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Factors Determining Layout And Design Computer Science Essay
Facility layout and design is an important component of a businesss overall
operations, both in terms of maximizing the effectiveness of the production process
and meeting the needs of employees.
The basic objective of layout is to ensure a smooth flow of work, material, and
information through a system. The basic meaning of facility is the space in which a
business's activities take place. The layout and design of that space impact greatly
how the work is done-the flow of work, materials, and information through the system.
The key to good facility layout and design is the integration of the needs of people
(personnel and customers), materials (raw, finishes, and in process), and machinery
in such a way that they create a single, well-functioning system.
FACTORS DETERMINING LAYOUT AND DESIGN
Small business owners need to consider many operational factors when building or
renovating a facility for maximum layout effectiveness. These criteria include the
following:
1. Ease of future expansion or change-Facilities should be designed so that they
can be easily expanded or adjusted to meet changing production needs.
&quot;Although redesigning a facility is a major, expensive undertaking not to be done
lightly, there is always the possibility that a redesign will be necessary,&quot;
&quot;Therefore, any design should be flexible'. Flexible manufacturing systems most
often are highly automated facilities having intermediate-volume production of a
variety of products. Their goal is to minimize changeover or setup times for producing
the different products while still achieving close to assembly line (single-product)
production rates.&quot;
2. Flow of movement- the facility design should reflect recognition of the
importance of smooth process flow. In the case of factory facilities, the editors of How
to Run a Small Business state that &quot;ideally, the plan will show the raw materials
entering your plant at one end and the finished product emerging at the other. The
flow need not be a straight line. Parallel flows, U-shaped patterns, or even a zigzag
that ends up with the finished product back at the shipping and receiving bays can be
functional. However, backtracking is to be avoided in whatever pattern is chosen.
When parts and materials move against or across the overall flow, personnel and

paperwork become confused.

3. Materials handling-Small business owners should make certain that the facility
layout makes it possible to handle materials (products, equipment, containers, etc.) in
an orderly, efficient-and preferably simple-manner.
4. Output needs- the facility should be laid out in a way that is conducive to
helping the business meet its production needs.
1. Space utilization-This aspect of facility design includes everything from making
sure that traffic lanes are wide enough to making certain that inventory storage
warehouses or rooms utilize as much vertical space as possible.
2. Shipping and receiving-counseled small business owners to leave ample room
for this aspect of operations. &quot;While space does tend to fill itself up, receiving
and shipping rarely get enough space for the work to be done effectively,&quot;
3. Ease of communication and support-Facilities should be laid out so that
communication within various areas of the business and interactions with vendors and
customers can be done in an easy and effective manner. Similarly, support areas
should be stationed in areas that help them to serve operating areas.
4. Impact on employee morale and job satisfaction-since countless studies have
indicated that employee morale has a major impact on productivity, -- owners and
managers to heed this factor when pondering facility design alternatives: &quot;Some
ways layout design can increase morale are obvious, such as providing for lightcolored walls, windows, space. Other ways are less obvious and not directly related to
the production process. Some examples are including a cafeteria or even a
gymnasium in the facility design. Again, though, there are costs to be traded off. That
is, does the increase in morale due to a cafeteria increase productivity to the extent
that the increased productivity covers the cost of building and staffing the
cafeteria?&quot;
5. Promotional value-if the business commonly receives visitors in the form of
customers, vendors, investors, etc., the small business owner may want to make sure
that the facility layout is an attractive one that further burnishes the company's
reputation. Design factors that can influence the degree of attractiveness of a facility
include not only the design of the production area itself, but the impact that it has on,
for instance, ease of fulfilling maintenance/cleaning tasks.
6. Safety-the facility layout should enable the business to effectively operate in
accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration guidelines and other
legal restrictions.
&quot;Facility layout must be considered very carefully because we do not want to
constantly redesign the facility,&quot; &quot;Some of the goals in designing the facility

