 -12 10.00895 = 88.6193 pC/m 3
Example 4.12.6
Solution :
V = x 2 y(z + 3) = x 2 yz + 3x 2 y
i)
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
y
z
x
= -[(2xyz + 6xy) a x + (x 2 z + 3x 2 ) a y + x 2 y a z ]
... (1)
At (3, 4, 6) E = - [( -144 + 72) a x + ( -54 + 27) a y + 36 a z ] = 72a x + 27a y - 36a z V m

ii)
\
D = e0 E
E y E z
E
+
D = e 0 E = e 0 ( E) = e 0 x +
y
z
x
= e 0 [2yz + 6y + 0 + 0] = e 0 y[2z + 6] = r v
Q =
r v dv =
e 0 [2yz + 6y] dx dy dz
z= 0 y= 0 x= 0
TM
... Use equation (1)
4 - 21
z= 0 y= 0
1
e 0 [2xyz + 6xy] 10 dy dz
= e0
z= 0 y= 0
2y 2 z 6y 2
[2yz + 6y] dy dz = e 0
+
dz
2
2
0
z = 0
1
z2
= e 0 (z + 3) dz = e 0
+ 3z = 3.5 e 0 = 3.5 8.854 10 -12 = 30.989 pC
2
0
z= 0
Example 4.12.7
Solution : The given potential is,
V = 10 y (x 3 + 5) = 10 x 3 y + 50 y
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
x
y
z
i)
= - 30 x 2 y a x + 50 a y = - 30x 2 y a x - 50 a y
At y = 0,
E = - 50 a y V m
ii) At y = 0,
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - 50 a y = -
x
y
z
V
= 50 and integrate hence V = 50 y + K
y
But y = 0,
V = K = constant
This proves that as potential is constant on y = 0 surface, it is equipotential.
iii) For y = 0, E = - 50 a y V m 2 i.e. D = e 0 E = - 50 e 0 a y C m 2
For y = 0,
\
dS = dx dz a y
D d S = - 50 e 0 dx dz
Q =
D dS =
.... a y
2
=1
- 50 e 0 dx dz
... charge in the region
Example 4.12.8
i)
z = 0 x= 0
= - 50 e 0 [x]20 [z]10 = - 100 e 0 C = - 0.8854 nC

Solution :
1 V
1
V
V
ar +
aq +
af
E = - V= -
q
r
r
sin
f
f
1
10
1 10
20
= - sin q cos f a r + cos f
cos q a q +
sin q ( - sin f) a f
3
2
2
r
r
s
in
q
r
r
r
TM
20
r3
4 - 22
sin q cos f a r -
10
r3
cos q cos f a q +
10
r3
sin f a f
10
10
20
sin f a f
sin q cosf a r cos q cos f a q +
D = e0 E = e0
3
3
3
r
r
r
p
p
At point 2, , 0, r = 2, q =
2
2
and
f=0
D = 2.5 e 0 a r = 22.135 10 -12 a r C / m 2
ii)
W = -Q
final
E dL
initial
final
Now
E d L = Potential difference between initial and final
initial
Initial point A (1, 30 , 120 ) and final point B ( 4, 90 , 60 )

\
E dL
= VAB = VA - VB
VB
= V at B =
VA
= V at A =
VAB
10
r2
sin q cos f
10
r2
=
at B
sin q cos f
10
( 4) 2
=
at A
sin ( 90 ) cos ( 60 ) = 0.3125 V
10
(1) 2
sin ( 30 ) cos (120 ) = - 2.5 V
= VA - VB = - 2.5 - 0.3125 = - 2.8125 V

= - Q VAB = -10 10 -6 - 2.8125 = 28.125 mJ
... Same as above
Example 4.12.9
Solution : a)
\
p y
V = E 0 e - x sin
4
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
x
y
z
V
p y
-x
= E 0 sin
( -1) e
x
4
... y is constant
V
p y p
= E 0 e - x cos
y
4 4
... x is constant
V
= 0
z
... z is absent
TM
4 - 23
py
py
p
a x + E 0 e - x cos
a y V/m
E = - - E 0 e - x sin
4
4
4
At P ( 0 , 1 , 1) , E = E 0 [0.7071 a x - 0.555 a y ] V/m

b)
V = E 0 r cos q
1 V
1 V
V
ar +
aq +
a
E = - V = -
r q
r sin q f f
r
V
V
V
= E 0 cos q,
= - E 0 r sin q,
=0
r
q
f
\
E = - E 0 cos q a r + E 0 sin q a q V/m
Convert P ( 0,1, 1) to spherical co-ordinates.

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2, f = tan -1
r =
\
y p
z
= , q = cos -1 = 45
x 2
r
E = + E 0 [ - 0.7071 a r + 0.7071 a q ] V/m
Example 4.12.10
Solution :
V=
100
z2 +1
100
r cos f, r = 3, f = 60, z = 2
3 cos 60 = 30 V
i)
V =
ii)
1 V
V
V
E = V =
ar +
a +
a
r f f z z
r
22 +1
1
100
100 cos f
=
ar +
r( sin f) a f + 100 r cos
2
2 +1
r
z
+
1
z
2 z
f
2
z + 1
= 10 a r + 17.32 a f + 24 a z V/m
iii)
E =

a
2 z

K Using given values
10 2 + 17.32 2 + 24 2 = 31.24 V/m.
iv)
dV
= E = 31.24 V/m
dN
v)
aN =
vi)
1
1 E f E z
r v = D = e0 E = e0 E = e0
rEr ) +
+
(
r f
z
r r
E
E
= 0.32 a r 0.55 a f 0.768 a z
K (1)
TM
From (1), Er =
rv
100 cos f
z2
+1
4 - 24
, Ef =
100 sin f
z2
+1
, Ez =
200 zr cos f
(z 2 + 1)
1 100 r cos f 1 100 sin f 200 z r cos f

= e0
+ z
+ r f 2
2
2
r r
2
z
+
z
+
1
1
z + 1
2
1 100 cos f 1 100 cos f
z +1
= e0
+
+ 200 r cos f
r
r z2 + 1
z2 + 1
200 r cos f 1 3z 2
= e 0 0 +
3
z2 + 1
Example 4.12.11
Solution :
V = 2x2y 5z,
\
) = e
(z 2 + 1)
200 3 cos 60 ( 11)

3
= 233.75 rC/m
3
5
P( 4, 3, 6)
V = 2 ( -4) 2 3 - 5 6 = 66 V
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
a z = [4xy a x + 2x 2 a y - 5 a z ]
E = -V = -
\ At P,
(1) ( z)( 2) z 2 + 1 ( 2z)
(1)
E = +48 a x - 32 a y + 5 a z V / m
2
D at P = E at P e 0 = 0.425 a x 0.2833 a y + 0.0442 a z nC/m
rv = D =
D x D y D z
+
+
x
y
z
(Use equation 1)
3
= e 0 [-4y + 0 + 0] = - 4 e 0 y C/m
3
\ r v at P, r v = 4 3 e 0 = 12 e 0 = 0.1062 nC/m
Example 4.12.12
Solution : Refer example 4.12.11 for the procedure and verify the answers :
i) V= 251 V
ii) E = 24a x - 30a y - 96a z V/m
iii) D = e 0 E = 0.215 a x - 0.2656 a y - 0.85 a z nC / m 2
Example 4.12.13
Solution : Given V is in cylindrical system.
V
1 V
V
i)
ar +
af +
az
E = - V =
r
f
z
r
V
1
= cos 2f
= cos 2 f
r
r r
1
- 2
r
TM
4 - 25
V
1
1
=
( cos 2f) = r ( - 2 sin 2f)
r f
f
and
V
=0
z
2 sin 2f
1 -2 sin 2f cos 2f
cos 2 f
ar +
af =
ar +
af
E = - 2
2
r
r
r
r
r2
At B ( 2, 30 , 1), E = 0.125 a r + 0.433 a f V/m
ii) r v = D =
E =
=
\
(e
E = e0 E
1
1 Ef Ez
r Er ) +
+
(
r r
r f
z
1 r cos 2 f 1 2 sin 2f
1
1 1 2
+ 0 = cos 2f - +
+
r r r 2 r f r 2
r
r2 r r2
[2 cos 2f]
cos 2f 4 cos 2f 3 cos 2f

r v = e0 E = e0 +
e0
=
r3
r3 r3
At A (0.5, 60, 1),
rv =
3 cos ( 2 60 ) e 0
( 0.5)
= - 12 e 0 = 0.106 nC/m 3
Example 4.12.14
Solution :
V
V
V
E = V =
ax +
ay +
az
=
[3x2y + 2yz2 + 3xyz] = 6xy + 0 + 3yz
x
x
V
2
2
2
2
=
[3x y + 2yz + 3xyz] = 3x + 2z + 3xz
y
y
V
=
[3x2y + 2yz2 + 3xyz] = 4yz + 3xy
z
z
2
E = {[6xy + 3yz] ax + [3x + 2z + 3xz] ay + [4yz + 3xy] az}

\
At point (1, 2, 1), x = 1, y = 2, z = 1
\
E = 6 ax 2 ay + 2 az V/m
Example 4.12.15
Solution : i)
\
V = 2x y z and P(0.5, 1.5, 1)

2
V = 2(0.5) (1.5) (1) = 2.75 V
Potential
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V =
y
z
x
= - [ 4x a x - 2y a y - 2z a z ] = - 4x a x + 2y a y + 2z a z V/m
\
D = e 0 E = e 0 [- 4x a x + 2y a y + 2z a z ] C/m
TM
4 - 26
rv = D =
Dx Dy Dz
= - 4e 0 + 2e 0 + 2e 0 = 0 C/m3
+
+
x
y
z
ii) V = 6rfz
For P, x = 0.5, y = 1.5, z = 1
r = r in cylindrical system
y
= 71.565, r = x 2 + y 2 = 1.5811
x
\ P(r = 1.5811, f = 71.565, z = 1)
p 71.565
= 1.249 rad
use f in radians i.e. f =
180
V = 6 1.5811 1.249 1 = 11.8492 V
\
In cylindrical system, f = tan -1
Now
V
1 V
1
V
ar +
af +
a z = - [6 f z a r + 6rz a f + 6rf a z ]
E = - V = -
r
r
r
z
E = - 6 fz a r - 6z a f - 6r f a z
D = e 0 E = e 0 [- 6 f z a r - 6z a f - 6r f a z ]
rv = D =
rv =
- 6 f ze 0
1
1 Df Dz 1
1
= [- 6 f ze 0 ] + ( 0) + ( 0) =
( r Dr) +
+
r
r r
r f
r
r
z
- 6 1.249 1 8.854 10 -12

3
= 41.96 pC/m
1.5811
Example 4.13.5
Solution :
Given,
E =
10 6
ar
r
i.e. | E| =
10 6
r
and | E |2 =
10 12
r2
For free space, e = e 0

\
WE =
1
2
1
2
e |E|2 dv
dv = r dr df dz
where
vol
e0
10 12
r2
r dr df dz =
e0
2
10 12
dr df dz
r
z = 0 to 50 m, f = 0 to 2 p and r = 0.01 to 0.05 m

\
WE =
10 12 e 0
2
50
2p
0.05
z = 0 f = 0 r = 0.01
10 12 e 0
1
0.05
2p
dr df dz =
[z]50
0 [f] 0 [ ln r ] 0.01
r
2
10 12 8.854 10 - 12 50 2 p
[ ln 0.05 - ln 0.01] = 2.2383 kJ
2
Example 4.13.6
Solution : The charges existing at the corners of an equilateral triangle are shown in the
Fig. 4.16.
TM
4 - 27

Q1 = 1 C
When Q 1 is placed, no other charge is present,

\
WE1 = 0 J
When Q 2 is placed, Q 1 is present.
Q1
\
WE2 = Q 2 V21 = Q 2
pe
4
R
0
21
1m
Q3
3C
1m
=
J
1
4pe 0
Fig. 4.16
both are present,
Q1
Q2
+ Q3
+ Q 3 V 32 = Q 3
pe
pe
4
R
4
0
31
0 R 32
When Q 3
= 2
4pe 0
is placed, Q 1 and Q 2
WE3 = Q 3 V 31
9
1
2
=
WE3 = 3
+ 3
J
pe
1
pe
1
4
pe
4
0
0
0
WE = WE1 + WE2 + WE3 = 0 +

=
11
4p 8.854 10 - 12
2
9
+
4pe 0
4pe 0
= 9.8865 10 10 J
Example 4.13.7
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
az
E = - V = -
x
y
z
V
V
V
= 1 + y,
= 1 + x,
=2
x
y
z
Solution :
[(1 + y) a x + ( x - 1) a y + 2 a z ]
- [(1 + 2) a x + (1 - 1) a y + 2 a z ] = - 3 a x - 2 a z
E = -
At (1, 2, 3),
E =
Now
WE =
E
1
2
WE =
e0 E
dv
vol
(1 + y) 2 + ( x - 1) 2 + ( 2) 2
| E|2 =
V/m
(1 + y) 2 + ( x - 1) 2 + ( 2) 2
= y 2 + 2y + x 2 - 2x + 6
1
2
and
e0 E
dv
dv = dx dy dz
vol
The cube is centered at the origin.

Thus x varies from 1 to + 1, y from 1 to + 1 and z from 1 to + 1.
\
WE =
e0
2
z = - 1y = -1x = -1
Changing limits from 1 to 1
to
(y 2 + 2y + x 2 - 2x + 6)
dx dy dz
0 to 1 of each integral, making it twice.

TM
1m
Q2
2C
WE =
4 - 28
e0
( 2 2 2)
2
= 4 e0
z = 0 y = 0 x= 0
(y 2 + 2y + x 2 - 2x + 6) dx dy dz
x3
xy
+
2xy
+
- x 2 + 6x dy dz
z= 0 y = 0
1
y3
x3
= 4 e 0 xz
+ zxy 2 +
yz - x 2 yz + 6 xyz = 0.2361 nJ
3
3
0
Example 4.13.8
2d
=
2
R31 = 2
2 d=
2 m = R42
R41
Let Q1 is placed first when all other charges are absent.

Hence W1 = 0 J
2d
2
Q4
d
2
d
2
d
Q1
W2 = Q2 V21 = Q2
4pe 0 R 21
R43
Fig. 4.17
W4 = Q4 V41 + Q4 V42 + Q4 V43
Q3
Q2
Q1
= Q4
+ Q4
+ Q4
4
p
e
4
p
e
4
p
e
R
R
R
0 41
0 42
0 43
But
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q4 = Q = 4 nC
W = W 1 + W2 + W3 + W4
= 0+
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2
Q2
+
+
+
+
+
4p e 0 4p e 0 4p e 2 4p e 0 4p e 2 4p e 0
0
0
Q2
4p e 0
( 4 10 -9 ) 2
2
5.4142 = 0.7785 J
=
4
+
2 4p 8 . 854 10 -12
Example 4.13.9
Solution :
E=
10 6
r6
ar ,
E =
10 6
r6
E
TM
R32
d
2
For Q3,
W3 = Q3 V32 + Q3 V31 = Q3
Q1
Q2
4p e 0 R 32 + Q 3 4p e 0 R 31
For Q4,
Q2
2d
2
R21 = R32 = R43 = R41 = 1 m = d
For Q2,
R21
Q1
d = 1m
10 12
r 12
Q3
WE =
1
2
4 - 29
e E
dv =
vol
1
2
10 12
vol
dv
r 12
dv = r dr df dz in cylindrical system
z = 0 to 200 mm i.e. 0 to 0.2 m, f = 0 to 2 p and r = 0.05 to 0.1 m.
0.2 2p
0.1
WE =
1
e 10 12
2
WE =
1
2p
f
(10 e 0 ) 10 12 [z] 0.2
0 [ ]0
2
r dr df dz
12
z = 0 f = 0 r = 0.05 r
0.1
r = 0.05
1
r 11
... e = 10 e 0
dr
0.1
r -10
10 13
=
e 0 0.2 2 p
2
-10
0.05
1
1
= 55.6313 +
= 5.691 10 13 J
10
10
10
0.1
10
0.05
( )
(
)
Example 4.13.10
Solution :
V = r 2 z sin f
... cylindrical system
V
V
V
ar +
af +
az
E = - V= -
rf
z
1
= - 2 r z sin f a r + r 2 z cos f a f + r 2 sin f a z
r
WE =
1
2
WE =
e 0 | E|2 dv
vol
4 r 2 z 2 sin 2 f + r 2 z 2 cos 2 f + r 4 sin 2 f
| E| =
\
e0
2
[4 r
vol
z 2 sin 2 f + r 2 z 2 cos 2 f + r 4 sin 2 f dv
dv = r dr df dz
\ WE =
e0
2
e
= 0
2
e0
2
p/ 3
z= - 2 f= 0 r= 1
2
z= - 2
2
r 3 4 z 2 sin 2 f + z 2 cos 2 f + r 2 sin 2 f dr df dz
p / 3
4
4
2
r4
r4
r6
2
2
2
2
2
+
4
z
sin
z
f
cos
f
+
sin
f
df dz
4
4
6
1
1
1
f = 0
p/ 3
z= - 2 f= 0
[255 z
] df dz
sin 2 f + 63.75 z 2 cos 2 f + 682.5 sin 2 f
TM
e
= 0
2
e0
2
e0
2
4 - 30
p/ 3
2
2
z3
z3
2
2
2
2
255 sin f 3 + 63.75 3 cos f + 682.5 sin f [z]-2 df
-2
-2
f = 0
p/ 3
[1360 sin
[4090 sin
2f+
f= 0
p/ 3
f + 340 cos 2 f + 2730 sin 2 f df
340 cos 2 f df
f= 0
p/ 3
p/ 3
1 - cos 2 f
1+ cos 2 f
4090
d
df
f
+
340
2
2
f= 0
f= 0
e0
2
e 0 4090
2 2
p/ 3
sin 2f
340
+
f - 2
2
f= 0
sin 2 f p / 3
+
f
2 f = 0
e
e0
340 p
p
2045 - 0.433 +
+ 0.433 = 0
3
2
2
2 3
= 6.6735 nJ
{( 2045 0.6141) + (170 1.48019)}
Example 4.14.3
Solution : i) The dipole moment is given by,
p = Qd
where d = d a z
Here d = Distance between charges = 2 mm

\
p = 3 10 -6 2 10 -3 a z = 6 a z nCm
ii) In spherical system, E is given by,

E =
Qd
4p e 0 r 3
[2 cos q a r + sin q a q ]
3 10 -6 2 10 -3
4p 8.854 10 -12 (2) 3
[2 cos 40 a r + sin 40 a q ] = 10.3275 a r + 4.333 a q V m
Example 4.14.4
Solution : p = 3 a x 2 a y + a z nCm at origin (0, 0, 0).
i) P(2, 3, 4)
\
r = 2 a x + 3 a y + 4 a z , |r| =
V =
p a r
4p e 0 r 2
p r
4p e 0 r 3
29, a r =
r
r
[( 3 2) + ( -2 3) + (1 4)] 10 - 9
4p 8.854 10 - 12 ( 29 ) 3
ii) r = 2.5, q = 30, f = 40

TM
= 0.2302 V
4 - 31
Converting given spherical to cartesian co-ordinates

x = r sin q cos f = 0.9575, y = r sin q sin f = 0.8034, z = r cos q = 2.165
\
\
r = 0.9575 a x + 0.8034 a y + 2.165 a z , |r| = 2.5

V =
p a r
4p e 0 r 2
[(3 0.9575) + ( -2 0.8034) + (1 2.165)] 10 - 9

z
Example 4.14.5
Solution : The dipole is shown in the Fig. 4.18.
(0, 0, 0.1)
Given P (0.3, 0, 0.4) in cartesian co-ordinates.

\
x = 0.3, y = 0, z = 0.4
r =
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0.5
Vp =
P(r, q, f)
r1
r2
y
d = 0.2 m
(0, 0, 0.1)
z
q = cos - 1 = 36.8698
r
y
f = tan - 1 = 0
x
\
= 1.9734 V
4p 8.854 10 -12 (2.5) 3
Fig. 4.18
Q d cos q
1.5 10 - 9
=
4 p e 0 r 2
4p 8.854 10 - 12
0.2 cos (36.8698 )
= 8.6282 V
(0.5) 2
qqq
TM
Conductors, Dielectrics and

Capacitance
Example 5.2.6
I = J dS
Solution :
Now J is in the direction of a r and dS in the direction of a r in cylindrical system is r dr df.

3 400 r
r dr df
J dS = 10 e
2 p 0 . 002
I =
10 r e
and r = 2 mm = 2 10
400 r
f= 0 r= 0
2p
dr df = 10 3 [f]0
0 . 002
re
- 400 r
dr
r=0
Use integration by parts, uv = u v - u v

Select u = r
0 . 002
re
and
- 400 r
v = e - 400 r
= r e - 400 r dr - 1 e - 400 r dr dr
0 . 002
r e - 400 r
r e - 400 r
e - 400 r
e - 400 r
-
dr =
- 400
- 400
- 400
160 10 3 0
0.002 0.4493
1
+
- 2.808 10 -6 = 1.1955 10 -6
3
- 400
160 10
I = 10 3 2 p 1.1955 10 -6 = 7.5115 mA
\
Example 5.2.7
Solution :
From continuity equation,

I =
J dS
For y = 0 plane, the normal vector is a y and hence dS normal to a y is dx dz a y .