are to ensure a minimum amount of materials handling, to avoid bottlenecks, to

minimize machine interference, to ensure high employee morale and safety, and to
ensure flexibility. Essentially, there are two distinct types of layout. Product layout is
synonymous with assembly line and is oriented toward the products that are being
made. Process layout is oriented around the processes that are used to make the
products. Generally, product layout is applicable for high-volume repetitive operations,
while process layout is applicable for low-volume custom-made goods.&quot;
AN IDEAL LAYOUT
1. Transport: Movement of materials is a waste. Minimize the amount of
movement by arranging processes in close proximity to each other. Factory layouts
can often be the fundamental cause of excess transportation. When appropriate, relaying out the machines within a factory from a functional to a cellular layout has been
found by many companies to help not just reduce transportation waste but also reduce
WIP and waiting. Items being moved unnecessarily incur a cost.
2. Inventory: Many companies produce above what is required to fulfill the order,
this may be due to quality problems along the production process or the often
mistaken belief that is saves money by manufacturing larger quantities. Too little
inventory can lose sales; too much inventory can hide problems.
3. Motion: Generally, this waste applies to production personnel having to move
out of their work area to locate tools, materials, etc. Remove unnecessary motion of
the operations and improve the ergonomics of the workplace. People moving
unnecessarily also incur a cost.
4. Waiting: Minimize waiting time (operators waiting for machines or products
waiting around in factories either as finished goods or work in progress) Aim for a
smooth flow.

5. Overproduction: Always aim to make exactly what the customer orders, just in
time, to the correct quality standard. On the shop floor, this generally occurs because
changeover times are high, equipment is unreliable, the process is unreliable (causes
defects), and standard cost accounting metrics are used. However, probably the
biggest reason for overproduction is poor information flow (communication) between
facilities.
6. Over Processing: Use machines which are of an appropriate capacity and
capable of achieving the required quality standard. This usually refers to using larger
scale equipment than necessary; it also refers to building in rework to a process. It can
also refer to using the wrong suppliers and/or the wrong process.
7. Defects: Reducing the number of defects directly reduces the amount of waste.

Aim for zero defects.

The efficiency of production depends on how well the various machines; production
facilities and employee's amenities are located in a plant. Only the properly laid out
plant can ensure the smooth and rapid movement of material, from the raw material
stage to the end product stage. Plant layout encompasses new layout as well as
improvement in the existing layout.
It may be defined as a technique of locating machines, processes and plant services
within the factory so as to achieve the right quantity and quality of output at the lowest
possible cost of manufacturing. It involves a judicious arrangement of production
facilities so that workflow is direct.
Plant layout refers to the arrangement of physical facilities such as machinery,
equipment, furniture etc. within the factory building in such a manner so as to have
quickest flow of material at the lowest cost and with the least amount of handling in
processing the product from the receipt of material to the shipment of the finished
product.
&quot;The overall objective of plant layout is to design a physical arrangement that
most economically meets the required output - quantity and quality.&quot;,
&quot;Plant layout ideally involves allocation of space and Arrangement of equipment
in such a manner that overall operating costs are minimized.
IMPORTANCE
Plant layout is an important decision as it represents long-term commitment. An ideal
plant layout should provide the optimum relationship among output, floor area and
manufacturing process. It facilitates the production process, minimizes material
handling, time and cost, and allows flexibility of operations, easy production flow,
makes economic use of the building, promotes effective utilization of manpower, and
provides for employee's convenience, safety, comfort at work, maximum exposure to
natural light and ventilation. It is also important because it affects the flow of material
and processes, labour efficiency, supervision and control, use of space and expansion
possibilities etc.
ESSENTIALS REQUIREMENTS
An efficient plant layout is one that can be instrumental in achieving the following
objectives:
a) Proper and efficient utilization of available floor space.
b) To ensure that work proceeds from one point to another point without any delay.
c) Provide enough production capacity.
d) Reduce material handling costs.
e) Reduce hazards to personnel.

f) Utilize labour efficiently.

g) Increase employee morale.
h) Reduce accidents.
i) Provide for volume and product flexibility.
j) Provide ease of supervision and control.
k) Provide for employee safety and health.
l) Allow ease of maintenance.
m) Allow high machine or equipment utilization.
n) Improve productivity.
FACTORS INFLUENCING LAYOUT
While deciding his factory or unit or establishment or store, a small-scale
businessman should keep the following factors in mind:
a) Factory building: The nature and size of the building determines the floor space
available for layout. While designing the special requirements, e.g. air conditioning,
dust control, humidity control etc. must be kept in mind.
b) Nature of product: product layout is suitable for uniform products whereas process
layout is more appropriate for custom-made products.
c) Production process: In assembly line industries, product layout is better. In job order
or intermittent manufacturing on the other hand, process layout is desirable.
d) Type of machinery: General purpose machines are often arranged as per process
layout while special purpose machines are arranged according to product layout.
e) Repairs and maintenance: machines should be so arranged that adequate space is
available between them for movement of equipment and people required for repairing
the machines.
f) Human needs: Adequate arrangement should be made for cloakroom, washroom,
lockers, drinking water, toilets and other employee facilities, proper provision should
be made for disposal of effluents, if any.
g) Plant environment: Heat, light, noise, ventilation and other aspects should be duly
considered, e.g. paint shops and plating section should be located in another hall so
that dangerous fumes can be removed through proper ventilation etc. Adequate safety
arrangement should also be made.
Thus, the layout should be conducive to health and safety of employees. It should
ensure free and efficient flow of men and materials. Future expansion and
diversification may also be considered while planning factory layout.
DYNAMICS OF PLANT LAYOUT
Plant layout is a dynamic rather than a static concept meaning thereby if once done it
is not permanent in nature rather improvement or revision in the existing plant layout

must be made by keeping a track with development of new machines or equipment,

improvements in manufacturing process, changes in materials handling devices etc.
But, any revision in layout must be made only when the savings resulting from revision
exceed the costs involved in such revision. Revision in plant layout may become
necessary on account of the following reasons:
a) Increase in the output of the existing product
b) Introduction of a new product and diversification
c) Technological advancements in machinery, material, processes, product design,
fuel etc.
d) Deficiencies in the layout unnoticed by the layout engineer in the beginning.
APPLICABILITY OF PLANT LAYOUT
Plant layout is applicable to all types of industries or plants. Certain plants require
special arrangements which, when incorporated make the layout look distinct form the
types already discussed above. Applicability of plant layout in manufacturing and
service industries is discussed below.
In case of the manufacturing of detergent powder, a multi-story building is specially
constructed to house the boiler. Materials are stored and poured into the boiler at
different stages on different floors. Other facilities are also provided around the boiler
at different stations. Another applicability of this layout is the manufacture of talcum
powder. Here machinery is arranged vertically i.e. from top to bottom. Thus, material is
poured into the first machine at the top and powder comes out at the bottom of the
machinery located on the ground floor.
Yet another applicability of this layout is the newspaper plant, where the time element
is of supreme importance, the accomplishment being gapped in seconds. Here plant
layout must be simple and direct so as to eliminate distance, delay and confusion.
There must be a perfect coordination of all departments and machinery or equipment,
as materials must never fail. Plant layout is also applicable to five star hotels as well.
Here lodging, bar, restaurant, kitchen, stores, swimming pool, laundry, shaving
saloons, shopping arcades, conference hall, parking areas etc. should all find an
appropriate place in the layout. Here importance must be given to cleanliness, elegant
appearance, convenience and compact looks, which attract customers. Similarly plant
layout is applicable to a cinema hall, where emphasis is on comfort, and convenience
of the cinemagoers. The projector, screen, sound box, firefighting equipment,
ambience etc. should be of utmost importance.
A plant layout applies besides the grouping of machinery, to an arrangement for other
facilities as well. Such facilities include receiving and dispatching points, inspection
facilities, employee facilities, storage etc.