\
0.002
I =
0.1
10 2 | x| a y dx dz a y =
z = - 0.002 x = - 0.1
(5 - 1)
TM
0.002
0.1
z = - 0.002 x = - 0.1
10 2 | x| dx dz
= 10
5-2
[z] 0.002
- 0.002
Conductors, Dielectrics and Capacitance

0.1
| x |2
2 |x | dx = 2 100 [ 0.002 - ( - 0.002) ]
2 0
x= 0
0.1
= 200 4 10 -3
(0.1) 2
= 4 mA
2
Example 5.2.8
Solution : J = 10 r 2 z a r - 4 r cos 2 f a f
I =
J dS = ( J) dv
S
vol
1
1 J f J z
, J r = 10 r 2 z, J f = - 4r cos 2 f
(r J r ) +
J =
+
r r
r f
z
1
1
=
(10 r 3 z) +
- 4r cos 2 f = 30 r z + 8 sin f cos f
r r
r f
I =
( 30 r z + 8 sin f cos f) r dr df dz
vol
2. 8
2p
[ 30 r
z + 4 r sin 2f dr df dz
z = 2 f = 0 r= 0
2p
2. 8
30 r 3 z 4 r 2 sin 2f
+
df dz
3
2
0
r=0
z= 2 f =
2. 8 2 p
[270 z + 18 sin 2f]df dz
z = 2f= 0
2. 8
2p
[270 z f + 9 cos 2f]f = 0
z =2
2. 8
2. 8
z2
dz = [540 p z dz] = 540 p
z
z=2
z= 2
= 3257.203 mA = 3.257 A
Example 5.2.9
Solution :
b)
a) J at r = 3, q = 0 and f = p is,
2
cos ( 0 ) a r + 20 e - 6 sin 0 a f - 2 sin 0 cos p a f = 0.222 a r A/m 2
J =
( 9)
I =
J dS
dS in a r direction is r 2 sin q dq df a r
\
I =
J r 2 sin q dq df a r
]=
2
r2
cos q r 2 sin q dq df
... a r a r = 1
aq ar = af ar = 0
TM

20
2p
5-3
2 cos q sin q dq df
f= 0 q= 0
20
20
2p
f= 0
- cos 2q
sin 2 q dq df =
2
0
q= 0
[f]20 p
= 0.735 A
Example 5.2.10
Solution :
J =
4
r
cos q a r + 20 e - 2r sin q a q - r sin q cos f a f
Given
r = 3,
J =
q=0
4
32
and
f=p
cos 0 a r + 20 e - 2 3 sin 0 a q - 3 sin 0 cos p a f
sin 0 = 0
4
2
a A/m
9 r
Example 5.2.11
Solution : For z = 0,
x = 1, from 3x + z = 3
For x = 0,
z = 3, from 3x + z = 3
I = J dS
z
z=3
For x = 0,
dS = dy dz ( - a x )
For x = 1,
dS = dy dz ( + a x )
For y = 0,
dS = dx dz ( - a y )
For y = 2,
dS = dx dz ( + a y )
For z = 0,
dS = dx dy ( - a z )
For z = 3,
dS = dx dy ( + a z )
I =
y=0
y
y=2
x
z= 0 x= 0
x=1
z=0
Fig. 5.1
- 3x dydz +
z= 0 y= 0
x=0
(x = 0)
z= 0 y= 0
2
(y - 3)dxdz +
(y = 2)
3x dydz +
(x = 1)
y= 0 x= 0
- (y - 3) dxdz
(y = 0)
z= 0 x= 0
- (z + 2)dxdy +
(z = 0)
y= 0 x= 0
(z + 2)dxdy
(z = 3)
= 0 + 3[y] 20 [z] 03 + 3 [x] 10 [z] 03 - [x] 10 [z] 03 - 2 [x] 10 [y] 20 + 5 [x] 10 [y] 20
= 0 + 18 + 9 3 4 + 10 = 30 A
Example 5.2.12
Solution : The current is given by,
I =
J dS
TM
5-4
Assuming J given in a z direction, dS = r dr df a z

\
J dS =
I =
10 4
r dr df = 10 4 dr df
r
2p
4 10 - 3
f= 0
r= 0
10 4 dr df = 10 4 [r]40 10
-3
[f]20 p
= 10 4 4 10 - 3 2 p = 80 p A
Example 5.4.3
Solution :
d = 0.8 mm, L = 2 cm, I = 20 A

I
I
20
= 39.788 10 6 A/m 2
=
=
| J| =
S
p 2
p
3
2
d
[0.8 10 ]
4
4
Now
| J| = s|E|
| E| =
And
|J| 39.788 10 6
=
= 0.686 V/m
s
5.8 107
V = EL = 0.686 2 10 -2 = 0.0137 V
R =
V 0.0137
=
= 6.86 10 -4 W
I
20
Example 5.4.4
Solution :
2 electrons/atom, 0.09375 10 26 atoms/kg
Density = 9000 kg/m 3 , e = Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 10 - 19 C

n = Concentration of electrons/m 3
= 2 0.09375 10 26 9000 = 1.6875 10 29 m 3
\
r = Charge concentration = n e
= 1.6875 10 29 1.6 10 - 19 = 2.7 10 10 C m 3
i)
r = 1 mm, A = p r 2 = p (1 10 - 3 ) 2 = 3.1416 10 - 6 m 2
\ Mobile charge per unit length = r A

= 2.7 10 10 3.1416 10 - 6 = 84.823 103 C / m
ii)
I = 1A
J =
A = 3.1416 10 - 6 m 2
I
1
=
= 318.30914 10 3 A m 2
A
3.1416 10 - 6
v = mE
Now
and
and
J=sE
s = r m = ne
r = ne
TM
5-5
J = n em E = n e v
v =
J
J
318.30914 10 3
=
=
= 1.178 10 - 5 m / s
10
ne r
2.7 10
Example 5.6.3
Solution : V = 6000 z, e r = 3.6
1) E = V =
V
a z = 6000 a z V/m
z
2) P = c e e 0 E
\
V V
=
=0
x y
c e = e r 1 = 2.6
where
P = 2.6 8.854 10 12 6000 a z = 138.122 a z nC / m 2
3) r S = P a n and a n = a z as space is between z = 0 and z = 1

\
r S = (138.122 a z ) a z = 138.122 nC/m 2
Example 5.6.4
P = ce e 0 E
Solution :
eR = c e + 1
i.e. c e = e R - 1 = 2.7 1 = 1.7
6
\ [ 0.2 a x + 0.7 a y + 0.3 a z ] 10 = 1 . 7 8 . 854 10 -12 E
i) \
E = - 13 . 2874 a x + 46.5060 a y + 19.9311 a z kV/m
ii)
2
D = e 0 e R E = - 0 . 3176 a x + 1 . 111 a y + 0 . 4764 a z mC/m
iii)
- V = E
where V = Voltage gradient
\ Magnitude of voltage gradient = |E|

\
|E| =
(13 . 2874) 2 + ( 46 . 506) 2 + (19 . 9311) 2 = 52.3125 kV/m
Example 5.6.5
Solution :
|E| = 10 kV/m,
e R = 255
a)
|D| = e 0 e R |E |= 8.854 10 -12 255 10 10 3 = 2.2577 10 -5 C/m 2
b)
|P| = c e e 0 |E |
where c e = e R - 1 = 254
= 254 8.854 10 -12 10 10 3 = 2.2489 10 -5 C/m 2

c)
V = |E|d = 10 10 3 1.5 10 - 3 = 15 V
Example 5.6.6
Solution :
c e = 0.12,
D = 1.6 n C m 2
P = polarisation = c e e 0 E
TM
= c e e0
5-6
D
e0 eR
where
eR = c e + 1
P =
ce D
0.12 1.6 10 - 9
= 0.1714 nC / m 2
=
1.12
ce +1
E =
D
1.6 10 - 9
= 161.3475 V/m
=
e0 eR
8.854 10 - 12 1.12
Example 5.8.4
Solution :
i) M(4, 2, 1) is shown in the Fig. 5.2.

Conductor
M
As point M is inside the conducter E = D = 0.
ii) N(3, 1, 4) is shown in the Fig. 5.2. It is located

inside the dielectric.
D N = r S i.e. DN = r S a y = 4 a y nC/m 2
EN =
rS
4 10 9
= 150.59 V/m
=
e 0 e r1 8.854 10 12 3
Fig. 5.2
K As per boundary conditions
E tan = D tan = 0
\
Dielectric
er1 = 3
E = EN = 150.59 a y V/m, D = DN = 4 a y nC/m 2
Example 5.8.5
Solution : E = 60 a x + 20 a y 30 a z
D = e 0 E = 8.854 10 12 60 a x + 20 a y 30 a z
\
D = 0.531 a x + 0.177 a y 0.265 a z nC/m 2

DN = D as Dtan = 0 as per boundary conditions
r S = DN = D = ( 0.531) 2 + ( 0.177 ) 2 + ( 0.265) 2 = 0.619 nC/m 2
Example 5.9.3
Solution : The two media are separated by z = 0 plane and a z are the directions of
normal to the surface.
D1 = 2 a x + 5 a y - 3 a z nC/m 2
D1 = DN1 + Dtan 1
Normal direction to the surface is a z hence the part of D1 in the direction of a z is
DN1 .
\
DN1 = -3 a z nC/m 2
TM
5-7
Dtan 1 = D - DN1 = 2 a x + 5 a y nC/m 2
According to boundary conditions,

DN1 = DN2 = - 3 a z
while
\
Dtan 1
Dtan 2
Dtan 2 =
e
e1
= r1
e2
e r2
2
5
2ax +5ay
i.e.
Dtan 2
(2 a x + 5 a y ) = 0.8 a x + 2 a y
z
5
2
nC/m 2
D1
z>0
er1 = 5
Normal
az
q1
Surface
z=0
plane
q2
az
z<0
er2 = 2
D2
Fig. 5.3
D2 = DN2 + Dtan 2 = 0.8 a x + 2 a y - 3 a z nC/m 2
Energy density WE1
1 D1
=
2 e1
1 D1
=
2 e 0 e r1
2
and
WE2 =
( 2) 2 + (5) 2 + ( -3) 2 10 -9
8.854 10 -12 5
1 D2
2 e2
= 0.4291 mJ/m 3
0.8 2 + 2 2 + -3 2 10 -9
( ) ( ) ( )
1
=
2
8.854 10 -12 2
= 0.3851 mJ/m 3
To find angle of D2 with z axis i.e. - a z is to be obtained by dot product.

\
D2 ( - a z ) =
D2
a z cos q 2
[0.8 a x + 2 a y - 3 a z ] ( - a z ) =
+ 3 = 3.6932 cos q 2
( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 3) 2 cos q 2
i.e.
q 2 = 35.678
TM
... a z
= 1
Alternatively, tan q 2 =
Now
5-8
D tan 2
( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2
=
D N2
3
i.e.
D2 =
( 0.8) 2 + ( 2) 2 + ( - 3) 2 = 3.6932
D1 =
( 2) 2 + (5) 2 + ( -3) 2 = 6.1644
D2
D1
= c e e0 E = c e e0
As
( c e + 1) e 0 E
(c e )
D
( c e + 1)
P2
P1
q 2 = 35.678
3.6932
= 0.599
6.1644
( e R - 1)
eR
( c e + 1) e 0
But
eR = c e + 1
e R2 - 1
e
1
D2 R1
e R2
e R1 - 1 D
1
= 0.599
( 2 - 1)
2
5
= 0.3743
(5 - 1)
Example 5.9.4
Solution :
E1 = 100 a x + 80 a y + 60 a z
At boundary,
E1 = Etan 1 + EN1
Now EN1 is projection of E1 in the normal direction, given by the dot product.
\
EN1 =
[ E1 a N12 ] a N 12
= 100 a x + 80 a y + 60 a z
=
\
\
) - 72 a x + 73 a y + 76 a z a N12
( - 28.57 + 34.285 + 51.428 ) a N12
= 57.143 a N12
EN1 = 16.326 a x + 24.489 a y + 48.979 a z V/m

Etan 1 = E1 - EN1 = 116.326 a x + 55.511 a y + 11.021 a z V/m
At the boundary, Etan 2 = Etan 1
and
e
EN1
= 2
e1
EN2
TM
\
\
EN2 =
5-9
3 e0
e1
= 1.5 EN1
EN1 =
E
e2
2e 0 N1
E2 = Etan 2 + EN2 = Etan 1 + 1.5 EN1 = 91.837 a x + 92.245 a y + 84.489 a z V/m
Example 5.9.5
Solution : As shown, z axis is normal to the surface. So part of E1 which is in the
direction of a z is normal component of E1 .
\
EN1 = 5 a z V m
And
\
E1 = EN1 + Etan 1
Etan 1 = E1 - EN1 = 2 a x - 3 a y V/m
... (1)
At the boundary of perfect dielectrics,
Now
Etan 1 = Etan 2 = 2 a x - 3 a y V/m
... (2)
Dtan 2 = e 2 Etan 2 = e 0 e r2 Etan 2
... (3)
and
DN1 = e 1 EN1 = e 0 e r1 EN1
... (4)
But
DN2 = DN1 = e 0 e r1 EN1
... (5)
and
D2 = DN2 + Dtan 2 = e 0 e r1 EN1 + e 0 e r2 Etan2
[(
= e 0 5 2 a x - 3 a y + 2 (5 a z )
\
] = 8.854 10 [10 a
-12
- 15 a y + 10 a z
D2 = 88.54 a x - 132.81 a y + 88.54 a z pC/m 3
As D N1 , E N1 are in same direction and D 1 , E 1 are in same direction,

D N1 = D 1 cos q 1 i.e. E N1 = E 1 cos q 1
where q 1 is angle measured w.r.t. normal.
E N1 = 5 and E 1 =
\
cos q 1 =
E N1
5
=
E1
6.1644
2
( 2) 2 + ( - 3) + (5) 2 = 6.1644
i.e. q 1 = 35.795
This q 1 is angle made by E1 with the normal while q 1 is shown with respect to horizontal.
\
q 1 = 90 - q 1 = 90 35.795 = 54.205
Similarly if q 2 is angle made by E2 with the normal then,
cos q 2 =
e 0 e r1 EN1
E N2 D N2 D N1
=
=
=
E2
D2
D2
D
2
=
\
e0 2 5
e 0 10 2 + ( - 15) + (10) 2
2
q 2 = 60.982
10
= 0.485
20.6155
i.e. q 2 = 90 - q 2 = 29.017
TM
... D N2 = D N1
5 - 10
Example 5.9.6

E1 = 5 a x 2 a y + 3 a z kV/m
i) The normal directions to the plane z = 0 are a z .
\
EN1 = 3 a z , Etan 1 = 5 a x 2 a y
From boundary conditions,
z>0
er1 = 4
z<0
er2 = 3
a1
q2
E2
i.e.
EN2
E
q1 E1 N1
z=0
a2 EN2 Etan1
az
Etan 1 = Etan 2 = 5 a x 2 a y
E N1
e
3
= r2 =
E N2
e r1
4
az
Etan2
4
= EN1 = 4 a z
3
Fig. 5.4
\ E2 = EN2 + Etan 2
ii)
= 5 a x 2 a y + 4 a z kV/m
E N1
3
=
tan q 1 =
E tan1
25 + 4
tan q 2 =
iii)
WE1 =
E N2
=
E tan2
4
25 + 4
i.e.
q 1 = 29.12
with interface
i.e.
q 2 = 36.6
with interface
1
1
e | E |2 = 4 8.854 10 -12 ( 25 + 4 + 9) 2 10 6
2 1 1
2
3
WE2
= 672.904 J/m
1
1
=
e | E |2 = 3 8.854 10 -12 ( 25 + 4 + 16) 2 10 6
2 2 2
2
3
= 597.645 J/m
iv) Cube is at (3, 4, 5) i.e. z = 5 hence it is in the region z < 0 with e r1 = 3.

Volume of cube = 2 2 2 = 8 m3
\ Energy in cube = WE2 volume = 597.645 8 = 4.781 mJ
Example 5.9.7
Jtan2
J2
(E2)
The electric field intensities are E 1 and E 2 in

media 1 and 2 respectively.
JN2
Medium 2
s2
q2
As per boundary conditions,
Boundary
E tan1 = E tan2
While J 1 and J 2 are current densities in the two
media. Similar to flux densities D the boundary
condition for current densities J states that
J N1 = J N2 .
E tan1
E tan2
=
(1)
\
J N1
J N2
TM
q1
Medium 1
s1
JN1
J1 (E1)
Jtan1
Fig. 5.5
5 - 11
From Fig. 5.5, J N1 = J 1 cos q 1 and J N2 = J 2 cos q 2
(2)
From the point form of Ohm's law, J = sE

\
E tan1 =
J tan1
s1
and
E tan2 =
From Fig. 5.5, J tan1 = J 1 sin q 1

\
E tan1 =
and
J 1 sin q 1
s1
J tan2
s2
J tan2 = J 2 sin q 2
and E tan2 =
J 2 sin q 2
s2
(3)
Using equations (2) and (3) in equation (1),

J 1 sin q 1
J 2 sin q 2
s
1
2
=
J 1 cos q 1
J 2 cos q 2
\
i.e.
tan q 1
tan q 2
=
s1
s2
tan q 1
s
= 1
tan q 2
s2
Proved
Example 5.9.8
Solution : The normal direction to the y = 0,
plane is a y hence out of E 2 , 12 a y is the normal
component of E 2 .
\
E N2 = 12 a y V/m
But
\
E 2 = E tan 2 + E N2
E1
er1 = 4
y=0
er2 = 1
E tan 2 = 5 a x + a z V m
At the boundary of perfect dielectrics,

E2 = 5ax + 12ay + az
E tan 1 = E tan 2 = 5 a x + a z V m
and
E N1
e
= r2
E N2
e r1
E N1 = 3 a y
i.e.
1
E N1
=
12 a y
4
Fig. 5.6
E1 = E tan 1 + E N1 = 5 a x + 3 a y + a z V m
Example 5.13.4
Solution : r S = 2 mC / m 2 , A = 1 m 2 , Gradient = 105 V/m, d = 1 mm
Q = r S A = 2 10 6 C
Gradient =
V
V
i.e. 105 =
d
1 10 3
C =
Q 2 10 6
=
= 20 nF
V
100
i.e. V = 100 V
TM
5 - 12
Example 5.13.5
Solution :
A = 100 cm , d = 0.03 mm, e r = 3

C =
e e A
eA
8.854 10 -12 3 100 10 -4
= 0 r =
d
d
0.03 10 -3
= 8.854 10 -9 F
E = 200 kV/cm =
\
Capacitor
200 10 3
10 -2
V/m = 2 107 V/m
V = E d = 2 107 0.03 10 -3 = 600 V
Voltage rating
Example 5.13.6
The e r varies linearily from e r1 to e r2 . The equation
for this linear behaviour is,
er = K x + A
At x = 0,
e r = e r1
d
x=0
er varies
linearily
er1
\ A = e r1
x=d
er2
Fig. 5.7
At x = d,
e r = e r2
e r2 = K d + e r1
i.e.
K=
er 2 - er 1
d
e - er 1
er = r 2
x + er 1
d
Let the plate at x = 0 carries positive charge.

+rS
\
ax
E1 =
2e
\
while
\
E2 =
... (1)
... Due to plate at x = 0
-rS
(- a x )
2e
E = E1 + E2 =
rS
a
e x
V = - E dL = -
= -
x = 0
x = d
... Due to plate at x = d

... Between the plates
x= 0
x= d
rS
a
e x
dx a
rS
e r2 - e r1
x + e r1 e 0

d
dx
x= 0
= -
rS
e - e r1
ln r2
x + e r1
(
d
e
e0
r2 - e r1 )
x = d
TM
... e = e 0 e r
... a x
=1
= =
5 - 13
rS d
ln {e r1} - ln {e r2 - e r1 + e r1} ]
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) [
-rS d
rS d
e
e
ln r1 =
ln r2
e 0 [e r2 - e r1 ] e r2 e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 )
e r1
And
Q = rS A
C=
Q
=
V
rS A
rS d
e
ln r2
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) e r1
i.e.
C =
e 0 ( e r2 - e r1 ) A
F
e
d ln r2
e r1
Example 5.13.7
Solution : A = 1 cm 2 = 1 10 - 4 m 2 , d = 1 cm = 1 10 - 2 m, e r = 6, e 0 = 8.854 10 - 12
For parallel plate capacitor,
e e A
eA
6 8.854 10 - 12 1 10 - 4
= 0.5312 pF
C =
= r 0
=
d
d
1 10 - 2
Example 5.13.8
Solution :
A = 0.8 m 2 ,
E = 10 6 V m
d = 0.1 mm, er = 1000,
C =
e e A
eA
8.854 10 12 1000 0.8
= 0 r =
= 70.832 mF
d
d
0.1 10 3
E =
V
d
i.e.
10 6 =
V
0.1 10 3
i.e. V = 100 V
Example 5.14.3
Solution :
The capacitance of a co-axial cable is,

C =
a =
As ratio
\
2peL
b
ln
a
where
a = inner radius,
0.0295
= 0.01475 inches
2
and
b
is to be used, no need to convert to metres.
a
C =
2p 8.854 10 -12 2.26 20 10 -2

0.058
ln
0.01475
b=
b = outer radius
0.116
= 0.058 inches
2
= 18.365 pF
Example 5.14.4
Solution : The D field between the plates in cylindrical co-ordinates is of the form
D = D f a f where D f depends only on r.
TM
5 - 14
Let plate at f = 0 is V = 0 and plate at f = a is V = Vo.

a
Df
Vo = E d L =
a f (rdf a f )
e
f= 0
D f r
e
df =
f= 0
D f ra
e
Where e = e 0 e r
eVo
ra
The charge density on the plate f = a is
eVo
r S = D n = D f =
ra
Df =
The total charge on the plate is,

Q =
C =
r S ds =
r2
z = 0 r = r1
e Vo
eVo L r2
dr dz =
ln
ra
a
r1
e L r2
Q
=
ln
a
r1
Vo
Example 5.15.3
Solution : The sphere is shown in the Fig. 5.8.
d
a = Radius of sphere = = 1 cm
2
3 cm
r1 = a + Thickness = 1 + 3 = 4 cm
This forms two capacitors in series.