Generally, the receiving and the dispatching departments should be at either end of
the plant. The storeroom should be located close to the production, receiving and
dispatching centers in order to minimize handling costs. The inspection should be right
next to other dispatch department as inspections are done finally, before dispatch.
The maintenance department consisting of lighting, safety devices, fire protection,
collection and disposal of garbage, scrap etc. should be located in a place which is
easily accessible to all the other departments in the plant. The other employee
facilities like toilet facilities, drinking water facilities, first aid room, cafeteria etc. This
can be a little away from other departments but should be within easy reach of the
employees. Hence, there are the other industries or plants to which plant layout is
applicable.
The importance of a layout would be better appreciated if one understands the
influence of an efficient layout on the manufacturing function: it makes it smooth and
efficient. Operating efficiencies, such as economies in the cost of handling materials,
minimization of production delays and avoidance of bottlenecks all these depend on a
proper layout.
An ideally laid out plant reduces manufacturing costs through reduced materials
handling, reduced personnel and equipment requirements and reduced process
inventory.
The objectives or advantages of an ideal layout are outlined in the paragraphs that
follow. The advantages are common to all the plants, irrespective of age; and whether
a plant employs 50 workers or 50,000 makes no difference in so far as the
applicability of the plant layout advantages is concerned.
Some of these advantages are:
Economies in Handling
Nearly 30% to 40% of the manufacturing cost is accounted for, by materials handling.
Every effort should, therefore, be made to cut down on this cost. Long distance
movements should be avoided and specific handling operations must be eliminated. A
cynic may say that the cheapest way to handle materials is not to handle them at all.
But, in a factory, materials have to be handled; and therefore, it all depends on the
layout.
Effective Use of Available Area
Every inch of the plant area is valuable, especially in urban areas. Efforts should
therefore be made to make use of the available area by planning the layout properly.
Some steps for achieving this end are: location of equipment and services in order
that they may perform multiple functions; development of up-to-date work areas and
operator job assignments for a full utilization of the labor force.

Minimization of Production Delays

Repeat orders and new customers will be the result of prompt execution of orders.
Every management should try to keep to the delivery schedules. Often, the deadline
dates for delivery of production orders are a bug-a-boo to the management.
Plant layout is a significant factor in the timely execution of orders. An ideal layout
eliminates such causes of delays as shortage of space, long-distance movements of
materials, spoiled work and thus contributes to the speedy execution of orders.
Improved Quality Control
Timely execution of orders will be meaningful when the quality of the output is not
below expectations. To ensure quality, inspection should be conducted at different
stages of manufacture. An ideal layout provides for inspection to ensure better quality
control.
Minimum Equipment Investment
Investment on equipment can be minimized by planned machine balance and
location, minimum handling distances, by the installation of general purpose machines
and by planned machine loading. A good plant layout provides all these advantages.
Avoidance of Bottlenecks
Bottlenecks refer to any place in a production process where materials tend to pile up
or are produced at a speed, less rapid than the previous or subsequent operations.
Bottlenecks are caused by inadequate machine capacity, inadequate storage space or
low speed on part of the operators. The results of bottlenecks are delays in
productions schedules, congestion, accidents and wastage of floor area. All these
may be overcome with an efficient layout.
Better Production Control
Production Control is concerned with the production of the product of the right type, at
the right time and at a reasonable cost. A good plant layout is a requisite for good
production control and provides the production control officers with a systematic basis
upon which to build organization and procedures.
Better Supervision
A good plant layout ensures better supervision in two ways:
1. Determining the number of workers to be handled by a supervisor and
2. Enabling the supervisor to get a full view of the entire plant at one glance.
A good plant layout is, therefore, the first step to good supervision.
Improved Utilization of Labor
Labor is paid for every hour it spends in the factory. The efficiency of a management
lies in utilizing the time for productive purpose. A good plant layout is one of the
factors in effective utilization of labor. It makes possible individual operations, the

process and flow of materials handling in such a way that the time of each worker is
effectively spent on productive operations.
Improved Employee Morale
Employee morale is achieved when workers are cheerful and confident. This state of
mental condition is vital to the success of any organization.
Morale depends on:
(a) Better working condition;
(b) Better employee facilities;
(c) Reduced number of accidents;
(d) Increased earnings.
Plant layout has a bearing on all these.
Avoidance of unnecessary and costly changes.
A planned layout avoids frequent changes which are difficult and costly.
The incorporation of flexibility elements in the layout would help in the avoidance of
revisions.

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