C 1 = Capacitor due to spherical arrangement of
r1
concentric spheres
4pe
=
1 - 1
a b
Fig. 5.8
Here a = 1 cm and b = r1 = 4 cm
\
C1 =
4p 2.26 e 0
1
1

2
2
1 10 4 10
= 3.3527 pF
And C 2 = Due to isolated sphere of r1 = 4 cm

= 4 p e r1
But between this sphere of radius r1 and sphere at , the dielectric is free space e 0 .
\
C 2 = 4pe 0 r1 = 4p 8.854 10 -12 4 10 -2 = 4.4505 pF

TM
1
1
1
+
C1 C2
C eq =
5 - 15
... C 1 and C 2 in series
C1C2
3.3527 10 -12 4.4505 10 -12
=
C1 + C2
10 -12 [3.3527 + 4.4505]
= 1.9121 pF
Example 5.15.4
Solution : For spherical capacitor,
4pe
C =
and
1 - 1
a b
\
C =
a = 1 cm,
b = 2 cm and e r = 2
4p 2 8.854 10 -12
= 4.4505 pF
1
1
1 10 -2 2 10 -2
Example 5.15.5
Solution : i) The capacitance of a single isolated sphere is,
C = 4pea
... e = e 0 , a =
1.5
= 0.75 m
2
= 4 p 8.854 10 - 12 0.75 = 83.447 pF

ii) For co-axial cable,
C =
2p e L
where, L = 1.5 m, e r = 2.26, a = 0.6 mm, b = 3.5 mm
b
ln
a
2p 8.854 10 - 12 2.26 1.5

= 106.935 pF
3.5
ln
0.6
iii) Consider the cylindrical conductor suspended above
conducting plane as shown in the Fig. 5.9.
C =
The capacitance of this arrangement is given by,

C
=
L
2pe
cosh -1
the
b = 1.5 mm
h = 15 m
Plane
h

b
Fig. 5.9
e = e 0 , h = 15 m, b = 1.5 10 - 3 m
TM
C
=
L
5 - 16
2p 8.854 10 - 12
= 5.6173 pF m
15
cosh - 1
1.5 10 - 3
Example 5.16.5
Solution : This is composite capacitor with,
d1 = 6 mm = 6 10 -3 m, e r1 = 4
d2 = 4 mm = 4 10 -3 m, e r2 = 1 and A = 500 500 mm = 0.25 m
2
and
C =
1
d1
d
+ 2
e1 A e2 A
A
d1 d2
+
e1 e2
0 . 25
6 10 -3 4 10 -3
+
4 e0
1 e0
0 . 25 8 . 854 10 -12
1. 5 10 -3 + 4 10 -3
= 402.4545 pF
Example 5.16.6
d 2 = 0.002 m
er2 = 6
d = d 1 + d 2 = 0.01 m
\
d 1 = 0.01 0.002 = 0.008 m

e r2 = 6 e r1 = 6
C2 =
e2 A
d2
A = 1 m2
e A
C1 = 1
d1
Wood
d2
Air
d1
er1 = 1
and
Fig. 5.10
and two are in series.
C1 =
e 0 e r1 A
8.854 10 - 12 1 1
=
= 1.1067 10 - 9 F
d1
0.008
C2 =
e 0 e r2 A
8.854 10 - 12 6 1
=
= 26.562 10 - 9 F
d2
0.002
C eq =
C1 C2
1.1067 10 - 9 26.562 10 - 9
=
C1 + C2
1.1067 10 - 9 + 26.562 10 - 9
= 1.0624 10 - 9 F = 1.0624 nF
Example 5.16.7
Solution : In this case, the dielectric interface is normal to the plates. Hence two capacitors
formed are in parallel.
Now
d = 2 mm same for both the dielectrics
A 1 = 1.2 2 = 2.4 m 2
and
TM
A 2 = 0.8 2 = 1.6 m 2
5 - 17
C1 =
e 0 e R1 A 1
8.854 10 -12 e R1 2.4
=
= 1.062 10 -8 e R1 F
d
2 10 -3
C2 =
e 0 e R2 A 2
8.854 10 -12 2.5 1.6
=
= 1.7708 10 -8 F
d
2 10 -3
C eq = C 1 + C 2 = 1.7708 10 -8 + 1.062 10 -8 e R1
But
C eq = 60 nF
60 10 -9 = 1.7708 10 -8 + 1.062 10 -8 e R1
i.e. 1.062 10 -8 e R1 = 4.2292 10 -8
e R1 = 3.9823
Example 5.17.5
Solution :
V = 100 V, 44.21 mJ/unit area is energy.
For a parallel plate capacitor,

C =
e0 A
d
E =
1 e0 A 2
V
2 d
But
E
= Energy per unit area
A
\ 44.21 10 - 6 =
\
and
E=
i.e.
1
C V2
2
E
1 e0
V2
=
A
2 d
1
8.854 10 - 12
(100) 2
2
d
d = 1.0013 mm
... Seperation between plates
Example 5.17.6
C 1 = 2 mF, V = 100 V
1
1
E =
C V 2 = 2 10 6 100 2 = 0.01 J
2 1
2
The total energy when two capacitors are connected in parallel must remain same as
before.
2
2
1
1
E =
C 1 Veq + C 2 Veq
2
2
2
2
1
1
0.01 =
2 10 6 Veq + 2 10 6 Veq
\
2
2
Solution :
0.01 = 2 10 6 Veq
Veq = 70.7106 V
Voltage across each capacitor
Example 5.17.7
Solution :
The arrangement is shown in the Fig. 5.11.

TM
5 - 18
a) The capacitor is not a function of voltage V or E, it

depends on dielectric and physical dimensions. For
coaxial conductors,
A = 50 mm
2p e L
C =
b
b
ln
a
=
2p (10 e 0 ) 200 10 -3
100 10 -3
ln
-3
50 10
b) E is function of r hence using,
V = - E dL = -
= -
r= a
r= b
r= a
r= b
= 160.518 pF
B = 100 mm
Fig. 5.11
10 6
a
r r
[dr a ]
r
10 6
r= 50 mm
dr = - 10 6 [ ln r ]r = 100 mm
r
= - 10 6 ln 50 10 -3 - ln 100 10 -3
c)
WE =
] = 693.1471 kV
1
1
C V 2 = 160.518 10 -12 693.147 10 3
2
2
= 38.5606 J
Example 5.17.8
Solution : A = 50 50 cm2, V = 250 V, d 1 = 1 mm, e r = 1
\
\
C1 =
e0 A
8.854 10 12 50 50 10 4
= 2.2135 10 9 F
=
d1
1 10 3
Q = C 1 V = 2.2135 10 9 250 = 5.5337 10 7 C

E 1 = Energy stored =
1
C V 2 = 6.9171 10 5 J
2 1
When separation is increased to 3 mm i.e. d2 = 3 mm

\
C2 =
e0 A
8.854 10 12 50 50 10 4
=
= 7.3783 10 10 F
3
d2
3 10
The charge remains same

Q
5.5337 10 7
=
= 750 V
\
V =
C2
7.3783 10 10
E 2 = energy stored =
\
1
C ( V 1 ) 2 = 2.075 10 4 J
2 2
Work done = E 2 E 1 = 1.3834 10 4 J = 138.34 mJ
Example 5.17.9
2
Solution : d = 5 mm, S = 80 cm , e r = 10
TM
2
L=
00
mm
i)
C =
ii)
C =
E =
WE =
5 - 19
e S 8.854 10 -12 10 80 10 -4
= 141.664 pF
=
d
5 10 -3
Q
V
i.e. Q = CV = 141.664 10
V
50
=
= 10 kV/m,
d 5 10 -3
12
50 = 7.0832 nC
2
D = e 0 e r E = 0.8854 C/m
1
1
2
12
2
CV = 141.664 10
(50) = 0.17708 J
2
2
iii) Though source is disconnected and the dielectric is removed, Q on the surface remains
same
\
Q = 7.0832 nC, D = r S =
E =
WE =
But
C =
WE =
iv)
V =
Q 7.0832 10 -9
2
= 0.8854 C/m
=
-4
S
80 10
D
0.8854 10 -6
=
= 100 kV/m
e0
8.854 10 -12
e r = 1 as dielectric removed
1
1
1 Q2
Q 2
CV2 = C =
2
2 C
2 C
e 0 S 8.854 10 -12 80 10 -4
= 14.1664 pF
=
d
5 10 -3
1 (7.0832 10 -9 ) 2
= 1.7708 J
2 14.1664 10 -12
Q
7.0832 10 -9
= 500 V
=
C 14.1664 10 -12
Example 5.17.10
Solution : A = 1 m 2 , d = 1 mm, e r = 25,
C =
V = 1000 V
e e A
eA
8.854 10 - 12 25 1
= 221.35 nF
= 0 r =
d
d
1 10 - 3
Q = CV = 221.35 10 - 9 1000 = 2.2135 10 - 4 C

eA
For the plate separation 'x', the capacitor is C =
.
x
For the fixed voltage V across the plates,
(CV)
C
Q
= V
= V2
x
x
x
While the energy stored in a capacitor =
1
CV 2
2
TM
5 - 20
WE
C
1
1
=
CV 2 = V 2
2
x
x
x 2
The force between the plates is given by,

F = =
WE
1
Q
C
C
+ V
= - V2
+ V2
2
x
x
x
x
1 2 C
V
2
x
F = -
but C =
eA
C - eA
hence
=
x
x
x2
(1000) 2 8.854 10 - 12 25 1
1 2 eA
== 110.675 N
V
2
x2
2 (1 10 - 3 ) 2
... x = d = 1 mm
Example 5.17.11
Solution : A = 30 30 = 900 cm 2 , V = 1000 V, d = 5 mm, e r = 1
\
C =
e0 er A
8.854 10 12 1 900 10 4
= 159.372 pF
=
d
5 10 3
WE =
1
1
CV 2 = 159. 372 10 12 (1000) 2 = 79.686 mJ
2
2
| E| =
V
1000
= 200 10 3 V m
=
d 5 10 3
\ Energy density =
1
1
e e | E|2 = 8.854 10 12 ( 200 10 3 ) 2
2 0 r
2
= 0.17708 J m 3
qqq
TM
Poissons and Laplaces

Equations
Example 6.2.5
Solution : V1 is function of r alone, V1 =
\
2 V1 =
while V2 = 3 hence
1
r2
6
r
1
2 V1
= 2
r
r
r
V2
=0
r
6
1
2
( - 6) = 0
r - 2 = 2
r
r r
2 V2 = 0
hence
i) Both V1 and V2 satisfy Laplace's equation.

ii) V1 at r = 2 is V1 =
6
= 3,
2
V2 at r = 2 is V2 = 3
Example 6.2.6
Solution : Find 2 V
2V =
V

2V
1 2 V
1
1
sin q
+
+
r
r r 2 sin q q
q r 2 sin 2 q f 2
r2 r
( -2)
1 2
1
50

+
sin q
cos q + 0
r 50 sin q
2 r
3
2 sin q
2
r
r r
q
r
1 -100 sin q
1
50 sin q cos q
+
2 r
2 sin q
r
r
q
r2
=
=
=
1
r2
1
1 50
1
( -100 sin q) - +
sin 2q
2
2
r r sin q r 2 q 2
+100 sin q
r4
100 sin q
r4
1
r4
sin q
50
r4
sin q
25 2 cos 2q =
100 sin q
r4
100 sin q
50
r4
sin q
r4
Hence given potential field does not satisfy Laplaces equation.

(6 - 1)
TM
1
r4
sin q
50 [1 - 2 sin 2 q]
6-2
Poisson's and Laplace's Equations
Example 6.2.7
Solution :
The potential due to dipole is given by,

Q d cos q
K cos q
V =
=
2
4pe 0 r
r2
K=
Qd
= Constant
4pe 0
According to Laplace's equation in spherical system,

1 2
2
1

K
2V =
r K cos q - 3 + 2
sin q 2 sin q + 0
2
r r
r r sin q q
r
=
=
=
- 2 K cos q
1
K sin 2 q
+
r
r
r 2 sin q q r 2
1
r2
1
- 2 K cos q -
r2
2 K cos q
r4
r2
2 K cos q
1
r 2 sin
K
r2
2 sin q ( - cos q)
= 0
r4
This shows that potential due to electric dipole satisfies Laplace's equation.
Example 6.4.7
Solution :
As r v is not zero, use Poisson's equation.

- - 10 6 e 0
r
= 10 6
2V = - v =
e
e0
... e = e 0 as free space
As V is the function of x only and not of y and z,

2V
2V =
= 10 6
x 2
Integrating,
V
=
x
10
Integrating,
V =
(10
dx + C 1 = 10 6 x + C 1
6x+
C 1 dx + C 2 =
10 6 x 2
+ C1x + C2
2
At x = 0, V = 0 V hence, 0 = 0 + 0 + C 2 , C 2 = 0
At x = 1 mm = 1 10 -3 m, V = 2 V
10 6
1 10 -3
2
+ C 1 1 10 -3
2 =
V = 0.5 10 6 x 2 + 1500 x
i.e. C 1 = 1500
At x = 0.5 mm = 0.5 10 -3 m,
V = 0.5 10 6 0.5 10 -3
+ 1500 0.5 10 -3 = 0.875 V
TM
From V,
E = - V = -
6-3
ax = 0.5 10 6 x 2 + 1500 x a x = -1 10 6 x - 1500 a x

x
x
E x = - 1 10 6 x - 1500 V/m
At x = 1 mm = 1 10 -3 m,
E x = -1 10 6 1 10 -3 - 1500 = - 2500 V/m
Example 6.4.8
Solution : The field intensity is a function of r only and not of q and f. From Poisson's
equation. Using spherical co-ordinate system,
r
rv
1 2 V
i.e.
... (1)
2V = - v
r
=2
e
e
r
r r
It is known, E = - V
E is a function of r only and not of q and f.
V
V
\
a = E r a r i.e. E r = E = r r
r
... (2)
Case 1 : For r < a, E r = Ar 4

Ar +4 = -
Using in equation (1),
V
r
V
= - Ar 4
r
i.e.
1
- Ar 6
r 2 r
) = - rev
r2
i.e.
i.e.
1
r2
V
= - Ar 6
r
[- A6r ] = - re
5
r v = 6Aer 3 C/m 3
.. For r a
Case 2 : For r > a, E r = Ar -2

Ar -2 = -
Using in equation (1),

\
V
r
i.e.
r2
V
= - Ar -2 r 2 = - A
r
r
1
( - A) = - v
2
e
r
r
i.e.
0=-
rv
e
r v = 0 C/m 2
.. For r > a
Example 6.4.9
Solution : The free space satisfies Laplace's equation as charge free.
\
2V = 0
In given spherical shells, V is the function of r only and not of q and f. Hence in 2 V,
V q and V f are zero.
1 2 V
\
2V =
=0
r
r
r2 r
2 V
=0
r
r
r
i.e.
TM
... (1)
Integrating, r 2
6-4
V
= 0 + C1
r
where
C 1 = Constant of integration
... (2)
C1
V
=
r
r2
\
Integrating,
V =
C1
r2
... (3)
1
dr + C 2 = C 1 - + C 2
r
... (4)
C 2 = Constant of integration
where
At r = 0.1 m,
V=0
1
0 = C 1 + C2
0.1
i.e.
\ - 10 C 1 + C 2 = 0
At r = 2 m,
... (5)
V = 100 V
i.e
1
100 = C 1 - + C 2
2
\ - 0.5 C 1 + C 2 = 100
... (6)
Solving (5) and (6), C 1 = 10.5263 and C 2 = 105.2631

10.5263
+ 105.2631
r
V = -
Now
E = -V = = -
V
a
r r
... (7)
(other components zero)
10.5263
10.5263
+ 105.2631 a r = a r V/m
r
r
r2
93.1998
10.5263
ar = a r pC / m 2
D = e0 E = e0 2
2
r
r
and
... free space
Example 6.4.10
Solution : Let the field varies along x direction only and the mean value of volume
charge density is r V . According to Poisson's equation.
r
dV - r V
d2 V
d2 V
=
... (1)
= V i.e.
=
x+A
e
e
dx
dx 2
dx 2
\
- r V x2
dV
= V=
+ Ax + B
dx
e
2
E = -
But
\
... (2)
-r V
+r V
ax =
x+ A ax =
x - A a x
e
e
x
= 100 V m at x = 0 m
E =
i.e. 100 = 0 A i.e. A = 100
rVx
+ 100
e
... (3)
TM
6-5
At x = 1550 m, | E| = 25 V/m and e = e 0

r 1550
25 = v
+ 100 i.e. r v = - 0.4284 pC m 3
\
e0
4
p R 3 with
3
i) The volume of the atmosphere between the altitudes 0 to 1500 m is

R=
1500
= 750 m.
2
\ Q (mean space charge) = r v
4
p R3
3
= - 0.4284 10 -12
4
p (750) 3 = - 757.045 mC
3
ii) D = e 0 E, on the surface of earth x = 0 m

D = e 0 (E at x = 0) = e 0 100 C m 2
The D acts in the normal directions as per boundary conditions hence D = DN .

\
r S on earth = | DN | = | 100 e 0 | = 885.4 pC / m 2
Example 6.4.11
Solution :
r = 0.2m
The spherical shells are shown in the Fig. 6.1.
The E is in radial direction and hence V is also the function of r

r = 0.1m
alone and independent of q and f.
1 2 V
... Laplace's equation V = 100 V
\2V =
r
=0
r
r 2 r
2 V
r
= 0
r
r
V
Integrating, r 2
= 0 + C1 = C1
r
V =
At r = 0.1 m,
V = 0
0 = -
\
Hence
Fig. 6.1
... (1)
C
V
= 1
r
r2
Integrating,
Solving,
e0
C1
r2
dr + C 2 = -
C1
+ C2
r
... (2)
and r = 0.2 m, V = 100 V

C1
+ C2
0.1
and
100 = -
C1
+ C2
0.2
C1 = 20, C2 = 200
20
+ 200 V
r
20
V
1
a r = - + 200 a r - -20 - a r
E = -V =
r
r
r
r 2
V = -
TM
E = -
6-6
20
r2
a r V/m
- 20 e 0
- 177.08
a r pC/m 2
r2
r
Note that as outer shell is at higher potential, E is directed from outer to inner shell and
hence in - a r direction.
D = e0 E =
ar =
Example 6.4.12
Solution : The potential is changing with respect to y only hence,
2 V =
2V
y2
=0
... Laplace's equation
Integrating twice, V = C 1 y + C 2
\
V
V
V
ax +
ay +
a z = - C1 a y
E = - V = -
x
y
z
D = e 0 E = - C 1 e 0 a y C/m
But given
D = 253 a y N C/m
C1 = -
253 10 - 9
8.854 10 - 12
253 10 -9 = - C 1 e 0
i.e
= - 28.574 10 -3
At y = 0.01 m, V = 0 i.e. 0 = - 28.574 10 3 0.01 + C 2

\
C 2 = 285.746
V = - 28.574 10 3 y + 285.746
So voltage at y = 0 m is, V = 285.746 V

and voltage at y = 0.02 m is, V = 285.746 V
Example 6.4.13
Solution :
The planes are shown in the Fig. 6.2.
The potential is constant with respect to r and z so the Laplaces equation for variable f is,
1 2V
= 0
r f2
Integrating,
V
= C 1 and
f
Integrating, V = C 1 f + C 2
At f = 0, V = 0 hence C 2 = 0
\
V = C1 f
TM
6-7
At f = a, V = V0 hence C 1 =
V0
a
V0
f
a
V =
Now
E = - V
V=0
Plane 1
In cylindrical co-ordinates,
V=
V
1 V
V
a +
a +
a
r r r f f z z
f = 0
1 V0
\ E = - 0 +
a f a f + 0
r
f
=-
V = V0
V0
a V/m
ar f
f = a
Fig. 6.2
Example 6.4.14
Solution :
i) Poisson's equation states that,

r
2V = - v
e0
2V = -
200 e 0
r 2.4
e0
From the conditions given

q and f.
1
\
2V =
r2 r
\
=-
... As free space e = e 0
200
r 2.4
it is clear that V is a function of r only and not the function of

2 V
r r
i.e.
1
r2 r
200
2 V
r r = - 2.4
r
2 V
- 0.4
r r = - 200 r
Integrate, r 2
V
200 r 0.6
= - 200 r - 0.4 dr + C 1 = + C 1 = - 333.33 r 0.6 + C 1
0.6
r
As E is the function of r only we can write, E = - V = and

\
Plane 2
Er = -
V
a = Er a r
r r
V
r
... (2)
- r 2 E r = 333.33 r 0.6 + C 1
... (3)
But as r 0, r 2 E r 0
\
0 = 0 + C1
Using in equation (1), r 2
... (1)
.... (Given)
i.e.
C1 = 0
... (4)
V
= 333.33 r 0.6
r
i.e.
TM
V
= 333.33 r - 1.4
r
Integrate,
6-8
V = 333.33
833.325
( ) 0.4
833.325
V =
r - 1.4 dr + C 2
r - 0.4
833.325
+ C2 =
+ C2
( - 0.4)
( r ) 0.4
= 333.33
Use V 0 as r , 0 =
( r) 0.4
+ C2 = 0 + C2
... (5)
i.e. C 2 = 0
... (6)
ii) Let us verify this using Gauss's law.
E =
D = rv
\
i.e. e 0 E = r v
+ 200 e 0
rv
200
where E = E r a r and no other component exist.
=
=
e0
r 2.4 e 0
r 2.4
Consider the radial component of E in spherical co-ordinate system and hence divergence
of E is,
1
200
200
i.e.
r 2 Er =
r 2 Er =
2 r
2.4
r
r
r
r 0.4
Integrate, r 2 E r = 200
r - 0.4 + 1
+ C 1 = 333.33 r 0.6 + C 1
0.6
But r 2 E r 0 as r 0 hence C 1 = 0
\
r 2 E r = 333.33 r 0.6
E = E r a r = 333.33 r - 1.4 a r V/m
Now
V = - E dL
V = - 333.33 r -1.4 a r dr a r = - 333.33 r - 1.4 dr
= - 333.33
where dL = dr a r in radial direction
r - 0.4
833.33
+ C2 =
+ C2
- 0.4
( r ) 0.4
But V = 0 as r hence C 2 = 0
\
V =
833.33
( r) 0.4
This is same as obtained above using Poisson's equation.
qqq
TM
Magnetostatics
Example 7.3.3
Solution :
Fig. 7.1.
The points are shown in the

Point 1
A (1,2,4)
dL
The direction of dL is from A to B. So let

us obtain unit vector in the direction from B (2,1,3)
A to B.
RAB
a AB =
| RAB|
=
y
R12
( -2 - 1) a x + ( -1 - 2) a y + ( 3 - 4) a z
( -3) 2 + ( -3) 2 + ( -1) 2
Point 2
C (3,1,2)
-3 a x - 3 a y - a z
Fig. 7.1
19
\ dL = dL a AB =
Now, a R12 =
aR12
R12
R12
dL a R12 =
10 -4 -3 a x - 3 a y - a z
19
=
( 3 - 1) a x + (1 - 2) a y + ( -2 - 4) a z
( 2) 2 + ( -1) 2 + ( -6) 2
2ax -ay - 6az

41
ax ay az
- 3 - 3 -1 = 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
3 -1 -6
... (without considering
I dL a R12 =
... From A to C
6 10 -4 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
19 41
] = 2.1497 10 -5
(7 - 1)
TM
1
and
19
1
)
41
[17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z ]
dH =
7-2
I dL a R12
4p (R 12 )
Magnetostatics
2.1497 10 -5 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
4p ( 41 )
= 4.172 10 -8 17 a x - 20 a y + 9 a z
= 0.7093 a x - 0.8344 a y + 0.3755 a z mA/m

Example 7.3.4
Solution : P(0, 1, 0) is a point at which H is to be obtained.
Case 1 : - < z < hence general point on the element is (2, 4, z).
R12 = ( 0 2) a x + 1 ( 4) a y + ( 0 - z) a z = 2 a x + 5 a y - za z
4 + 25 + z 2 = z 2 + 29, a R12 =
| R12| =
dH P =
ax
ay
az
0
-2
0
5
0.4
-z
dHP
I dL a R 12
4p R 212
R12
| R12|
0.4dz a z 2 a x + 5 a y z a z
4 p z 2 + 29
z 2 + 29
= 0.8 a y 2 a x
- 0.8 a y - 2 a x
=
dz
3/ 2
2
4p z + 29
Putting z = 29 tan q,
i.e.
dz
z =
(z 2 + 29)
3/ 2
HP =
z =
1
29
+90
- 0.8 a y - 2 a x
4p z 2 + 29
cos q dq =
q = - 90
3/ 2
2
29
Changing limits of integration from z = 29 tan q.

\ z = , q = 90 and z = +, q = 90
2
0.8 a y 2 a x = - 0.0591 a x 0.0236 a y A/m
\
HP =
4p 29
Case 2 : -3 < z < 3

Only change is the limits of integration.
3
HP =
1
29
+5.906
cos q d q =
0.2058
29
5.906
(z 2 + 29)
0.2058
[ 0.8 a y 2 a x ] = 0.00608 a x 0.00243 a y A/m
4p 29
z = 3
dz
3/ 2
Case 3 : 0 < z <
TM
dz
7-3
z= 0
HP =
dz
(z 2 + 29)
3/ 2
1
29
1
0.8 a y 2 a x
4p 29
Magnetostatics
90
1
29
cos q dq =
) = 0.0295 a x 0.0118 a y
Example 7.3.5
Solution : The small wire is shown in the Fig. 7.2.
a RQP =
A/m
RQP
| RQP|
RQP = (0 - 1) a x + (2 - 0) a y + (2 - 0) a z
= -ax + 2ay + 2az
|RQP | =
\
a RQP =
P(0, 2, 2)
1+4+4 = 3
-ax + 2ay + 2az
3
ax
2A
I dL = 2 a x
\
dH =
I dL a RQP
4p R
I dL a RQP =
Q
(1, 0, 0)
ax
2
1
3
RQP
Fig. 7.2
ay
0
2
3
az
4
4
0 = az - ay
3
3
2
3
4
4
az - ay
3
3
= - 0. 0117 a y + 0 . 0117 a z A/m
dH =
4 p ( 3) 2
Example 7.3.6
Solution : The square is placed in the xy plane as shown in the Fig. 7.3.
z
yay
Point 2
2.5
P
B
xax
R12
2.5
P
R12
D
x
2.5
2.5
dx
Point 1
Fig. 7.3
TM
dx
7-4
Magnetostatics
Consider differential element dx along AB of the square.

dL = dx a x
\
The R12 joining differential element to point P is,
R12 = x a x y a y i.e.
dL a R12 =
ax
ay
az
dx
-x
0
-y
0
0
R12 =
x 2 + y 2 i.e. a R12 =
-x a x - y a y
x2 + y 2
= - y dx a z
According to Biot-Savart law,

dH =
I dL a R12
- 2.5
x = 2.5
Put x = 2.5 tan q,
H = 0
q = 45
x 2 + y 2
... y = 2.5 for segment AB
3/ 2
- 25 dx a z
... Considering R12
4 p x 2 + 2.5 2
= 2
3/ 2
x = 2.5
- 25 dx a z
4 p x 2 + 2.5 2
3/ 2
dx = 2.5 sec 2 q dq
Limits, x = 2.5, q = 45
= 0.6366
+ y2
10 ( - 2.5) dx a z
H =
x2
4p
4 p x 2 + 2.5 2
\
I ( - y dx) a z
4 p R 212
and
25 2
4p
x = 0, q = 0
2.5 sec 2 q dq a z
q = 45 ( 2.5 )
(1 + tan 2 q)
3/ 2
= - 0.6366
q = 45
1
dq a z
sec q
cos q dq a z = 0.6366 [ sin q ]45 a z = 0.6366 [ 0 - sin 45 ]a z
= 0.4501 a z A/m
This H is due to the segment AB of the square. All sides will produce same H at point P.
\
Htotal = 4 H = 4 0.4501 a z = 1.8 a z A/m
Example 7.3.7
R12
Solution :
IdL
P(3,4,5)
R12 = -3 a x - 4 a y - 5 a z
\
a R12
-3 a x - 4 a y - 5 a z
R12
=
=
|R12|
32 + 42 +52
= -0.4242 a x - 0.5656 a y - 0.7071 a z
TM
O
(0,0,0)
Fig. 7.4
dH2 =
7-5
Magnetostatics
I 1 dL1 a R12
2
4p R 12
I 1 dL1 =
I 1 dL1 a R12 =
I 1 dL(given) = 3p (a x + 2a y + 3a z ) mAm
ax
3p
ay
6p
az
9p
-0.4242 -0.5656 -0.7071

= -13.328 a x - 12 a y - 5.33 a z + 8 a z + 6.664 a y + 16 a x
= 2.672 a x - 5.336 a y + 2.67 a z
\
dH2 =
2.672 a x - 5.336 a y + 2.67 a z

4p ( 50 ) 2
= 4.252 a x - 8.4925 a y + 4.252 a z nA m
Example 7.5.4
Solution : i) P (2, 2, 0) : Consider the four sides separately as shown in the Fig. 7.5.
I
I
sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
sin a 2 sin a 1 ]
\ HP =
[
4pr1
4pr2 [
+
I
I
sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
sin a 1 sin a 2 ]
[
4pr 3
4pr4 [
r1 = 2
r2 = 2
P(2,2,0)
2
2 a2
a1
I = 10 A
a2
P(2,2,0)
a1
6
I = 10 A
a2 = 45
a1 = 45
a2 = 45
6
a1 = tan1 = 71.56
2
(b)
(a)
r3 = 6
P(2,2,0)
I = 10 A
I = 10 A
a1
a2
r4 = 2
a1
a2
P(2,2,0)
2
a2 = tan1 = 18.43
6
6
a2 = tan1 = 71.56
2
1 2
a1 = tan = 45
2
2
a1 = tan1 = 18.43
6
(c)
(d)
Fig. 7.5
TM
Hp =
Magnetostatics
I
I
I
[sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
[sin a 2 sin a 1 ] +
[sin a 2 sin a 1 ]
4pr1
4pr2
4pr 3
+
7-6
I
[sin a 1 sin a 2 ]
4pr4
10 sin 45 sin ( 45) sin 45 sin ( 71.56)

+
4p
2
2
sin (18.43) sin ( 18.43) sin (71.56) sin ( 45)
+
+
6
2
10
{0.7071 + 0.8278 + 0.1053 + 0.8278} = 1.964 a z A m
4p
Use the above procedure for the remaining points and verify the answers :
=
ii) 1.78 a z A m
iii) 0.1178 a z A m
Iv) 0.3457 a x 0.3165 a y + 0.1798 a z A m
Example 7.5.5
Solution : For a conductor in the form of regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle
of radius R, the flux density B at the centre is given by,
m nI
p
B = 0 tan
Refer Ex. 7.5.3
2pR
n
For given conductor, n = 6, R = 1 m, I = 5 A
\
B =
4p 10 -7 6 5
p
tan = 3.4641 mWb m 2
6
2p 1
Example 7.5.6
Solution : Consider the various sections of the
B
circuits.
x
Section I : Section AB is shown in the Fig. 7.6 (a) ,
PM is the perpendicular on AB.
3m M
r = l (PM)
\
2.5
a2
a1
r=2 m
5m
P
2.5
The triangle ABC is right angled triangle.

\
x = tan -1
4
= 53.13
3
Fig. 7.6 (a)
\
a 2 = 90 - x = 36.8698
From the symmetry of the circuit,
a 1 = a 2 = 36.8698
But as A is below point P, a 1 = - 36.8698
r = l (PM) = BP cos a 2 = 25 cos (36.8698) = 2 m
\
H1 =
4m
I
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
4p r[
TM
7-7
Magnetostatics
10
sin 36.86- sin ( - 36.86 ) ] a N = 0.4774 a N A/m
4 p 2[
Section II : Section B to C along a semicircle as shown in

the Fig. 7.6 (b).
R=2.5
The H at the centre of circular conductor is given by

(I/2R) a N .
\ Due to semicircular portion,

1 I
10
a =
a = a N A/m
H2 =
2 2R N
4 2.5 N
Section III : Section C to A is shown in the Fig. 7.6 (c).
Fig. 7.6 (b)

B
PM is perpendicular on AC.
2.5
As triangle ABC is right angled triangle,

x = tan -1
\
3
= 36.8698
4
3m
a 1 = 90 x = 53.13
2.5
a1
a2
x
A
From the symmetry of the circuit,
2m
2m
M
4m
a 2 = a 1 = 53.13
Fig. 7.6 (c)
But a 1 is negative as point C is below point P, a 1 = 53.13

r = l (PM) = PC cos a 1 = 2.5 cos (53.13) = 1.5
\ H3 =
I
10
sin 53.13- sin ( - 53.13 ) ] a N = 0.8488 a N A/m
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N =
[
4p r
4 p 1.5 [
Hence total H at point P is,

H = H1 + H2 + H3 = 2. 3262 a N A/m
Example 7.5.7
Solution : Consider the sections of given loop to
calculate H at P.
Section I : The portion AB of the circuit, as shown in
the Fig. 7.7, PM is the perpendicular on AB from P.
Note that a 1 and a 2 are to be measured from
perpendicular line from P to the conductor.
And r = l (PM)
B
M
r a2 0.5 m
a1
A
The triangle ABP is a right angled triangle hence,

x = tan -1
\
AP
1
= tan -1
= 63.43
PB
0.5
a 2 = 90 - x = 26.565
1m
Fig. 7.7
... from D ABP

... from D PMB
TM
And
7-8
Magnetostatics
a 1 = 90 - a 2 = 63.43
But a 1 is negative as point A is below point P.

r = l (PM) = BP cos a 2 = 0.5 cos (26.565) = 0.4472 m
\
H1 =
=
I
4p r[
5
sin 26.565 - sin ( - 63.43 ) ] a N
4 p 0.4472 [
B
= 1.1936 a N A/m
where
a N = Unit vector normal to the plane is which

the circuit is placed
Section II : The semicircle B to C.
R=0.5 m
The H at the centre of circular conductor is (I/2R) a N where R is

radius of the conductor.
Hence H2 due to semicircular loop is,
H2
1 I
5
=
a =
a = 2.5 a N A/m
2 2R N 4 0.5 N
Fig. 7.7 (a)
Section III : The portion C to A is shown in the Fig. 7.7 (b).

A
PM is perpendicular on AC.
x = tan -1
1m
a1
0.5
= 26.565 as triangle
1
r a2 0.5 m
M
APC is right angled triangle

\
90
C
Fig. 7.7 (b)
a 2 = 90 x = 63.43
And
a 1 = 90 a 2 = 26.565
But a 1 is negative as point C is below point P.
r = l (PM) = PC cos a 1 = 0.5 cos (26.565) = 0.4472 m
\
H3 =
=
I
4p r[
5
sin 63.43- sin ( - 26.565 ) ] a N
4 p 0.4472 [
L a 1 = 26. 56
= 1.1936 a N A/m
Hence the total H at point P is
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = [1.1936 + 2.5 + 1.1936] a N = 4.8873 a N A/m
TM
7-9
Magnetostatics
Example 7.5.8
Solution : Consider the arrangement as shown in the
P
(0, 0, 5)
Fig. 7.8.
a 1 = 0 and a 2 = - tan -1
H =
where
2
= 21.801
5
a2
r=5
I
[sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a N
4p r
I = 10 A 2
aN = ay
Side 1
Fig. 7.8
a 1 and a 2 are negative as both the ends of the

conductors are below point P.
\
H =
10
[sin( -21.801 ) - sin(0 )] (a y ) = 0.0591 a y A/m
4p 5
Example 7.5.9
Solution :
The arrangements are shown in the Fig. 7.9.

z
5m
a
r 2
3m a
1
P(1,2,3)
3m
a1
y
x
a2
5m
P(1,2,3)
y
O
x
z =
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 7.9
Case a : It is infinitely long straight conductor.

I
P (1, 2, 3), I = 10 A
a ,
H =
2pr f
Now
\
r =
H =
x2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m
and
f = tan -1
y
= tan -1 2 = 63.43
x
10
a f = 0.7117 a f A/m
2p 5
To find x component, take dot product with a x .

\
H x = H a x = 0.7117 a f a x = 0.7117 sin f
Similarly
H y = H a y = 0.7117 a f a y = + 0.7117 cos f
H x = 0.6365,
and a f a z = 0
H y = 0.3183
TM
7 - 10
Magnetostatics
H = 0.6365 a x + 0.3183 a y A/m
Case b : It is a finite length conductor with z 1 = 0 and z 2 = 5 m. [Refer Fig. 7.9 (b)]
y
r = x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m , f = tan -1 = 63.43 at point P
x
3
= 53.3 but negative as that end is below point P.
a 1 = tan -1
5
\
H=
a 1 = 53.3
and
a 2 = tan -1
2
= 41.81
5
I
10
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ] a f =
[sin 41.81- sin ( - 53.3 )]a f = 0.5225 a f
4pr [
4p 5
H x = H a x = 0.5225 ( a f a x ) = 0.5225 ( - sin f)
and
H y = H a y = 0.5225 ( a f a y ) = 0.5225 ( cos f)
H x = 0.4673, H y = 0.2337 i.e. H = 0.4673 a x + 0.2337 a y A/m
Case c : It is a conductor from z = 5 to z = . [Refer Fig. 7.9 (c)]

r =
x 2 + y 2 = 1 + 4 = 5 m, f = 63.43
a 1 = tan -1
2
2
= tan -1
= 41.81 and a 2 = tan -1 = 90
r
r
5
Both a 1 and a 2 are positive as above point P.

\H =
I
10
sin a 2 - sin a 1 ]a f =
[sin 90 - sin 41.81] a f = 0.1186 a f
4pr [
4p 5
) = 0.1186 ( - sin f)
) = 0.1186
H x = H a x = 0.1186 a f a x
and
H y = H a y = 0.1186 a f a y
H x = 0.106, H y = 0.053 i.e. H = 0.106 a x + 0.053 a y A/m
Example 7.7.2
( cos f)
Example 7.7.3
Solution : For H on the axis of a circular loop given by,
H =
I r2
2
2 (r + z 2 ) 3
a z A/m
In this example, r = 3 from x 2 + y 2 = (3) 2 , I = 10 A, z = 5.

For (0, 0, 5), H = 0.227 a z A/m
For (0, 0, 5), H = 0.227 a z A/m
TM
... f = 63.43
7 - 11
Magnetostatics
Example 7.7.4
Solution : We know that,
H =
Ir 2
2 (r 2 + z 2 ) 3/ 2
a z A/m
In this example, r = 5 cm and I = 50 mA. The ring is in z = 1 plane and point P (0, 0, 1)
hence z = 2 cm.
50 10 -3 (5 10 -2 ) 2
a z = 0.4 a z A/m
H =
\
2[(5 10 -2 ) 2 + ( 2 10 -2 ) 2 ] 3 / 2
Example 7.7.5
Solution : The H at the centre of the circular coil
with N turns is given by,
NI
... R = r1 = 5 cm
H =
2R
10 1
= 100 A/m
2 5 10 -2
The H at the centre of coil A i.e. point P due to
coil B is,
Ir 2
H =
2 r 2 + z2
10 cm
3
2
Coil A
N = 10
r1 = 5 cm
I1 = 1A
Coil B
N=1
r2 = 7.5 cm
I2 = ?
Fig. 7.10
where r = r2 = 7.5 cm, I = I2

and z = Distance between point P and coil = 10 cm
\
I 2 7.5 10 -2
H =
2 7.5 10 -2
) + (10 10 -2 )
2
3
22
= 1.44 I2
The total H at P = 100 + 1.44 I2 which must be zero,

\
I2 =
-100
= 69.44 A
1.44
The negative sign indicates direction of I2 is opposite to that of I1.

Example 7.7.6
Solution : The coil is shown in the Fig. 7.11 placed in xy plane with z-axis as its axis.
z = 100 m at which H is to be obtained. r = radius of coil =
TM
d
= 25 m, I = 28 10 4 A
2
7 - 12
Magnetostatics
z
Hence H at the point on the axis of a

circular loop is,
I r2
H =
2
r2
+ z2
az
3/ 2
28 10 4 ( 25) 2
2 25 2 + 100 2
z = 100 m
az
3/ 2
d = 50 m
O
= 79.894 a z A/m
4
I = 2.810 A
x
Example 7.9.5
Fig. 7.11
Solution : The planes are shown in the Fig. 7.12.

For sheet in z = 0 plane,
aN = az
towards P
For sheet in z = 4 plane,

aN = az
K = 18 ax
z=4
towards P
P (1,1,1)
z=0
1
1
H1 = K a N = ( - 8 a x ) a z = 4 a y
2
2
1
1
K a N = (18 a x ) -a z = 9 a y
2
2
\ H at P = H1 + H2 = 13 a y A/m.
H2 =
y
K = 8 ax
Fig. 7.12
Example 7.9.6
Solution : The current from current density is given by,
I =
J dS
dS = r dr df a z normal to a z as J is in a z
2p
I =
4.5 e -2r a z r dr df a z = 4.5
f = 0r = 0
2p
r e -2r dr df
f= 0 r = 0
Using integration by parts,

2p
= 4.5
f= 0
df
{r
e -2r
dr - 1
e -2r
dr dr
r
0
TM
r e -2r
e -2r
= 4.5 ( 2 p)
-
dr
-2
-2
7 - 13
Magnetostatics
- r e -2r 1 -2r 1 9 p
r e -2r 1 e -2r
= 9 p
= 9 p
- e
+ =
+
4
-2
2
4
4
2 -2
{1 - 2 r e
-2r
- e -2r
}A
For r = 0.5, I = 7.068 [1 0.3678 0.3678] = 1.8676 A

Consider a closed path with r 0.5 such that the enclosed current I is 1.8676 A.
According to Ampere's circuital law,
H dL = I
2p
H f r df = I
... H = H f a f , d L = r df a f
f= 0
2 p r H f = 1.8676
H =
Hf =
i.e.
0.2972
a f A/m
r
1.8676
0.2972
=
2pr
r
for r 0.5 m
Example 7.9.7
Solution :
For a given point P (0.01, 0, 0).

r =
( 0.01) 2 + ( 0) 2 = 0.01 m = 10 mm
Thus P is in the region b < r < c.

\
H =
I c2 - r 2
a
2 p r c 2 - b2 f
(0.011) 2 - (0.01) 2
6
= 50.113 a f A/m
2p 0.01 (0.011) 2 - (0.009) 2
Example 7.9.8
Solution :
Due to infinite long conductor along z-axis.

H1 =
20p 10 -3
10 10 -3
I
af =
af =
a f A/m
r
2p r
2p r
At r = 0.5 cm, no current sheet is enclosed.

H = H1 =
10 10 -3
a f = 2 a f A/m
0.5 10 -2
At r = 1.5 cm, current sheet at r1 = 1 cm is getting enclosed. It carries current in z
direction.
K1 = 400 10 - 3 a z A/m
\
I enc = K1 2p r1 = 400 10 -3 2p 1 10 -2 = 0.02513 A
... r1 = 1 cm for sheet
H d L = I enc
2p
i.e.
H f r df = I enc
... H = H f a f and dL = r df a f
f= 0
TM
H f (2pr) = I enc
H2 =
7 - 14
i.e.
Hf =
4 10 -3
a f A/m
r
I enc 0.02513
=
2pr
2pr
and
14 10 -3
So at r = 1.5 cm, H = H1 + H2 =
Magnetostatics
1.5 10 - 2
H1 =
10 10 -3
a f A/m
r
a f = 0.933 a f A/m
At r = 2.5 cm, second sheet also gets enclosed for which,

K2 = - 250 10 -3 a z A/m
\
I enc = K2 2 p r2 = - 250 10 -3 2p 2 10 -2 = 0.03141 A
... r2 = 2 cm for sheet
2p
H dL = I enc
i.e.
H f r df = I enc
f= 0
Hf =
I enc - 0.03141
=
2pr
2pr
i.e.
H3 =
- 5 10 -3
a f A/m
r
4 10 5
H = H1 + H2 + H3 = + - 10 -3 a f
r r r
So at r = 2.5 cm,
=
9 10 -3
9
10 -3 a f =
a f = 0.36 a f A/m
r
2.5 10 -2
Example 7.9.9
Solution : The planes are shown in the Fig. 7.13.
i) P(1, 1, 1)
For z = 0 plane, a N = +a z at P
1
1
\
H1 = K a N = [( 10 a x ) a z ]
2
2
10
=
a y = +5 a y A/m
2
For z = 4 plane, a N = a z at P as P is below z = 4
plane.
1
1
\
H2 = K a N = [( 10 a x ) ( a z )]
2
2
Q
(0,3,10)
[ ]
=
\
[ ( )] = +5 a
10
a y
2
K = +10 ax
P(1,1,1)
y
K = 10 ax z = 0
A/m
Fig. 7.13
H = H1 + H2 = 10 a y A/m at P(1, 1, 1)
ii) Q(0, 3, 10)
For z = 0 plane, a N = +a z at Q hence H1 = +5 a y A/m.

TM
z=4
7 - 15
Magnetostatics
For z = 4 plane, a N = +a z at Q as Q is above the plane

1
1
\
K a N = [(10 a x ) a z ]K a x a z = a y
H2 =
2
2
=
\
[ ]
10
a y = 5 a y A/m
2
H = H1 + H2 = 0 A/m at Q (0, 3, 10)
Example 7.9.10
Solution : The sheet is located at y = 1 on
which K is in a z direction. The sheet is infinite
and is shown in the Fig. 7.14.
z
y=1
plane
The H will be in x direction.

a) Point A ( 0, 0, 0)
a N = - a y normal to current sheet at point A
\
Now
H =
1
1
K aN=
40 a z - a y
2
2
H =
K = 40 az
az ay = -ax
Fig. 7.14
1
+ 40] a x = 20 a x A/m
2[
b) Point B (1, 5, - 2)
This is to the right of the plane as y = 5 for B.
\
a N = a y normal to sheet at point B
H =
1
1
K aN =
40 a z a y
2
2
] = - 20 a x
A/m
Example 7.9.11
r = 0.5 cm
r = 0.5 cm
P
B
P
0.5 m
0.5 m
1m
Right hand rule
(a)
(b)
Fig. 7.15
TM
7 - 16
Magnetostatics
The current carrying conductors are seperated by 1 m. The two currents are in opposite
directions hence according to right hand thumb rule, the field produced at P is in the
same direction due to both the conductors as shown in the Fig. 7.15 (b).
I1
I
H at P = H1 + H2 =
\
af + 2 af
2p d 1
2p d 2
Now
\
d1 = d2 = 0.5 m, I1 = I2 = 100 A
H at P =
2 100
a = 63.6619 a f A/m
2p 0 . 5 f
Now at the surface of conductor A,

H1 =
H2 =
I
a
2p r f
where
r = Radius of conductor
I
2p (1 - 0 . 5 10 -2 )
a f is due to other conductor
100
100
+
a = 3199.09 a f A/m
HA =
-2
2p 0 . 995 f
2p 0 . 5 10
Same is the value of H on the surface of conductor B but in opposite direction.

\
HB = 3199.09 a f A/m
Example 7.9.12
Solution : Consider the conductor as shown in the Fig. 7.16.
Region 1 : r < a
Ienc = 0
\
as conductor is hollow
H = 0 A/m i.e. B = 0 Wb/m
r<a
a
r
Region 2 : a < r < b

Consider the cross-section upto radius r as shown in
the Fig. 7.16.
The total current I flows through the area p [b 2 - a 2 ].
Hence the current enclosed by the closed path is,
p [r 2 - a 2 ]
[r 2 - a 2 ]
I =
I=
I
p [b 2 - a 2 ]
[b 2 - a 2 ]
Fig. 7.16 Hollow aluminium

conductor
The H is only in a f direction hence H = H f a f

Consider dL in a f direction i.e. dL = r df a f
\
H dL = H f r df
TM
7 - 17
Magnetostatics
According to Amperes circuital law,
2p
H dL = Ienc = I
H f r df =
f= 0
H f r [f]
2p
0
[r 2 - a 2 ]
[b 2 - a 2 ]
[r 2 - a 2 ]
[b 2 - a 2 ]
i.e.
H =
B = m0 H =
i.e.
2pr[b 2 - a 2 ]
B =
H f r df =
[r 2 - a 2 ]
[b 2 - a 2 ]
[r 2 - a 2 ] I
Hf =
[r 2 - a 2 ] I
2pr[b 2 - a 2 ]
a f A/m
a<r<b
4p 10 -7 [r 2 - (1 10 -2 ) 2 ] 1000
2p r[( 2 10 -2 ) 2 - (1 10 -2 ) 2 ]
af
0.666[r 2 - 1 10 -4 ]
2
a f Wb/m
r
a < r < b
Region 3 : r > b
The entire current gets enclosed i.e. Ienc = 1000 A
\
H =
I
1000
159.154
a f A/m
a =
a =
2pr f
2p r f
4
2 10 -4
2
a f Wb/m
B = m0 H =
r
r > b
The variation of B against r is shown in the

Fig. 7.17.
B
in 2
Wb/m
0.01 Wb/m 2
0
Axis
of conductor
Fig. 7.17
Example 7.10.3
Solution :
From the point form of Ampere's circuital law,

H = J
In the cartesian system,

ax
H =
x
y cos (a x)
ay
y
0
az
z
y + ex
TM
7 - 18
y cos (a x) y + e x

x
=
y+ e ax +
z
x
) a
Magnetostatics

+ y cos (a x) a z
= (1) a x + 0 - e x a y + ( - cos a x) a z
On yz plane, x = 0
\ J on yz plane = a x - e 0 a y - cos 0 a z = a x - a y - a z A / m 2
Example 7.10.4
Solution : In cylindrical co-ordinates A is given by,
1 (r A f ) 1 A r
1 A z A f
A r A z
ar +
af +
A =
a
r f z
r
r
z
z
r
r f
Now A r = 0,
A f = sin 2f and A z = 0
1 ( r sin 2f)
sin 2f
- 0 a z
\
A = 0 a r + [0 - 0] a f + r
z
r
sin 2f
sin 2f
= [0 - 0] a r + 0 a f +
az =
az
r
r
p
p
At 2, , 0 , r = 2, f = , z = 0
4
4
p
p
sin 2
sin
2
4
\
A =
az =
a z = 0.5 a z
2
2
Example 7.10.5
In the spherical co-ordinates, curl H is given by,
Solution :
H =
sin q H f H q
1
1 1 H r (r H f )
ar +
a
r sin q
r sin q f
q
f
r q
1 (r Hq ) Hr
a
r r
q f
Now H r = 0,
\ H =
H q = 2.5,
Hf = 5
(5 r )
5 sin q 2.5
1
1
1 ( r 2.5)
a +
a +
0- 0 a f
r sin q q
r r
r q
f r r
1
1
1
5 cos q - 0] a r + [-5] a q + [2.5] a f
[
r sin q
r
r
5
5
2.5
cot q a r - a q +
af
r
r
r
TM
p
At 2, , 0 ,
6
r = 2, q =
H =
7 - 19
Magnetostatics
p
, f = 0
6
5
p
5
2.5
cot
ar - aq +
a = 4.33 a r - 2.5 a q + 1.25 a f
2
6
2
2 f
Example 7.11.4
Solution : The portion of the cylinder is
shown in the Fig. 7.18. The flux crossing
the given surface is given by,
f = B dS
S
z=1
dS
1m
dS normal to a r direction is,

dS = r df dz a r
\ f = m 0 H dS
... B = m 0 H
z=0
= m0
p/4
2.39 10 6 cos f df dz
f=0
z = 0 f= 0
f = p/4
Fig. 7.18
p/4
= 2.39 10 6 m 0 [ sin f] 0
[z]10
p
\ f = 2.39 10 6 4 p 10 -7 sin - sin 0 [1 - 0] = 2.1236 Wb
4
Example 7.11.5
z

B = m0 H =
=
f =
2.239 10 6 4p 10 -7
cos f a r
r
dS
2.8136
cos f a r Wb m 2
r
B dS
p 4
f= - p 4 z= 0
2.8136
cos f r df dz
r
p 4
= 2.8136 [sin f] - p
p/4
p/4
Fig. 7.19
[z] 10
= 2.8136 [0.7071 - ( - 0.7071)] = 3.9789 Wb
TM
7 - 20
Magnetostatics
Example 7.12.5
Solution :
a)
The A is a vector magnetic potential.

A x A y
A z
+
+
A =
x
y
z
=
b)
[ 3y - z]+ y [2 xz]+ z [0] = 0

x
... Proved.
B = A
A =
ax
ay az
x
y z
3y - z 2 xz 0
= a x [0 - 2x] + a y [ - 1 + 0] + a z [2z - 3]
\
B = A = - 2x a x - a y + (2z - 3) a z
At P (2, 1, 3),
\
x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
B = - 4 a x - a y + 3 a z Wb/m 2
A at P = - 6 a x + 12 a y Wb/m
H at P =
Now
J = H
H =
1
B
=
m0 m0
1
m0
[- 4 a x - a y + 3 a z ]
A/m
where
{- 2x a x - a y + (2z - 3) a z }
ax ay
az
1
J =
m 0 x y
z
- 2x - 1 2z - 3
=
1
m0
{a x [0 - 0] + a y [0 - 0] + a z [0 - 0]}
= 0 A/m 2
Example 7.12.6
Solution : For a current sheet of current density K, the magnetic field intensity is given
by,
1
K aN
H =
2
For the given sheet, a N = a z and K = Ky a y
TM
KaN =
\
\
H =
7 - 21
ax
ay
Ky
Magnetostatics
az
0 = Ky a x
1
1
K a A/m,
2 y x
B = m0 H =
m0
K a
2 y x
Wb/m 2
Now
A = B
But A in cartesian system is,
ax ay az
A =
x y
z
Ax Ay Az
As B has only a x component, consider a x of A and equate.
A z A y m 0
m
A z A y
=
= 0 Ky
Ky a x i.e.
\ ax
2
2
z
y
z
y
The vector magnetic potential A must be independent of x and y. Thus
-
A y
z
Integrating, A y =
m0
K
2 y
Let at z = z 0 , A y = 0
0 = -
... As A y can be function of z.
m0
m
K dz + C 1 = - 0 Ky z + C 1
2 y
2
m0
Ky z 0 + C 1
2
Ay =
m0
Ky
2
( z 0 - z)
A =
m0
Ky
2
( z 0 - z) a y
Ky a y = K
But
A z
= 0.
y
hence
A =
i.e.
C1 =
m0
Ky z 0
2
For z > 0
Wb/m
m0
2
K ( z 0 - z ) Wb/m
Example 7.12.7
Solution : The B from vector magnetic potential is given by,
ax ay az
B = A=
x y
z
Ax Ay Az
\
B =
ax
ay
az
= a x [3 - 3] + a y [2 - 2] + a z [5 - 3] = 2 a z
x
y
z
4x + 3y + 2z 5x+ 6y + 3z 2x+ 3y + 5z
TM
7 - 22
Magnetostatics
B = 2 a z Wb/m 2
Its magnitude is constant in the direction a z . It is a conservative field.

Example 7.12.8
Solution :
10
A =
ax
x
10
B = A =
x2 + y 2 + z2
=
x2
+ y2 + z2
ay
az
- 20 z
(x 2
+ y2
+ z2)2
ay +
ax

10

10
ay 2
a
z x + y 2 + z 2
y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z
20 y
(x 2
+ y2 + z2)
az
qqq
TM
Magnetic Forces,
Materials and Inductance
Example 8.2.4
Solution :
Q = Charge = 5 10 18 C
B = 0. 4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z T
v = (2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z ) 105 m / s
a) By definition,
F = Q ( E + v B)
At
t = 0,
0 = 5 10 18 [E + (2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ( 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z )]
E = [(2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ( 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z )]
E = 105
E = 105 [(+0.3 1.2) a x ( 0.2 + 2.4) a y + (0. 4 1.2) a z ]
E = 0.9 105 a x + 2.2 105 a y + 0.8 105 a z
E = (0.9 a x + 2.2 a y + 0.8 a z )10 5 V / m
F= 0
ax
ay
az
2
3
6
0.4 0.2 0.1
b) Let E field be in x-direction only. Then we can write,

E = Ex a x
The force is given by,
F = Q ( E + v + B)
\
F = 5 10 18 [(E x a x ) + {(2 a x 3 a y + 6 a z )105 ( 0.4 a x + 0.2 a y 0.1 a z }]
F = 5 10 18 [(E x a x (0.9 105 a x + 2.2 105 a y + 0.8 105 a z )]

(8 - 1)
TM
8-2
Magnetic Forces, Materials and Inductance
F = 5 10 18 [(E x 90000) a x 22000 a y 80000 a z ]
But|F| = 2 10 12 N. Hence finding magnitudes on both the sides and equating,

\
2 10 12 = 5 10 18 (E x 90000) 2 + ( 220000) 2 + ( 80000) 2
\ (E x 90000) 2 + ( 220000) 2 + ( 80000) 2 = (400000) 2

Solving for E x , we get
\ (E x 90000) 2 = 1.052 10 11
\ Taking square root we get,
E x 90000 = 324345.5
E x = 414. 355 103 V / m or E x = 234.3955 V / m
Example 8.2.5
Solution :
Given : Q = 18 nC = 18 10 - 9 C
v = v a v = 5 10 6 [0.6 a x + 0.75 a y + 0.3 a z ] m/s
i) The electric force exerted by E on charge Q is given by,
Fe = Q E = 18 10 - 9 [( - 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 3 ]
= - 54 10 - 6 a x + 72 10 - 6 a y + 108 10 - 6 a z
= ( - 54 a x + 72 a y + 108 a z ) mN
The magnitude of the force exerted on the charge is given by,
| Fe| =
( -54 10 -6 ) 2 + (72 10 -6 ) 2 + (108 10 -6 ) 2 = 140.5844 mN 140.6 mN
ii) The magnetic force exerted by B on the charge Q is given by

Fm = Q v B = 18 10 - 9 [5 10 6 (0.6 a x + 0.75 a y + 0.3 a z )
(- 3 a x
+ 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 - 3 ]
= [(0.054 a x + 0.0675 a y + 0.027) ( - 3 a x + 4 a y + 6 a z ) 10 - 3 )]
ax
ay
az
0.054
- 3 10 - 3
0.0675
4 10 - 3
0.027
6 10 - 3
= [( 405 - 108) 10 - 6 ] a x - [( 324 + 81) 10 - 6 ] a y + [(216 + 202.5) 10 - 6 ] a z

= (297 a x - 405 a y + 418.5 a z ) 10 - 6 N
Hence the magnitude of the force exerted on charge is given by,
TM
|Fm | =
8-3
(297 10 - 6 ) 2 + ( - 405 10 - 6 ) 2 + (418.5 10 - 6 ) 2 = 653.74 mN
iii) Total force exerted on charge both B and E acting together is given by,
F = Fe + Fm
=
[- 54 10 - 6 a x + 72 10 - 6 a y + 108 10 - 6 a z ] + [297 10 - 6 a x - 405 10 - 6 a y + 418.5 10 - 6 a z ]
= (243 a x - 333 a y + 526.5 a z ) mN

Hence
(243 10 - 6 ) 2 + ( - 333 10 - 6 ) 2 + (526.5 10 - 6 ) 2 = 668.6855 mN ~ 668.7 mN
|F| =
Example 8.2.6
Solution : i) Let the position of the charge is given by P(x, y, z).

The force exerted on charge by E is given by,
F = QE
According to Newton's second law,
(1)
dv d 2 z
(2)
=
dt dt 2
Equating equations (1) and (2) we can write,
d2 z
= Q E = ( 0.3 10 6 30 a z )
(3)
m
dt 2
The initial velocity is constant and it is in x-direction so no force is applied in that
direction. Rewritting equation (3), we get,
QE
d2 z
(4)
=
2
m
dt
F = ma =m
Integrating once equation (4) by separating variables, we get

QE
dz
= vz =
t + k1
dt
m
where k1 is constant of integration.
(5)
To find k1 : At t = 0, initial velocity in z-direction is zero.

Substituting values in equation (5), we get
0 = 0 + k1
i.e. k1 = 0
Thus equation (5) becomes,
QE
dz
=
v =
t
dt
m
Integrating equation (6) with respect to corresponding variables we get,
Q E t2
z =
+ k2
m 2
where k2 constant of integration.
To find k2 : At t = 0, charge is at origin. Substituting values in equation (7) we get,
TM
(6)
(7)
0 =
8-4
Q E 0
+ k 2 i.e. k2 = 0
m 2
Hence solution of the equation (3) is given by,

Q E 2 0.3 10 6 30 a z 2
z =
t =
t
2m
2 3 10 16
(8)
At t = 3 msec,
z =
0.3 10 6 30
2 3 10
16
( 3 10 6 ) 2 = 0.135 m
Let us consider initial constant velocity in x-direction, the charge attains x co-ordinate of,
x = vt = ( 3 105 )( 3 10 6 ) = 0.9 m
Hence at t = 3 msec, the position of charge is given by,
P(x, y, z) = (0.9, 0, 0.135) m
ii) To find velocity at t = 3 m sec using equation (6), we get,
v =
QE
( 0.3 10 6 30 a z )
t =
( 3 10 6 )
16
m
3 10
4
= 9 10 a z m/sec
The actual velocity of charge can be obtained by including initial constant velocity in
x-direction as,
v = (3 10 5 a x 9 10 4 a z ) m / sec
iii) The kinetic energy of the charge is given by,
2
1
1
K.E. =
m |v|2 = 3 10 16 ( 3 105 ) 2 + (9 10 4 ) 2
2
2
\
K.E. = 1. 4715 10 5 J
Example 8.2.7
Solution : The magnitude of velocity is given as v = 6 10 6 m/s. The direction of this
velocity is specified by an unit vector. Thus we can write,
v = v a v = 6 10 6 [- 0.48 a x - 0.6 a y + 0.64 a z ] m/s
The force experience by a moving charge in a steady magnetic field B is given by,
F= Q v B
= - 60 10 -9 [( 6 10 6 ) ( - 0.48 a x - 0.6 a y + 0.64 a z ) ( 2 a x - 6 a y + 5 a z ) (1 10 -3 )]
= ( - 3.6 10
-4
ax
ay
az
) - 0.48 - 0.6 0.64 = ( - 3.6 10 -4 ) [0.84 a x + 3.68 a y + 4.08 a z ]

2
5
-6
TM
8-5
= ( - 0.3024 a x - 1.3248 a y - 1.4688 a z ) 10 -3 N

Thus the magnitude of the force on a moving charge is given by,
F = ( - 0.3024 10 -3 ) 2 + ( -1.3248 10 -3 ) 2 + ( - 1.4688 10 -3 ) 2 = 2.0009 mN
Example 8.2.8
Solution : Given : H =
0.01
a A m, Q = 1 pC = 1 10 - 12 C, v = 10 6 a y m sec
m0 x
The magnetic force exerted on charge Q is given by,

Fm = Q v B
But
assuming free space for which m r = 1
B = m H = m0 mr H = m0 H
Fm = Q v (m 0 H)
0.01
Fm = Q v m 0
ax
m
0
Fm = 1 10 - 12 10 6 a y ( 0.01 a x )
Fm = 1 10 - 8 ( - a z ) N
(Q a y a x = - a z )
Example 8.3.4
Solution : A force exerted on a current element in a magnetic field is given by,
F = I dL B
But current element is 4 cm long i.e. 0.04 m long. It carriers current of 10 mA in
y-direction. The magnetic field is given by,
5
A/m
a
H =
m x
But
5
B = m H = m a x = 5 a x T.
m
Hence, force exerted is given by,

F = {10 10 -3 [0.04 a y ]} {5 a x }
\
F = -2 10 -3 a z N = -2 a z mN
Example 8.3.5
Solution : A force exerted a current carrying conductor in the magnetic field B is given
by,
F = IdL B
... (1)
From given data,
I = 10 A, dL = 4 a y and B = 0.05 a x T
TM
8-6
Substituting values in equation (1), we get,

F = [10 (4 a y ) (0.05 a x )]
= [10 4 0.05) (a y a x )
ay ax = az
= 2 ( a z ) N
Example 8.4.5
Solution : For air, m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4p 10 - 7 H/m
d = Distance of separation = 10 cm = 10 10 - 2 m
I 1 = I 2 = I = Current = 100 A
In general, the force between two parallel long wires is given by,
m I1 I2l
m I I l
F =
= 0 1 2
2p d
2p d
Hence force per meter length is given by,
m I I
F
4 p 10 - 7 100 100
= 0.02 N/m
= 0 1 2 =
2p d
l
2 p 10 10 - 2
As two parallel conductors carry equal current of 100 A but directions are opposite. Hence
they will repel each other. Thus the nature of the force is repulsive force.
Example 8.4.6
Solution : Force between two parallel conductors is given by,
mI1 I2 l
F =
2p d
For free space, m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4 p 10 -7 H/m
d = 10 cm = 10 10 -2 m
I 1 = I 2 = 10 A
Hence force per unit length is given by,
F
4p 10 -7 10 10
=
= 0.2 mN/m
l
2 p 10 10 -2
Example 8.4.7
Solution : Assume that parallel conductors are in air.
\
m = m 0 m r = m 0 = 4p 10 7 H/m
Two conductors are separated by distance d = 10 m.

The force between two infinitely long straight conductors is given by,
F =
m I 1I 2 l m 0 I 1I 2
=
l
2pd
2pd
TM
8-7
Hence force per meter is given by,

F
4p 10 7 10 10
= 2 mN
=
2p 10
l
Example 8.4.8
Solution : A rectangular loop with width a
and height b is placed parallel to infinitely
long conductor as shown in the Fig. 8.1.
Due to infinitely long wire the magnetic flux
density is given by
m0 I1
a T
B1 =
2p r 0 f
Force exerted on side AB is given by,
F1 = - I 2 B 1 d L2
= -I2
m 0I 1
2p r 0 a f
z=0
-m0 I1 I2
2 pr0
... (Qa f
=
Infinitely long wire

B
I1
I2
r0 A
Rectangular loop
C
(dz a z )
Fig. 8.1
dz a r
z=0
a z = + ar )
- m 0 I 1I 2 b
ar N
2p r 0
Force exerted on side BC is given by,

F2 = -I 2 B 1
-m 0 I 1I 2
2p
= +
d L2
= -I 2
r = r0 + a
r =r0
r = r0 + a
m 0I 1
2p r a f
(dr a r )
dr
(- a z )
r
r =r0
... (Q a f a r = -a z )
m 0 I 1I 2 1
1
- ln a z N
ln
2 p r 0 + a
r 0
Force exerted on side CD is given by

F3 = -I 2 B 1
=
d L2
-m0 I1 I2
2p (r 0 + a)
= -I 2
m 0I 1
2p(r 0 + a) a f [dz a z ]
z= b
dz a r =
- m 0 I 1I 2
+ m 0 I 1I 2 b
( - b) a r =
a N
2p (r 0 + a)
2p (r 0 + a) r
TM
8-8
Force exerted on side DA is given by,

F4 = -I 2 B 1
-m 0 I 1I 2
2p
-m 0 I 1I 2
2p
d L2
r0
= -I 2
r0 + a
m 0I 1
2p r a f [dr a r ]
+a
r0
r0
-m 0 I 1I 2
dr
( -a z ) =
r
2p
1
1
ln r - ln r + a ( -a z )
0
0
1
1
l n r + a - ln r a z N
0
0
... Adjusting negative sign
Now total force on a loop is given by,

F = F1 + F2 + F3 + F4
\
F =
m 0 I 1I 2 b
2p r 0
F =
-m 0 I 1I 2 b 1
1
ar
2p
r 0 + a r 0
ar +
m 0 I 1I 2 b
a
2p (r 0 + a) r
Rearrange terms inside bracket and taking negative sign out of it we get,
F =
m 0I 2I 2 b 1
1
( -a r ) N
r 0
2p
r 0 + a
This indicates force of attraction and infinitely long wire tries to attract a rectangular loop
towards it.
Example 8.5.8
Solution : For N turns loop, the maximum value of magnetic torque is given by,
Tmax = N B I S, where S = Area of a square loop
Now for a square loop, each side is 15 cm
\
Tmax = 200 1 5 (15 10
i.e.
15 10 2 m
15 10
) = 22.5 Nm
Example 8.5.9
I = 100 mA = 100 10 -3 A
Solution : Given
B = 0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z T
i) The force exerted on segment AB is given by,
FAB = IdL B
Now,
dL = 0.6 a x
FAB = (100 10 -3 ) 0.6 a x (0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z )
FAB = -12 a y - 6 a z mN
TM
8-9
ii) Now the torque on a loop is given by,

T = m B = IS B
Now area of triangle shaped loop placed in x-y plane can be written in vector form as,
S =
1
[0.6 a x (0.4 a x + a y )] = 0.3 a z
2
Hence
T = 100 10 -3 (0.3 a z ) (0.2 a x - 0.1 a y + 0.2 a z )
T = 3 a x + 6 a y mN. m
Example 8.5.10
Solution : Consider a circular loop in z = 0 plane as
Current is in a f as shown in the Fig. 8.2. The given
magnetic field is uniform given by
a + a z
B = B0 x
T
r
y
I
x
B
The magnetic dipole moment of a planar circular loop is

given by,
m = (I S) a n
where S is the area of the circular loop.
Fig. 8.2
Note that the loop is laying in z = 0 plane. Thus the direction of unit normal a n must be
decided by the right hand thumb rule. Let the fingures point in the direction of current (in
a f direction), then the right thumb gives the direction of a n which is clearly a z .
\
( ) a z = (p r 2I) a z
m = I p r2
The total torque is given by

T = m B
=
p r 2I a z
p r 2 B0 I
2
p r 2 B0
=
2
B0
2
(a x
+az ) =
ax
ay
az
0
1
0
0
1
1
p r 2 B0 I
2
p r 2 B0 I
2
[a z ( a x + a z ) ]
[- (- a )]
y
I
a y N-m
Example 8.5.11
Solution : a) The field is uniform and hence it will not produce any translation of the
loop.
TM
8 - 10
Hence we can write, the magnetic torque is given by,

T = I SB
From the given Fig. 8.5.11, the square loop has sides of 4m each. Also it is placed in x - y
plane. Hence the area is given by,
dS = ( 4 a x ) ( 4 a y ) = 16 a z m 2
Hence the magnetic torque at origin is given by,
T = 0.6(16 a z ) (100 a y ) 10 -3 = - 0.96 a x N m
b) A(0, 0, 0) and B = 200 a x + 100 a y mT :
Again the field is uniform and hence it will not produce any translation of the loop.
Hence similar to part (a), we can write,
T = I S B = 0.6(16 a z ) ( 200 a x + 100 a y ) 10 -3
\
(Q a z a x = +a y
a z a y = a x )
T = - 0.96 a x + 1.92 a y N m
Example 8.7.4
Solution : i) The relative permeability m r can be obtained as,
mr =
1.8 10 5
m
=
m0
4 p 10 7
= 14.3239
The magnetic field intensity and magnetization are related to each other as,
M = cm H =
(m r 1) H
M
120
= 9 A/m
=
14. 3239 1
mr 1
H =
ii)
n = Number of atoms = 8. 3 10 28 atoms/m3

m = 4. 5 10 27 A m
The magnetization is given by,
M = (n) (m) = 8. 3 10 28
)(4.5 10 27 )
= 373.5 A/m
Now the magnetic field intensity is given by,

H =
iii)
373. 5
M
= 17.7857 A/m
=
22 1
mr 1
The magnetic flux density is given by,

B = m H = m 0 m r H = m 0 (1 + c m ) H
TM
... m r = ( c m + 1)
H =
8 - 11
300 10 6
B
= 14.9207 A/m
=
m 0 (1 + c m )
4 p 10 7 (1 + 15)
Example 8.7.5
Solution :
But
a) J = H
B
B
B
=
=
H =
m m 0 m r m 0 ( c m + 1)
... (1)
Putting value of H in equation (1)

\
J =
1
B
=
B
m 0 ( c m + 1) m 0 ( c m + 1)
B =
ax
x
0.005 y 2
[0 - 0] a x
ay
y
0
az
z
0
(0.005 y 2 ) a y + 0 (0.005 y 2 ) a z
- 0
z
y
= (0.01 y) a z
\
J =
J =
1
[- 0.01 y a z ]
m 0 ( c m + 1)
- 0.01 y
4 p 10 -7 ( 6 + 1)
az
Calculating value of J at y = 0.4 m.

\
J = 454.7284 a z A/m 2
The magnitude of J is 454.7284 A/m 2

b)
Jb = M
But
M = cm H =
... (2)
cm B
cm B cm B
=
=
m
m 0 m r m 0 ( c m + 1)
Putting value of M in equation (2)

\
\
\
Jb = M =
cm B
cm
=
B
m 0 ( c m + 1) m 0 ( c m + 1)
B = (0.01) y a z
6
Jb =
( - 0.01 y a z )
4 p 10 -7 7
Calculating value of J at y = 0.4 m.

TM
8 - 12
J b = 2728.37 a z A/m 2
The magnitude of J b is 2728.37 A/m 2

c)
JT =
B
m0
We can also write,

J T = J b + J = ( 2728.37 a z ) + ( 454.7284 a z ) = 3183.09 a z A/m 2
Thus the magnitude of J T is 3183.09 A/m 2 .
Alternative method :
JT =
1
B
1
=
B =
m0 m 0
4 p 10 -7
( - 0.01 y a z ) = 7957.74 y
a z A/m 2
Calculating value of J T at y = 0.4 m

\
J T = 3183.09 a z A/m 2
Hence the magnitude of J T is 3183.09 A/m 2 .

Example 8.8.6
Solution
region 2
gradient
direction
But
\
: Let f (x, y) = 2x 5y. Thus f (x, y) increases from region 2 to region 1 as

is defined by 2x 5y < 0 while region 1 by 2x 5y > 0. Now if we calculate
of f (x, y) then it represents a vector with a magnitude and direction. The
of that vector is in the direction of increasing value of f(x,y).
f
f
f
a +
a +
a
f =
x x y y
z z
f = 2x 5y
f = 2 a x - 5 a y
Now the unit vector normal to the plane is given by,

a n21 =
\
2ax -5ay
2ax -5ay
f
=
=
f
4 + 25
29
a n21 = 0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y
a) The magnitude of the normal component of B 1 is given by,
( )(a n21 )]a n12
B N1 = [ B 1
But
B 1 = m 1 H 1 = m 0 m r1 H 1
= ( 4 p 10 -7 3) ( 30 a x )
= 113.0973 10 -6 a x T
TM
\
b)
B1
8 - 13
= 113.0973 m T
B N1 = ( B 1 a 21 )
= [113.0973 10
21
-6
ax
(0.3714 a
- 0.9284 a y ]
(0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y )
= 4.2 10 -5 ( 0.3714 a x - 0.9284 a y )

= 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y m T
\
B N1
(15.59 10 -6 ) 2 + ( 38.99 10 -6 ) 2 = 41.99 m T
c) From the symmetry,

B 1 = B tan1 + B N1
\
B tan1 = B 1 - B N1
= [113.0973 a x - 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y ] 10 -6

= 97.5073 a x + 38.99 a y m T
B tan1
=
=
m 0 m r1
(97.5073 a x
H tan1
H tan1 = 25.86 a x + 10.34 a y
H tan1
+ 38.99 a y 10 -6
4 p 10 -7
( 25.86) 2 + (10.34) 2 = 27.8505 A/m
d) According to the boundary conditions,

B N2 = B N1 = 15.59 a x - 38.99 a y m T
B tan2 =
m2
B tan1
m1
B tan2 =
4
[97.5073 a x + 38.99 a y ] 10 -6
3
B tan2 = 130 a x + 51.98 a y m T
B 2 = B tan2 + B N2
B 2 = [(130 a x + 51.98 a y ) + (15.59 a x - 38.99 a y )] 10 -6
B 2 = 145.59 a x + 12.99 a y m T
H2 =
145.59 a x + 12.99 a y 10 -6
B2
=
m 0 m r2
4 p 10 -7 4
TM
8 - 14
H 2 = 28.96 a x + 2.5842 a y
H2
( 28.96) 2 + ( 2.5842) 2 = 29.075 A/m
Example 8.8.7
Solution : Given : B 2 = 5 a x + 8 a z mWb m 2 ,
K=
1
a mA m.
m0 y
Now the normal component of B 2 is along a z so that the normal component of B 1 is also
along a z being continuous at boundary.
By definition,
B 1n = B 2n = 8 a z
i.e.
Bz = 8
Now for a current at boundary,
(H1 H2 ) a n12
= K
B1 B2
1
ay
az =
m
m
m
1
0
2
B1
B2
1
az =
m0 y
m 0m 1 m 0m 2
B1 B2
az = ay
m1 m2
\
Bxa x + By a y + Bza z
) (5a z + 8a z ) a
4
= ay
Bx 5
Bz 8
6 4 a x + B y 0 a y + 6 4 a z a z = a y
B x 5 a
y + By a x = a y
6 4
Equation components,
By = 0
Bx 5
= 1
6 4
\
Bx
5 1
= 1 + =
6
4 4
Bx =
Hence
B1 = Bxa x + By a y + Bz a z
B 1 = 1.5 a x + 0 a y + 8 a z = (1.5 a x + 8 a z ) mWb m 2
6
= 1.5
4
TM
8 - 15
But
H1 =
B1
1
1
=
1.5 a x + 8 a z ] =
1.5 a x + 8 a z ]
m1
6 m0 [
m 0m 1 [
H1 =
1
[0.25 a x + 1.333 a z ] mA m
m0
Example 8.8.8
Solution : z-axis is normal to the boundary. The normal component is given by,
K (1)
B N1 = ( B 1 a N12 ) a N12
Here below z = 0, there exists medium 2 while above z = 0, medium 1 exists. The field
vector travels from medium 1 to 2.
a N12 = a z
\
\
B N1 =
[(2a
3a y + 2a z
) (a z )] (a z )
= [2]( a z )
K Because B 1 is expressed in militesla
= 2 a z MT
The tangential component of B 1 is given by,
B tan1 = B 1 B N1 = 2 a x 3 a y + 2 a z ( 2 a z ) = 2 a x 3 a y mT.
According to boundary conditions,
B N2 = B N1 = 2 a z mT
Now we can write
(Htan1 Htan2 )
= a N12 K
K (2)
2 a x - 3 a y 10 3
B tan1
B
= tan1 =
m 0 mr1
m1
4 4p 10 7
But
Htan1 =
Htan1 = 198.94 2 a x 3 a y
) A/m
Putting value of Htan1 in equation (2), we get,
[198.94(2a
3a y Htan2
(397.88 a x 596.82 a y ) Htan2
\
But
] = (a
) ( 60 a x )
= 60 a y
Htan2 = 397.88 a x 536.82 a y A/m
B tan2 = m 2 Htan2 = 7 4 p 10 7 397.88 a x 536.82 a y
B tan2 = 3.4999 10 3 a x 4.7222 10 3 a y
B tan2 = 3.5 a x - 4.7222 a y mT
Thus
B 2 = B tan2 + B N2 =
{[3.5 a
} mT
4.7222 a y + [2 a z ]
TM
8 - 16
B 2 = 3.5 a x 4.7222 a y + 2 a z MT
Example 8.8.9
Solution : The surface separating two regions can be defined as,
f(x, y, z) = 3x - 2y + 5z
The unit vector normal to the plane is given by,
3 ax - 2 ay +5 az
f 3 ax - 2 ay +5 az
an =
=
=
f
9 + 4 + 25
38
Then the normal component of H is given by,
3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z
H1n = ( H a n ) a n = (4 a x + 6 a y - 3 a z )

38
38
1
\
H1n =
[12 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 12 + 0 + 0 + 0 - 15][ 3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ]
38
-15
(3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z )
38
H1n =
H1n = ( - 0. 3947)(3 a x - 2 a y + 5 a z ) = - 1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z
But
H1 = H1n + H1t
H1 - H1n = (4 a x + 6 a y - 3 a z ) - ( -1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z )
H1t =
H1t = 5.1841 a x + 5.2106 a y - 1.0265 a z A m
Now
H2t = H1t = 5.1841 a x + 5.210 a y - 1.0265 a z A m
Also
B 2n = B 1n
H2n =
=
i.e. m 2 H2n = m 1 H1n
m1
H
m 2 1n
2m 0
[-1.1841 a x + 0.7894 a y - 1.9735 a z ]
5m 0
= - 0.4736 a x + 0.3157 a y - 0.7894 a z

Now
H2 = H2n + H2t
= ( - 0.4736 a x + 0.3157 a y - 0.7894 a z ) + 5.1841 a x + 5.2106 a y - 1.0265 a z )
H2 = 4.7105 a x + 5.5263 a y - 1.8159 a z A m
Now
B 2 = m 2 H2 = 5 m 0 H2 = 5 4 p 10 -7 H2
B 2 = 20 p 10 -7 (4.7105 a x + 5.5263 a y - 1.8159 a z )
B 2 = 29.5965 a x + 34.7222 a y - 11.4094 a z m Wb m 2
Example 8.9.5
Solution : The magnetic field intensity is given by,
TM
H =
8 - 17
I
I
=
2pr C
0.3
where C = Circumference
H =
But
B = mH = m 0 m r H
B = 4 p 10 - 7 1500 2 = 3.7699 10 - 3 T
15 10 - 2
=2 A m
The flux induced in one turn of a iron ring is given by,

f = BS
where S = Area of cross-section of iron ring
= (3.7699 10 - 3 ) (3 10 -4 ) = 1.13097 10 - 6 Wb
Hence the total flux established in the ring is given by,
f Total = N f
where N = Number of turns
= 250 (1.13097 10 - 6 )
= 0.2827 mWb
Example 8.9.6
Solution : The flux in air gap is also flux in core.
f
0.141 10 -3
=
= 0.35 T
Si
4 10 -4
0 . 35
Bi
Bi
= 849.15 A/m
=
=
=
m
m 0m r
4 p 10 -7 328
Bi =
Hence
Then
Hi
(Hi) (li) = (849.15) (0.44) = 373.626 A
For air gap, cross-sectional area is given by,

Sg = (0.02+0.002)2 = 4.8410 4 m2
Hence
Hg lg =
f
0.141 10 -3
lg =
2 10 -3 = 463.65 A
-7
-4
m 0 Sg
4 p 10 4.84 10
Hence
f = H i l i + Hg lg = 373.626 + 463.65 = 837.27 A
Hence
f = N I
f
837.27
I =
=
= 2.0932 A
N
400
Example 8.10.11
Solution : For a given solenoid in air,
m = m 0 = 4p 10 -7 Wb/A.m
N = 200
d = 6 cm = 6 10 -2 m
hence r =
TM
d
= 3 10 -2 m
2
8 - 18
l = 60 cm = 60 10 -2 m
The inductance of a solenoid is given by,
m N2 A
l
L =
-7
2
-2
m 0 N 2 ( pr 2 ) 4 p 10 ( 200) p 3 10
=
=
l
60 10 -2
= 2.3687 10 -4 H = 0.2368 mH
Example 8.10.12
Solution : A solenoid is in air, hence m r = 1
Given
N = 400, d = diameter = 10 cm = 10 10 -2 m, l = 50 cm = 50 10 -2 m
The inductance of a solenoid is given by
2
2
m N 2 A (m 0 m r ) N p d 4
=
L =
l
l
where
d
A = Area of cross-section = p r 2 = p
2
4 p 10
L=
-7
1 ( 400)
50 10 -2
(10 10 - 2 )
p
p d2
4
= 3.1583 10 -3 H = 3.1583 mH
Example 8.10.13
Solution : The inductance of the solenoid is given by,
mN 2 A
= 20 mH
l
where l = Length of the solenoid, A = Area = p r 2 , N = Number of turns
L =
r
Now length is made 2l while the radius is made . Then the inductance is given by
2
Lnew
\
r 2
m N 2 ( p )
2 m N 2 pr 2
=
=
8l
2
l
( )
Lnew =
( )
1 mN 2 A 1
20 10 -3
=
8 l 8
) = 2.5 mH
Example 8.10.14
Solutions : For inner solenoid : m r = 75, l = 50 cm = 50 10 - 2 m, N = 1500
TM
8 - 19
d = 2 cm, hence r = 1 cm = 1 10 - 2 m
So the inductance of solenoid is given by,
L in =
m m N 2 (p r 2 )
4 p 10 - 7 75 (1500) 2 ( p) (1 10 - 2 )
m N2 A
= 0 r
=
l
l
50 10 - 2
\
L in = 0.1332 H
For outer solenoid : m r = 1 (in air), l = 50 cm = 50 10 -2 m, N = 1200
d = 3 cm hence r =
d
= 1.5 cm = 1.5 10 -2 m
2
So the inductance of outer solenoid is given by,

L out =
\
m m N 2 (p r 2 )
4 p 10 - 7 (1200) 2 p (1.5 10 -2 ) 2
m N2 A
= 0 r
=
l
l
50 10 -2
L out = 2.5582 mH
Example 8.10.15
Solution : N = 700, h = height = 1.5 cm = 1.5 10 - 2 m
r1 = Inner radius = 1 cm = 1 10 - 2 m, r2 = Outer radius = 2 cm = 2 10 - 2 m
1) In general, inductance of a toroid of square cross section is given by,
L =
m 0 N2 h
r
ln 2
2p
r1
2 10 -2
4 p 10 -7 (700) 2 1.5 10 -2
ln
= 1.0189 mH
2 p
1 10 -2
2) By general approximate formula for toroid, the inductance is given by,

m N2 A
L = 0
2p R
where A = Area of square cross-section = (1 cm) (1.5 cm) = 1.5 10 - 4 m 2
r = Mean radius = 1.5 cm = 1.5 10 -2 m

4 p 10 -7 (700) 2 (1.5 10 - 4 )
L =
= 0.98 mH
2 p 1.5 10 -2
Thus for toroid, with radius larger than the cross-section, the inductance obtained by both
formulae are approximately same.
Example 8.10.16
Solution : For a solenoid with large length as compared to small cross section, the
magnetic field intensity inside the coil can be assumed to be constant and zero for points
just outside the solenoid.
Let the current flowing through the coil be I 1 .
TM
8 - 20
Then the magnetic field intensity is given by,

H1 =
N1 I 1
( 2000) I 1
=
= ( 2000) I 1 A/m
l1
100 10 -2
The magnetic flux density is given by,
B 1 = m H 1 = m 0 m r H 1 = 4 p 10 -7
) ( 2000 I 1) = (2.5132 10 -3 ) I 1
Wb / m 2
Total flux produced is given by,
f1 =
( B1) ( A 1)
f1 =
(3.1582 10 -6 ) I 1
= 2.5132 10 -3 I 1
) p (2 10 -2 )
Wb
The flux calculated above can only link with the second coil as H 1 and B 1 are zero outside
the coil 1.
The mutual inductance between two coils is given by
M12
\
( 4000) 3.1582 10 -6 I 1
N2 f1
=
=
I1
I1
M12 = 12.633 mH
Example 8.12.3
Solution : Given : N = 1000, f = 10 mWb = 10 10 3 Wb, R = 4 W, V = 40 V
The current in the coil at steady state is given by,
I =
V 40
=
= 10 A
R
4
Hence the self inductance of a coil is given by,

L =
Nf 1000 10 10 3
=1H
=
I
10
Thus the energy stored in a magnetic field is given by,

Wm =
1 2
1
LI = (1) (10) 2 = 50 W
2
2
Example 8.12.4
Solution : The inductance of toroid with N turns and A as area of a toroidal ring cross
section, is given by,
L=
( )
2
2
mN 2 A (m 0 m r ) N pr
=
, where R = Mean radius of a toroid, For air, m r = 1
2pR
2pR
TM
L =
8 - 21
(4 p 10 -7 )( 400) 2 p (4 10 -3 )
2 p (40 10 -3 )

2
= 40.2123 mH
The current flowing through an air core toroid is I = 10 A. Then the energy stored by
toroid is given by,
1 2
1
Wm =
LI =
40.2123 10 -6 (10) 2 = 2.0106 mW
2
2
Example 8.12.5
Solution : The energy density in free space in a magnetic field is given by,
1
1
mH 2 = m 0 m r H 2
wm =
2
2
But for free space m r = 1
1
1
\
wm =
m H 2 = 4 p 10 - 7 (1000) 2 = 0.6283 J m 3
2 0
2
qqq
TM
Time Varying Fields

and Maxwells Equations
Example 9.2.7
Solution : Here the magnetic flux is constant while the path is rotating with speed of
1500 r.p.m. The field intensity is given by,
where v = Linear velocity
E = vB
In one minute there are 1500 revolutions which corresponds to 25 revolutions in one
second. The distance covered in one second is ( 2pr ) meter. Hence in 25 revolutions the
distance travelled is (50pr ) meter. The conductor rotates in f-direction. Hence linear
velocity is given by,
v = (50pr ) a f = 50p 25 10 -2 a f = 39.27 a f m/s

Hence the electric field intensity is given by,
E = v B = ( 39.27 a f ) ( 0.5 a r ) = 19.635 ( - a z )
... a f a r = - a z
Induced e.m.f. is given by,

e =
E dL
As the conductor is parallel to z axis, dL = (dz) a z

\
z= 1
19.635(-a z ) ( dz) a z
e =
z= 0
= -19.635 [z]10 = 19.635 V
Example 9.2.8
Solution : The circular loop conductor is in X-Y plane. B is in a z direction which is
perpendicular to X-Y plane.

Hence, we can write,
dS = ( r dr df) a z
Total flux is given by
f =
B dS
(9 - 1)
TM

2p
9-2
0. 15
[(0.5 sin 10
f = 0 r= 0
(0.5 sin 10 t)
3
[f]20 p
Time Varying Fields and Maxwell's Equations
) ]
t a z [( r dr df) a z ]
0.15
r2
2
0
) [2p] (0.15)
2
= 0.5 sin 10 3 t
= 35.3429 sin 10 3 t mWb

Now induced e.m.f. is given by,
e = -
df
d
=dt
dt
[ 35.3429 10
= - 35.3429 10 -3
-3
sin 10 3 t
)(10 3 ) cos 10 3 t = 35.3429 cos 10 3 t
Hence current in the conductor is given by,

i =
e - 35.3429 cos 10 3 t
v = 1.7671 cos 103 t A
=
R
20
Example 9.2.9
Solution : The conductor is placed along x-axis

with one end at origin as shown in the Fig. 9.1.
Given : B = 0.04 a y T
v = Velocity = 2.5 sin 1000 t a z m/sec
By definition, the motional electric field intensity is

given by,
Em = v B
\
B
x
0.2 m
Em = (2.5 sin 1000 t a z ) (0.04 a y )
\
Em = 0.1 sin 1000 t ( - a x ) V/m
Now the induced e.m.f. in the conductor is given by,
e =
\
\
e =
E m dL =
Fig. 9.1
(Q a z a y = - a x )
( v B) d L
x = 0.2
0.2
x = 0
x = 0
[0.1 sin 1000 t ( - a x )] (dx a x ) = 0.1 sin 1000 t
= 0.02 sin 1000 t V

e = - 0.1 sin 1000 t [x] 0.2
0
Example 9.2.10
Solution : The induced e.m.f. is given by,
e = B l v sin q = (1.1) (0.5) (30) sin
p
= 16.5 V
2
As field and direction of motion are perpendicular to each other, q =

TM
p
2
dx
9-3

z
Example 9.2.11
Solution : Here filamentary conductor is fixed and it is
placed in z = 0 plane. It encloses area of 0.65 m 2 .
\
dS = dS a z
Induced e.m.f. according to Faraday's is law is given by,
B
dS
t
e = -
= -
= -
B
dS

3
0.05 cos 10
t
a y + a z
t
2
( dS a z )

Fig. 9.2
( )(- sin 10 3 t) dS
0.05 10 3
= + 35.355 sin 10 3 t dS
S
But
... a y a z = 0
az az = 1
dS is given as 0.65 m 2 .
e = 35.355 sin 10 3 t (0.65) = 22.98 sin 103 t V
Example 9.3.8
Solution : The conduction current density is given by
J C = s E = 5 100 sin 10 10 t = 500 sin 10 10 t A/m 2

The displacement current density is given by
JD =
=
D
E
=
( e E) = t ( e 0 e r E) = e 0 e r t
t
t
(8.854 10 -12 1) t [100 sin 10 10 t]
= 8.854 10 -12 10 10 100 cos 10 10 t

= 8.854 cos 10 10 t A/m 2
For the two current densities, the condition for the equal magnitudes is given by
JC
s
=
=1
ew
JD
\
w =
s
5
=
= 5.647 10 11
e
8.854 10 -12 1
TM
But
w = 2p f
f =
9-4
w
5.647 10 11
= 89.877 GHz
=
2p
2p
Example 9.3.9
Solution : i) The condition for both the current densities to have equal magnitude is
JC
JD
s
=1
we
s
e
2 10 -8
w =
w =
But
w = 2p f
f =
10 -8
36 p
= 226.194 rad/sec
w
226.194
= 36 Hz
=
2p
2p
ii) The displacement current density at f = 36 Hz is given by

JD =
=
d
dE
10 -8 d
=
e E) = e
(
( 200 sin w t)
dt
dt
36 p dt
10 -8
10 -8
200 w cos w t =
200 ( 2 p 36) cos ( 2 p 36) t
36 p
36 p
= 400 10 -8 cos 72 p t A/m 2 = 4 cos 72p t
m A/m 2
dE
dt
So from the expressions of J C and J D it is clear that both are always at right angles to
each other. So the phase angle between the current densities is 90.
iii)
J C = s E and J D = e
Example 9.3.10
Solution :
D = eE = e
V
d
Hence the displacement current density is given by,

JD =
D
e dV
V
=
e =
d
dt
d
t
t
Hence the displacement current is given by

e dV
iD = JD Area =
(A)
d dt
Plate area = A
TM
iD =
9-5
eA dV
dV
=C
d dt
dt
This current is same as conduction current.

dQ
dD
dV
dE eA dV
=A
= eA
=C
=
dt
dt
d dt
dt
dt
Hence the conduction current and displacement current is same. The displacement current
is given by
iC =
iD =
=
eA dV ( 2 e 0 ) ( A ) dV 2 8 . 854 10 -12 5 10 -4 d
=
=
50 sin 10 3 t
3
d
d dt
dt
dt
3 10
2 8.854 10 -12 5 10 -4 50 10 3
3 10 -3
cos 103t = 0.1475 cos 103t A
Example 9.3.11
2
Solution :
Area of plate = A = 10 cm = 10 10
Distance of separation = d = 2 mm = 2 10
m
6
Dielectric is air \ e r = 1, Applied voltage V = 300 sin 10 t volts

Hence displacement current is given by,
( e 0 e r ) A dV
eA dV
iD =
=
d dt
d
dt
=
8.854 10
12
1 10 10
2 10
8.854 10
12
10 10
2 10
d
300 sin 10 6 t
dt
6
300 10 6 cos 10 6 t = 1.3281 cos 10 t mA
Example 9.3.12
Solution :
According to condition,
=
s
we
JC
iC
i
and J D = D
A
A
iC A
iD A
iD
JC
JD
But
s
w (e 0 e r )
w (e 0 e r ) i C
2pf( e 0 e r ) i C
2 p 1 10 9 ( 8.854 10 -12 )( 3)
=
=
s
s
5.8 107
iD = 2.87748 nA
TM
9-6
Example 9.5.9
Solution : The point form of Maxwell's second equation is,
H = J+
D
t
But as fields are time invariant, we can write,

D
= 0
t
\
H = J
J =
ax
x
0
ay
az
y
z
0 ( 3 x cos b + 6y sin a )
J =
[ 3 x cos b + 6y sin a ] a x - x [ 3 x cos b + 6y sin a ] a y

y
J = 6 sin a a x - 3 cos b a y A / m 2
Example 9.5.10
Solution : Consider Maxwell's equation for static fields,
E = 0
Consider L.H.S. of equation (1),
... (1)
L.H.S. = E = x a x + x a y
2
ax
ay
az
= /x /y /z
x2
x
0
( )
( )
=
x2 a y +
x2 a z
( 0) - ( x) a x - ( 0) ( x) y
z
x
z
[0] - [0] + (1) a z
= az
But R.H.S. = 0. That means L.H.S. R.H.S.

Thus we have E 0 which indicates that the given electric field E is not static. But we
can have a static field only if the charge distribution is static. From above calculation it is
clear that E is not static implies this electric field cannot arise from static distribution of
charge.
Example 9.5.11
Solution : Given : E = 20 cos ( wt 50x) a y V m,
mr = er = 1
i) By definition,
D = eE = ( e 0 e r ) E = e 0 E
TM
...For free space
9-7
D = e 0 20 cos ( wt 50x) a y
] = 20 e 0[cos ( wt 50x) a y ]
The current density J D is given by,
D
=
20 e 0 cos ( wt 50x) a y
JD = Jd =
t
t
} = 20
...(1)
e 0 [ sin ( wt 50x)]( w) a y
J D = J d = 20 w e 0 sin ( wt 50x ) a y A m 2
...(2)
ii) By Maxwell's equation, for free space,

B
E =
t
\
ax
ay
B
= x
y
t
0
20 cos ( w t 50x)
az
z
0
= 0
20cos ( wt 50x)a x {0 0} a y + 20cos ( wt 50x) 0a z
z
x
\
B
= 20[ sin ( wt 50x)( 50)]a z = 1000 sin ( wt 50x) a z
t
B
= 1000 sin ( wt 50x) a z
t
Separating variables,
B = [ 1000 sin ( wt 50x) a z ] dt
Integrating both sides
cos ( wt 50x)
1000
B = 1000
a z = w cos ( wt 50x) a z T
w
By definition,
1000
B
B
B
=
=
=
cos ( wt 50x ) a z A m
H =
wm 0
m m 0m r
m0
...(3)
...(4)
Now to find value of w, let us use Maxwell's equation as follows,

D
= JD
H =
t
ax
ay
H = x y
0
\
\
az
z
1000
cos ( wt 50x)
wm 0
D
t
1000
1000
D

y wm cos ( wt 50x) 0 a x x wm cos ( wt 50x) 0 a y + [0 0] a z = t

0
[0 0] a x
D
1000
{ sin( wt 50x)}( 50) 0 a y + [0] a z = t

wm
0
TM
9-8
50000
D
sin ( wt 50x) a y =
wm 0
t
...(5)
Comparing equations (2) and (5) as both are of same form and representing same quantity,
we can write,
50000
20 w e 0 =
w m0
\
w m0 =
2500
w e0
...(6)
Putting equation (6) in equation (4), we can represent H in another form as,
1000
H =
cos ( wt 50x) a z = 0.4 w e 0 cos ( wt 50x ) a z A m
2500
we
0
Now rearranging equation (6)
2500
2500
=
w2 =
7
m0 e0
4 p 10
8.854 10 -12
)(
...(7)
= 2.24694 10 20
w = 1.4989 10 10 rad sec 1.5 10 10 rad sec
Thus representing values of J d and H by putting values of e 0 and w using equations (2)
and (7) as follows
) (
J d = 20 8.854 10 12 cos 1.5 10 10 t 50x a y
J d = 1.7708 10 10 cos 1.5 10 10 t 50x a y A m 2
\
Similarly,
H = 0.4 1.5 10 10
)(8.854 10 12 ) cos ( wt 50x) a z
= 0.053124 cos ( wt 50x ) a z A/m
Example 9.5.12
Solution : a) For time varying fields, we can write Maxwell's equation as,
B
E = t
We can write,
E =
ax
x
Ex
= -
ay
y
Ey
az
ax
=
z
x
Ez
0
ay
az
y
z
[kx - 100 t] 0
[kx - 100 t] a x + x [kx - 100 t] a z

z
Again E is varying with respect to x and not with z.
TM
9-9
[kx - 100 t] a z = - t
x
E =
k az = -
m H = -m
[x + 20 t] a z = - 20 m a z
t
t
( )
... B = m H
Comparing,
k = - 20m = - 20 (0.5) = 5 V/m 2
b) Consider Maxwell's equation derived from Gauss's law for electric fields,
D = rv
\
Dx Dy
Dz
= rv = 0
+
+
x
y
z
... Given
From given expressions of D,

D x = 5x,
D y = 2y ,
D z = kx
Putting values of D x , D y and D z , we get,
(5x) + ( -2y) + ( kx) = 0

x
y
z
\
\
5-2+k = 0
k = 3 mC/m 3
Note that in part (a), k is unknown in the expression of E which is expressed in V/m. In
the expression k is multiplied with x which is expressed in metres (m). Hence accordingly
k is expressed in V/m 2 . While in part (b), k is the part of expression of D which is
expressed in m C/m 2 . k is multiplied by z which is expressed in m, in expression of D.
Hence k is expressed in mC/m 2 .
Example 9.5.13
Solution : Using Maxwell's equation,
D
H = J +
t
In a free space, conduction current density is zero. So J = 0.
\
H =
( )
E
D eE
=e
=
t
t
t
As H has no component in a y and a z directions, H y = H z = 0

\
Hy Hx
H z H y
Hx Hz
a
ax +
ay +
H =
y z
x
z
z
x
y
TM
9 - 10
Hx
Hx
ay az
z
y
Again H is varying with z only and not with y.

Hx
= 0
y
Hx
E
ay = e
z
t
H =
\
\
[H m e j (w t + b z) ] a y = e
z
t
H m e j (w t + b z) ( j b) a y = e
E
t
Separating variables,
jb
E = H m e j (w t + b z) a y dt
e
Integrating both the sides with respect to corresponding variables,
b H m j (w t + b z)
jb
e j (w t + b z)
e
ay =
ay
E = Hm
ew
e
j
w

Also e = e 0 e r . But for free space e r = 1
\
E =
b H m j (w t + b z )
e
a y V/m
e0 w
Example 9.5.14
Solution :
The displacement current density is given by,

JD =
But
D
t
D = e0 er E = e0 E
For free space or air e r = 1
( e E) = e 0
( E)
t 0
t
JD =
J D = e0
J D = 8.854 10 12 80 ( - 6.277 10 8 ) sin [6.277 10 8 t - 2.092 y] a z
J D = - 0.4446 sin (6.277 10 8 t - 2.092 y) a z A m 2
[80 cos (6.277 10 8 t - 2.092 y) a z ]

t
Hence the amplitude of displacement current density is

|J D| = 0.4446 A m 2
TM
9 - 11
Example 9.5.15
Solution : According to ampere circuital law for free space,
H =
Now
H =
D
= JD
t
ax
x
0
where J D is displacement current density.

ay
az
y
z
0
10 6 cos (377 t + 1.2566 10 - 6 z)
6
-6
0 - z {10 cos (377 t + 1.2566 10 z)} a z - [0 - 0] a y +
6
-6
x {10 cos (377 t + 1.2566 10 z)} -
0 a z
= - 10 6 {- 1.2566 10 - 6 sin (377 t + 1.2566 10 -6 z)} a x

= + 1.2566 sin (377 t + 1.2566 10 - 6 z) a x
But by definition, the displacement current density is given by,
D
= H
JD =
t
\
For free space
J D = 1.2566 sin (377 t + 1.2566 10 - 6 z) a x A m 2
Hence the amplitude of the displacement current density is 1.2566 A m 2 .

Example 9.5.16
Solution : The magnitude of conduction current density is given by,
Magnitude of conduction current I C
=
JC =
Area of cross - section
A
=
2.5 10 -6
... (Q conductor has circular cross-section
p(2 10 -3 ) 2
and hence A = pr 2 )
Thus the magnitude of displacement current density is given by,

JC
JD
s
we
we e
we
Jc = Jc 0 r
s
s
JD =
5 10 8 8.8542 10 -12 1
J D = 0.198943
35 10 6
J D = 25.164 pA m 2
TM
9 - 12
Example 9.7.2
Solution : a) From general field relations,
E = - V -
A
t
V
A
V
V
= -
ax +
ay +
az t
y
z
= - 3 105 sin 3 10 8 t sin z a y + y cos z a z
)] - 10 -3 y cos z (- 3 10 8 sin 3 10 8 t) a z
= - 3 105 sin 3 10 8 t sin z a y - 3 105 y sin 3 10 8 t cos z a z

+ 3 105 y sin 3 10 8 t cos z a z
= - 3 10 5 sin 3 10 8 t sin z a y V/m
b)
ax
ay
az
B = A = / x / y / z
Ax
Ay
Az
From given expression of A

A x = 0,
\
A y = 0,
B =
A z = 10 -3
)( y) cos 3 10 8 t cos z
Az
Az
ax ay
y
x
As A z is not varying with x,
Az
=0
x
Az
ax =
y
y
[(10 ) y cos (3 10 ) t cos z] a

-3
B =
B = 10 -3 cos 3 10 8 t cos z a x Wb/m 2
But
B = m H = mr m0 H
10 -3 cos 3 10 8 t cos z
B
B
=
=
ax
H =
mr m0
m0
4 p 10 -7
H =
)
)
(
795.7747 cos (3 10 8 ) t cos z a x
... m r = 1 given
A/m
qqq
TM
10
Electromagnetic Power
and Poynting Theorem
Example 10.2.7
Solution : The field vectors can be represented as,
E = 150 sin ( wt - bz) a x V/m
Now H is mutually perpendicular to E and H m =
H =
Em
we can write,
h0
150
sin ( wt - bz) a y A/m
h0
Converting both the sinusoidal functions to cosinusoidal functions,
p
and
E = 150 coswt - bz- a x
2
H =
150
p
coswt - bz- a y
2
h0
Writing in phasor form,

E = 150 e j ( -bz-p / 2 ) a x
H =
and
150 j ( -bz-p / 2 )
e
ay
h0
Thus the complex conjugate of H is given by,

H
150 j b z+ 2
=
e
ay
h0
Hence average power density is given by,

1
Re[ E H * ]
Pavg =
2
=
150 j ( -bz-wt )
1
e
(150)
a x e+ j ( wt + bz ) a y
2
h0
1 (150) 2
(a z ) = 29.841 a z watt/m 2
2 120 p
Now the total power crossing area is given by,

(10 - 1)
TM
P =
Key Point
10 - 2
Electromagnetic Power and Poynting Theorem
(Pavg ) (area ) = (29.84)[(15 10-3 )( 30 10-3 )]
= 13.428 mwatt
The flow of power is normal to the area. The area is in z = 0 plane, so the
direction normal to this plane is a z .

Example 10.2.8
Solution : E (z, t) = 100 sin ( wt - bz) a x V m, where E m = 100
a = Side of the square = 25 mm = 2510- 3 m
Now H is mutually perpendicular to E, where H m =
\
H (z, t) =
Em
h0
Em
sin ( wt - bz) a y A m
h0
100
sin ( wt - bz) A m
120 p
Converting E and H to cosinusoidal functions,
p
E = 100 coswt - bz- a x and
2
H =
100
p
coswt - bz- a y
120 p
2
In phasor form we can write,

E = 100 e j ( - bz-p
H =
Hence
H* =
2)
100 j ( - bz-p
e
120 p
100 j ( bz+p
e
120p
2)
a x and
2)
ay
ay
1
R [ E H *]
2 e
100 j ( -bz-p 2)
1
e
=
a x e j ( bz+p
(100)
2
120p
Average power density = Pavg =
2)
ay
= 13.2629 a z W m 2
... (Q a x a y = a z )
Hence total power passing through area of square of side 25 mm is given by,
P = (Pavg ) (Area)= (13.2629) (2510- 3 ) 2 = 8.289 mW
Example 10.2.9
Solution : The magnitude of the electric field intensity is
E = 2.2 mV/m
The electric field intensity is measured at a distance
3
4
R = 10 km = 10 10 m = 10 m
TM
10 - 3
Electromagnetic Power and Poynting Theorem
The power is radiated by the station in free space. Hence the magnitude of the magnetic
field intensity is given by,
2 . 210-3
E
6
=
H =
= 5.8357 10 A/m
h0
120p
The magnitude of the power density is given by,
Power density =|P| = (E) (H) = (2.2 10-3 ) (5.8357 10 6) = 12.8385 10-9 W/m2
The power is radiated at a distance 10 km over a spherical region symmetrically. The area
of the spherical region is given by
S = 4pR2 = 4 p (104)2 = 1.2566 109 m2
Hence the total power radiated over region is given by,
9
Power = (Power density) (Area) = (12.8385 10-9 ) (1.2566 10 )
= 16.13333 W
Example 10.2.10
Solution :
|P | =
For free space,
\
2
1 E0
2 h0
h 0 = 377
8 =
2
1 E0
2 377
E 20 = 16 (377)
E 0 = 77.666 V/m
qqq
TM
11
Uniform Plane Waves

Example 11.3.5
Solution : i) For air as a medium, the velocity of proagation is
8
v = c = 3 10 m/s
Then the wavelength is given by,
c
3 10 8
=
= 30 m
f 10 10 6
Hence phase constant b is given by,
2p 2 p
=
= 0.2094 rad/m
b =
30
l
ii) For air, the intrinsic impedance is given by
l =
h = h 0 = 120 p = 377 W
The electric field E and the magnetic field H are in phase quadrature. As E is in
x-direction, H must be in y-direction so that the wave travels in z-direction.
\
H =
6
E
cos (w t bz) a y A/m
=
377
h0
iii) The average Poynting vector is given by

Pavg =
1
Re [E H * ]
2
We can represent E in phasor form as,

E = 6 e j ( wt -bz) a x
Similarly we can represent H in phasor form as
H =
6 j ( wt -bz )
e
ay
377
The complex conjugate of H can be written as

H* =
6 - j ( wt -bz )
e
ay
377
(11 - 1)
TM
11 - 2
Uniform Plane Waves
Hence average Poynting vector is given by
P avg =
1
6 - j( wt -bz )
ay
6 e j( wt -bz ) a x
e
2
377
1 36
2
(a ay) = 0.0477 az watt/m

2 377 x
Example 11.3.6
E = ( 200 30 ) e j250Z a x
Solution :
By comparison,
b = 250 =
2p
l
l =
2p
= 0.0251 m
250
f =
c
3 10 8
=
= 11.9522 10 9 Hz
0.0251
l
But
w = 2pf = 2 p 11.9522 10 9 = 75.0978 GHz
Intrinsic impedance of free space is 377 W or 120 p.

H =
200 30 + 90 250Z
e
a y = 0.5305120 e 250Z a y A/m
120p
The wave propagates in positive z-direction.

Example 11.3.7
Solution :
E = 800 cos 10 8 t - b y a z V/m
i) For uniform plane wave in free space,
ii)
b =
w
10 8
= 0.3333 rad/m
=
c 3 10 8
l =
2p
2p
= 18.85 m
=
0.3333
b
iii) The magnetic field intensity in the free space is given by,
H =
E
h0
For free space, h 0 = 120 p = 377 W. Since power flow is in y-direction and E is in z-direction,
the direction of H will be + x-direction.
\
H =
)a
800 cos 10 8 t - b y
377
A/m = 2.122 cos 10 8 t - b y a x A/m
TM
11 - 3
Uniform Plane Waves
iv) H at P (0.1, 1.5, 0.4) at t = 8 ns is given by
[ (
H = 2.122 cos 10 8 8 10 -9 - ( 0.3333)(1.5) a x = 2.122 cos (0.3) a x

\
H = 2.1219 a x A/m
Example 11.5.6
Solution : The wavelength of an electromagnetic wave may be different in different media,
but the frequency remains constant in all media.
When an EM wave is in medium 1 i.e. free space, the wavelength is l 1 = 0.2 m, while
when it is in medium 2 i.e. perfect dielectric, the wavelength changes to l 2 = 0.09 m. But
in both the media, the frequency of an EM wave remains constant i.e. f.
When an EM wave is in free space, the velocity of propagation is given by,
v 1 = c = 3 10 8 m/s
\
\
f l 1 = c in free space
f =
c
3 10 8
=
= 1.5 10 9 Hz
0.2
l1
Now EM wave enters in perfect dielectric with frequency f = 1.5 10 9 Hz and wavelength
l 2 = 0.09 m. Then the velocity of propagation of an EM wave in perfect dielectric is given
by,
v 2 = f l 2 = 1.5 10 9 0.09 = 1.35 10 8 m/s

But velocity of propagation can also be expressed as,
1
1
1
=
=
v2 =
me
(m 0 m r ) ( e 0 e r ) (m 0 m r ) e 0 v 2
2
\
er =
) (
4 p 10 -7 (1) 8.854 10 -12
)(
1.35 10 8
= 4.9315
Example 11.5.7
Solution : Assume lossless medium. \ s = 0. The wavelength is given by,
2p
l =
b
\
b =
2p
2p
= 3.59 rad/m
=
1.75
l
But for lossless medium,

b = w m e = 3.59
\
w =
3.59
=
me
3.59
(m 0 m r )( e 0 e r )
TM
11 - 4
Uniform Plane Waves
3.59
w =
w = 1.522 10 8 rad/sec
(4 p 10 -7 )(1) (8.854 10 -12 )(50)
The magnetic field is given by,

H =
B
= H m e j (w t -b z)
m0
The intrinsic impedance is given by,

m 0m r
=
e0 er
m
=
e
h =
4 p 10 -7 1
8.854 10 -12 50
\
h = 53.278 W
But intrinsic impedance can also be expressed interms of the magnitudes of electric and
magnetic fields as,
Em
h =
Hm
From the given expression of E, the magnitude E m is 20 p .
\
Hm =
Em
( 20)( p )
= 1.1793 A/m
=
h
53.278
Example 11.5.8
Solution : Given : For lossless medium, mr = 2, er = 3, f = 10 MHz = 10 10 6 Hz
= 1 W m2
Pavg
i) The velocity of propagation for lossless medium is given by,

n=
1
=
me
(m 0 mr )( e 0 er )
(4 p 10
-7
) (
2 8.854 10
-12
ii) The wavelength is given by,

l =
n 1.2239 10 8
=
= 12.239 m
f
10 10 6
iii) The intrinsic impedance of a lossless medium is given by,

h =
Note that h 0 =
m0
e0
m 0m r
m
=
=
e
e0 er
m0
e0
mr
= h0
er
mr
er
= 377 W = Intrinsic impedance of free space.
TM
= 1.2239 10 8 m sec
11 - 5
Uniform Plane Waves
2
= 307.8192 W
3
h = 377
iv) The magnitude of average Poynting vector is given by,

Pavg
1 Em 2
2 h
E 2m
1
2 ( 307.8192)
\
\
E 2m = 615.6384
Em =
615.6384 = 24.8121 V m
Hence the r.m.s. value of the electric field is given by,

E r.m.s. =
Em
2
24.8121
= 17.5448 V m
2
Example 11.5.9
Solution : i) For the given medium i.e. fresh water, conductivity s = 0. Assuming medium
to be a lossless medium, we can write,
attenuation constant a = 0
ii) The phase constant is given by,
b = w me = w
(m 0 m r ) ( e 0 e r )
Putting values of w, m 0 , m r , e 0 and e r ,

b =
(2 p 300 10 6 ) (4 p 10 -7 )(1) (8.854 10 -12 )(78) = 55.529
rad/m
iii) The wavelength is given by,

l =
2p
2p
= 0.1131 m
=
55. 529
b
iv) The intrinsic impedance is given by,

h =
m
=
e
m0 mr
=
e0 er
(4 p 10 -7 )(1) = 42.656
(8.854 10 -12 )(78)
Example 11.6.5
Solution : For lossy dielectric medium, propagation constant is given by,
g =
\ g =
j wm (s + j we)
j 2 p 15.9 10 6
)(4 p 10 -7 1) 60 + j (2 p 15.9 10 6 )(8.854 10 -12 50)

TM
11 - 6
g =
j (125.5413)[ 60 + j 0.0442]
g =
[125.5413 90] [60 0.04]
g = 86.78 45.02
g = a + j b = 61.3413 + j 61.3841
Uniform Plane Waves
Comparing real and imaginary terms, we get,

a = 61.3413 Np m and b = 61.3841 rad/m
The velocity of propagation is given by,
v =
w
=
b
(2 p 15.9 10 6 ) = 1.6275 10 6
61.3841
m/s
The intrinsic impedance is given by,
(
)(4 p 10 -7 1)
60 + j (2 p 15.9 10 6 ) (8.854 10 -12 50)
j 2 p 15.9 10 6
h =
j wm
=
s + j we
h =
j (125.5413)
=
( 60 + j 0.0442)
125.5413 90
= 1.4465 44.98 W
60 0.04
Example 11.6.6
Solution : The propagation constant in lossy dielectric is given by,
g = a + j b = j wm (s + jwe)
\
g =
j ( 2 p f) (m 0 m r ) s + j ( 2 p f) ( e 0 e r )
)[2.56 10 -4 + j (2 p 10 10 9 )(8.854 10 -12 2.3)]

j (78.9568 10 3 )[2.56 10 -4 + j 1.2795]
\ g = j 2 p 10 10 9 4 p 10 -7
\
g =
g =
[78.9568 10
g =
101.025 10 3 179.98
g = 317.84 89.99 = 0.0554 + j 317.84
Thus,
a = 0.0554 Np/m
90 [1.2795 89.98]
and
b = 317.84 rad/m
Example 11.6.7
Solution : For lossy medium,
g =
j wm (s + j we) and
TM
11 - 7
Uniform Plane Waves
jwm
s + jwe
h =
j wm = j(10 9 p 3 4 p 10 7 ) = j(11.8435 10 3 ) = 11.8435 10 3 90

s + j we = 5 10 2 + j(10 9 p 2 8.854 10 12 ) = 5 10 2 + j 0.05563
=
0.0748 48.05
Now the propagation constant is given by,

jwm(s + jwe) = (11.8435 10 3 90 )( 0.074848.05 )
g =
= 29.7639 69.03
\
g = a + jb = 10.6518 + j 27.7925
a)
a = 10.6518 Np/m
b)
b = 27.7925 rad/m
c)
h =
11.8435 10 3 90
= 397.914 41.95 W
0.074848.05
d) The velocity of propagation is given by,

v =
w
10 9 p
=
= 1.1303 10 8 m/sec
27.7925
b
Hence electric field intensity can be given as,

p
E = 20 e + ax cos 10 9 pt + bx + a z V/m
K(1)
e) E at x = 1.5 m, t = 3 nsec :
Substituting values of x, t, a, b in equation (1), we get
p
E = 20 e + ( 10.6518 )(1.5 ) cos(10 9 p)( 3 10 9 ) + ( 27.7925)( 1.5) + a z
3
K(Calculate cos value in radian mode)
= 20( 0.114 10 6 )( 0.9802)a z = 2.2348 10 6 a z = 2.2348 a z mV/m
f)
E
h
p
20e ax
cos10 9 pt + + bx 41.95 a y A/m
3
397.914
At x = 1 m, t = 2 nsec :
H=
p
41.95 p
20e( 10.6518 )(1)
cos(10 9 p)( 2 10 9 ) + + ( 27.7925)(1)

ay
3
180
397.914
= (0.0502) (23.658 10 6 ) ( 0.6989)a y = 0.83 a y mA/m

TM
11 - 8
Uniform Plane Waves
g) For 360 phase shift (i.e. for 2 p radian) the distance travelled by wave is l. Then for 20
phase shift, the distance d travelled by the wave is given by,
d =
20 l
20 2p
40 p
=
= 0.01256 m = 12.56 mm
=
360
360 b
360(27.7925)
h) Now amplitude reduces to 12 V/m. Hence we can write,

12 = 20 e a( x ) because amplitude is reducing
\
12
= e(10.6518)(x)
20
Taking ln on both the sides,

(10.6518)(x) = 0.5108
\
x = + 47.956 10
Example 11.7.7
m = 47.956 mm
Kept this example for student's practice.
Example 11.7.8
Solution :
s = 10 - 3 S/m,
e = 80 e 0 ,
m = m0
Let us first check the type of medium; whether it is dielectric or conducting.

s
s
s
10 - 3
=
= 22.47 >> 1
=
=
we
(2pf) ( e)
(2pf) (80 e 0 )
2 p 10 10 3 80 8.854 10 -12
s
is greater than 1, at frequency of 10 kHz, the medium can be
we
assumed to be a conducting medium.
As value of ratio
For conducting medium different parameters can be obtained as follows.

i) Attenuation constant :
a = p f ms =
\
p fm0 s =
p 10 10 3 4 p 10 - 7 10 - 3
a = 6.2832 10 - 3 Np m
ii) Phase constant :

b =
\
p f ms =
p fm0 s =
p 10 10 3 4 p 10 - 7 10 - 3
b = 6.2832 10 - 3 rad m
iii) Propagation constant :

\
g = a + j b = 6.2832 10 - 3 + j 6.2832 10 - 3 = 8.8858 10 - 3 45 m - 1
iv) Intrinsic impedance :
j wm
=
h =
s + j we
\
h =
j (2 p f) m 0
s + j (2 p f) (80 e 0 )
j (2 p 10 10 3 ) (4 p 10 - 7 )
10 - 3 + j (2 p 10 10 3 ) (80 8.854 10 - 12 )
TM
h =
h =
11 - 9
Uniform Plane Waves
j 0.07895
0.001 + j 4.4505 10 - 5
0.07895 90
1 10 - 3 2.548
\
h 8.8853 43.72 W
iv) Wavelength :
2p
2p
=
= 999.99 m 1000 m
l =
b
6.2832 10 - 3
v) Velocity of propagation :
1
1
v =
=
=
me
m 0 (80 e 0 )
\
1
4 p 10 - 7 80 8.854 10 - 12
v = 0.3352 10 8 m sec
Example 11.7.9
Solution : The velocity of propagation is given by,
v = fl
\
f =
v
2.5 105
=
= 1 10 9 Hz = 1 GHz
l 0.25 10 -3
But the velocity of propagation is also given by,

w 2pf
=
v =
b
b
\
b =
2 p f 2 p 1 10 9
= 25.1327 10 3 rad/m
=
v
2.5 105
For good conductor, the phase constant is given by,

b = p f ms = p f (m 0 m r ) s
But for a non-magnetic material, m r = 1
p 1 10 9 4 p 10 -7 s = 25.1327 10 3
b =
s = 1.6 10 5 S/m
Example 11.7.10
Solution : For conducting medium, s = 58 MS/m. So using expressions of h, g and v for
good conductor. The intrinsic impedance is given by,
j ( 2 p f) (m 0 m r )
j wm
=
h =
s
s
=
(2 p 100 10 6 )(4 p 10 -7 1) 90
58 10
TM
= 3.6896 10 -3 45 W
11 - 10
Uniform Plane Waves
The propagation constant is given by

g =
=
\
j wms =
( 2 p f) (m 0 m r ) s
90
(2 p 100 10 6 )(4 p 10 -7 1)(58 10 6 ) 90 = 2.1399 105
45
g = a + j b = 1.5131 103 + j 1.5131 10 5
Comparing real and imaginary terms, we get,

a = 1.5131 105 Np / m , and
b = 1.5131 105 rad/m
The velocity of propagation is given by,
w 2pf
2 p 100 10 6
= 4.152 103 m/s
v =
=
=
b
b
1.5131 105
Example 11.7.11
Solution : For aluminium with very high conductivity, the propagation constant is given
by,
g = jwms = j (2pf) (m 0 m r ) s
=
j (2 p 2 10 6 ) (4 p 10 - 7 1) (40 10 6 ) =
6.3165 10 8 90 = 25.1326 10 3 45 m - 1
j 6.3165 10 8
= 17.771 10 3 + j 17.771 10 3 m - 1
But
g = a + j b = 17.771 10 3 + j 17.771 10 3
By comparing real and imaginary terms, we get,

a = 17.771 10 3 Np m
b = 17.771 10 3 rad m
Hence skin depth for aluminium is given by,
1
1
d =
=
= 56.2714 mm
a
17.771 10 3
Similarly the velocity of propagation is given by,
w 2pf
2 p 2 10 6
v =
=
=
= 707.12 m s
b
b
17.771 10 3
Example 11.7.12
Solution : For conducting medium, assume m r = 1. The depth of penetration is given by,
1
1
=
d =
p f (m 0 m r ) s
p f ms
d = 0.1 m, f = 1 MHz = 1 10 6 Hz
TM
Given
\
\
0.1 =
11 - 11
Uniform Plane Waves
1
p 1 10 6 4 p 10 -7 1 s
s = 5.0329 /m
Example 11.9.6
Solution : The interface is between perfect dielectric
(region 1) and free space (region 2).
For region 1,
h1 =
m1
e1
4 p 10 -7 1
8.8542 10 -12 8.5
Region 1
er1 = 8.5
Region 2
mr1 = 1
Free
space
s1 = 0
m1
e1
h1 =
= 129.22 W
h2 = 377 W
For region 2,
h 2 = 120 p = 377 W
By definitions,
2 h2
2 ( 377 )
Et
= 1.4894
=
=
G =
h1 + h2
Ei
(129.22 + 377 )
But
E i = 1.5 mV/m
E t = t ( E i ) = (1.4894) 1.5 10 -3
G =
) = 2.2341 mV/m
h - h1
Er
( 377 - 129.22)
= 0.4894
= 2
=
Ei
h2 + h1
( 377 + 129.22)
But
E i = 1.5 mV/m
E r = G ( E i ) = ( 0.4894) 1.5 10 -3
As we know, H t =
Fig. 11.1
Et
h2
and
Hr =
) = 0.7341 mV/m
Hr
we can write,
- h1
2.2341 10 -3
= 5.9259 mA/m and
377
0.7341 10 -3
=
= 5.681 mA/m
- 129.22
Ht =
Hr
Example 11.9.7
Solution : a) The standard equation for the incident electric field in x-direction is given by,
Ei = E 0 e - j b z a x V/m
Comparing given Ei with standard equation, we get,
b = 1 rad/m
TM
11 - 12
Uniform Plane Waves
Then the wavelength is given by,

l =
2p
2p
=
= 2 p = 6.2831 m
1
b
Now the given Ei is in free space. In free space v = c = 3 10 8 m/s

\
v = c= fl
c
3 10 8
= 47.75 MHz
=
6.2831
l
b) For free space, h = h 0 = 120 p = 377 W.
f =
A uniform plane wave is propagating in z-direction. E field is in x-direction. Thus to

get uniform plane wave in z-direction, H field must be in y-direction. The amplitudes of
E and H are relation by,
E0
E
E
or H 0 = 0 = 0
h0 =
H0
h0
377
\
H0 =
(2.6525 10 -3 ) E 0
A/m
Thus the magnetic field of the incident wave is given by,

Hi = H 0 e - j z a y = 2.6525 10 -3 E 0 e - j z a y A/m
c) The interface is between free space and

dielectric (m r = 1, e r = 4) as shown in the
Fig. 11.2.
x
Dielectric
(mr = 1, er = 4)
Free space
h2 = h0 = 377 W
For dielectric,
h2 =
\
h2 =
m
=
e
m rm 0
er e0
1 4 p 10 -7
4 8.854 10 -12
z=0
= 188.36 W
Fig. 11.2
The transmission coefficient is given by,

t =
2h 2
Et
=
Ei
h1 + h 2
But
Ei = E0
Et = E0
2 (188.36)
= 0.6663 E 0
( 377 + 188.36)
As the incident wave has the electric field in x-direction, the electric field in the transmitted
wave will be also in x-direction. Then the field in the transmitted wave is given by,
Et = E t e - j b z a x V/m
But
E t = (0.6663) E 0 V/m and b = 1 rad/m

TM
11 - 13
Uniform Plane Waves
Et = (0.663 E 0 ) e - j z a x V/m
The transmitted wave is in medium 2. For medium 2, h 2 = 188.36 W. As the incident wave
has the magnetic field in y-direction, the transmitted wave will also have the magnetic
field in y-direction. The amplitudes of transmitted electric and magnetic fields are related
by h 2 as,
Et
h2 =
Ht
\
Ht =
0.6663 E 0
Et
=
= 3.5373 10 -3 E 0 A/m
h2
188.36
Thus equation for magnetic field is given by,

Ht = H t e - j b z a y A/m
But
H t = 3.5373 10 -3 E 0 A/m and b = 1 rad/m
Ht =
(3.5373 10 -3 E 0 ) e - j z
a y A/m
Example 11.9.8
Solution : For region 1,
e r1 = 8.5, m r1 = 1 and s 1 = 0 means perfect dielectric
\
h1 =
m 0m r
=
e0 er
m
=
e
4 p 10 -7 1
8.854 10 -12 8.5
\
h1 = 129.22 W
For region 2 (free space),
h 2 = 120 p = 377 W
a) For normal incidence :
The reflection coefficient is given by,
E r h 2 - h1 377 - 129.22
G =
=
=
E i h 2 + h1 377 + 129.22
\
G =
Er
= 0.4894
Ei

2 ( 377 )
2h 2
Et
t =
=
=
E i h 2 + h1 377 + 129.22
\
t =
Et
= 1.4894
Ei
b) For oblique incidence :

By Snell's law of refraction,
e1
e r1 e 0
sin q t
=
=
=
sin q i
e2
e r2 e 0
8.5
1
TM
\
\
11 - 14
sin q t = sin (10 )

qt =
sin -1
Uniform Plane Waves
8.5
(0.506) = 30.42
With perpendicular polarization, at boundary,

h cos q i - h 1 cos q t
377 ( cos 10 ) - 129.22 ( cos 30.42 )
Er
= 0.5383
=
= 2
h 2 cos q i + h 1 cos q t
Ei
377 ( cos 10 ) + 129.22 ( cos 30.42 )
2h 2 cos q i
2 ( 377 )( cos 10 )
Et
=
=
= 1.5383
h 2 cos q i + h1 cos q t
Ei
377 ( cos 10 ) + 129.22 ( cos 30.42 )
Example 11.9.9
Solution : For medium 1, i.e. free space,
h 1 = 120 p = 377 W
For medium 2, i.e. perfect dielectric,
h2 =
m
=
e
m 0m r
=
e0 er
(4 p 10 -7 )(1)
(8.854 10 -12 )( 3)
\
h 2 = 217.507 W
2 h2
2 ( 217.507 )
Et
= 0.7317
t =
=
=
E i h 1 + h 2 ( 377 + 217.507 )
Hence magnitude of transmitted wave is E t = (0.7317) E i V / m
h - h1
Er
( 217.507 - 377 )
= 0.2683
G =
= 2
=
Ei
h2 + h1
( 217.507 + 377 )
... Negative sign indicates wave in opposite direction
Hence magnitude of reflected wave is E r = (0.2683) E i V / m
Interms of magnetic field magnitudes, we can write,
Et / h2
h
Ht
E
=
= 1 t
Hi
Ei / h1
h2 Ei
\
Ht
Hi
377
(0.7317) = 1.2682
217.507
Hence magnitude of transmitted H wave is,

H t = (1.2682) H i A/m
Ei
E
= i (2.6525 10 -3 ) E i
377
h1
But
Hi =
Hence,
H t = (1.2682) (2.6525 10 -3 E i ) = 3.3639 10 -3 E i A/m
TM
11 - 15
Uniform Plane Waves
Similarly
- Er / h1
E
Hr
=
= - r = - ( - 0.2683) = 0.2683
Ei / h1
Ei
Hi
Hence magnitude of reflected H wave is,
H r = (0.2683) H i = (0.2683) (2.6525 10 -3 E i ) = (0.7116 10 -3 ) E i A/m
Example 11.9.10
Solution : As medium 1 is free space,
h1 = 120 p = 377 W
For medium 2, s = 0 indicates it is lossless
dielectric. For lossless dielectric, intrinsic
impedance is given by,
m 0m r
m
h2 =
=
e
e0 er
\
h2 =
4 p 10 -7 9
8.854 10 -12 4
Medium 2
Material with
er = 4, mr = 9
Medium 1
Free space
and s = 0
Fig. 11.3
= 565.1 W

t =
2 h2
2 (565.1)
= 1.1996
=
h1 + h 2 377 + 565.1

h - h1
565.1 - 377
= 0.1996
G = 2
=
h 2 + h1
565.1 + 377
Example 11.10.5
Solution : Medium 1 is glass, for which e r1 = 9 ; while medium 2 is air, for which e r2 = 1.
The critical angle is given by,
e2
q c = sin -1
= sin -1
e1
e r2
e r1
1
9
q c = sin -1
q c = sin -1 (0.3333) = 19.47
Example 11.10.6
Solution : For medium 1 i.e. air : e 1 = e 0 e r1 = e 0
For medium 2 i.e. glass : e r = e 0 e r2 = 9 e 0
Hence Brewster angle is given by,
e2
9 e0
q B = tan - 1
= tan - 1
= 71.565
e1
e0
TM
... (Assume e r = 9 for glass)
11 - 16
Uniform Plane Waves
Now light is incident at Brewster's angle. Hence angle of incidence is q i = 71.565.

\ By Snell's law,
cm e
h
1 1
sin q i Now m 1 = m 2 = m 0 .
sin q t = 1 sin q i =
h2
cm e
2 2
\
\
e0
1
sin q t =
sin q i = sin (71.565 )
3
9 e0
1
q t = sin - 1 (sin 71.565 ) = 18.434
qqq
TM

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1

Solutions of Examples for Practice

Hence the unit vector along the direction OP is,

AB = (1) 2 + ( - 6) + (1) 2 = 6.1644

Thus unit vector directed from A to B is,

= 0.1622 a x 0.9733 a y + 0.1622 a z

( 0.1622) 2 + ( - 0.9733) 2 + ( 0.1622) 2 = 1.

Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Total surface area = S 1 + S 2 + S 3 = p R 2 + p R 2 + 2 p RL = 2 p R ( R + L).

Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

sin q dq df = a 2 [ - cos q ] 0 [f] 0

So area of the region is 2

Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

( 2) 2 + ( -5) 2 + ( -4) 2 = 45 and |B| = ( 3) 2 + (5) 2 + ( 2) 2 = 38

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

(5) 2 ( 4) 2 + (B y ) cos 45 i.e.

This is the required relation between B y and B z .

( 26) 2 + (18) 2 + ( 30) 2

= 0.5964 a x + 0.4129 a y + 0.6882 a z

This is the unit vector normal to the plane containing A and B.

a n = Unit vector in the direction A B

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Electromagnetic Field Theory

Kept this unsolved example for student's practice.

Solution : The scalar triple product is,

The vector triple product is,

Using in equations (1), (2), (3) we get,

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Using equations (1), (2) and (3), B in cartesian system is :

For transforming spherical to cylindrical use,

r = r sin q, z = r cosq, f = f, r = r 2 + z 2 , q = tan - 1

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

hence add 180.

Q ( 6.3245, 108. 435, 3)

Q (7 , 64. 623 , 108. 435 )

x = r sin q cos f, y = r sin q sin f, z = r cos q

B q = 2r sin q cos q sin f cos f + r cos 2 q sin f

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

B f = r sin q sin 2 f + r sin q cos 2 f + r cos q cos f

B f = + r sin q cos 2 q + r cos q cos f

cos 2 f sin 2 f = cos 2 q

At Q, r = 7, q = 64.623, f = 108.435 hence B at Q is,

Ar = 2r sin f cos f + z sin f = r sin 2 f + z sin f

A = [r sin 2 f + z sin f] a r + [r cos 2 f + z cos f] a f + 0 a z

[yz ] = 2y + 0 + 2zy = 2y + 2yz

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

F dS over a closed surface S

The cylindrical surface is shown in the Fig. 1.1.

2. Lateral surface for which z varies from 0 to 1,

3. Bottom surface S3 for which z = 0, r varies from

TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS - An up thrust for knowledge

Electromagnetic Field Theory

Let us verify divergence theorem which states that,