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Contents
1.
General.......................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Design Standards........................................................................................... 1
1.3
Dead Load...................................................................................................... 3
1.4
Live Load........................................................................................................ 3
1.5
Wind load....................................................................................................... 4
1.6
Seismic Load.................................................................................................. 4
1.7
Dynamic Load................................................................................................ 4
1.8
Design Requirements..................................................................................... 5
1.9
2.
3.
Introduction................................................................................................. 10
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2
3.3
Design Methods........................................................................................... 12
3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
3.4.5
3.4.6
Water Pressure....................................................................................... 14
3.4.7
3.4.8
Seismic Loads........................................................................................ 15
3.5
3.5.1
All design shall be based on the latest Indian Standard Specifications or Codes of Practice
the design standards adopted shall follow the best / modern engineering practice in the
field based on any other international standard or specialist literature.
ii.
All reinforced concrete structural design shall generally confirm to the recommendations
made in the following latest publications of the Indian Standards Institution/Indian Road
Congress.
iii.
All underground structures shall be designed for buoyancy condition with a factor of safety
of 1.2. For satisfying buoyancy condition 50% dead weight and maximum of 50% rock
anchoring is allowed.
iv.
The socketing criteria in the hard rock shall be as specified by Geotechnical Consultant or
recommended in the structural drawings, whichever is higher and in line with the energy
requirement. Socketing depth shall be minimum 1.5 times the diameter of pile.
dead load,
live load,
wind load,
seismic load,
stress due to temperature changes, shrinkage and creep in materials,
2
6. dynamic loads:
(ii)
(iii)
In the absence of any suitable provisions for live load in I.S. Codes or as given for any particular
type of floor or structure, assumptions made must receive the approval of the MMRDAs
representative prior to starting of the design Work.
Apart from the specified live loads or any other load due to storage of materials, any other
equipment load or possible overloading during maintenance or erection/construction in part or
full, most critical condition shall be considered in the design.
Ground/uplift pressures on the base slab. A minimum factor of safety of 1.2 shall be ensured
against uplift or floatation.
Slabs, Chhajjas
Beams (floor, roof and tie), Lintel and Plinth
Columns
Column Pedestals
Foundation Slabs
Retaining Walls, Basements and Pit Walls
A. Face in contact with earth
B. Free Face
Liquid Retaining Structures
greater
45 mm
45 mm
50 mm
50 mm
45 mm
45 mm
45 mm
50 mm
75 mm
45 mm
45 mm
b) For walls and base slabs of liquid retaining structures, the following shall be considered.
Minimum reinforcement shall be as per IS 3370, part II. This reinforcement shall be placed
closer to the concrete faces and the minimum specified clear cover as per IS: 3370 and
Clause (a) above.
The maximum length of Panel to be concreted, sequential of pouring and height of pour
shall be as per Standard Specifications, IS 456-2000 and IS 3370 part I, latest revision as
applicable.
c) The minimum thickness of all RCC works for various structural members/elements shall
be as follows:
i)
ii)
200 mm
150 mm
5
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
ix)
200 mm
100 mm
125 mm
300 mm
100 mm
100 mm
500 mm
3.
IS: 3370
4.
5.
IS: 1893
IS: 2974
6.
IRC: 6 Part II
6
IS: 800
IS: 806
9.
building construction
Code of Practice for earthquake resistant design and
10.
Construction of Buildings
Code of practice for design and construction of
11.
Foundations.
12.
13.
IS:
14.
storage of Liquids.
Code of Practice for Design and Construction of
(PART I to IV)
IS: 11089 1984
15.
ring Foundation
Criteria for design for R.C.C. Staging for Overhead
16.
water tanks.
Recommendations for detailing of reinforcement in
17.
18.
Cement.
Specification for 53-grade Ordinary Portland
19.
Cement.
Specification for mild steel and medium tensile
1982
3370
1967
reinforcement.
20.
21.
Hard
drawn
steel
wires
for
concrete
reinforcement.
Specifications for Portland Pozzolana Cement
22.
23.
24.
sewerage system
Code of practice for corrosion protection of steel
1968
IS: 9077 1979
25.
IS: 3812
Surface structures
Stratification
Tunnel Geometry
Cross Passages
Unit Weight
Poissons Ratio
Subgrade Reaction
Design section represents an average section, so there is no need to assume the lowest value for
all design data. In general the average soil parameters within the respectve design zone and the
average layering system will be adopted for the design.
Design methods and engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel supports
3.1.2 Basically there are four different groups of design methods:
Empirical
Observational
11
Analytical
Numerical
designs
method, restrain effects of the rock/soil around the structure can be modeled by Winkler springs
(compression only).
In cut and cover parts, considering the whole rock/soil weight on the tunnel crest this is a
realistic method to determine the internal forces on the tunnel.
In this method, the effect of rock/soil-structure proportional stiffness is taken into account to
determine the internal forces of the structure. In order to determine the erection loads of the
structural components, it is necessary to consider the rock/soil structure proportional stiffness
plus the order and succession of the construction. To achieve, Convergence Confinement Method
(CCM) or Numerical Methods (NM) or Finite Element Method (FEM) is used, with the
limitations, advantages and applicability of each method is taken into account.
3.4.1 Fundamentals of Seismic Analysis
Effects of Ground motion on the tunnel during the earthquake is generally categorized into the
following three classes:
a) Longitudinal Bending
b) Compression-Extension
c) Warping (In-Plane deformation of the structure section - Ovaling)
The mobilized strains in the structure due to longitudinal bending and compression extension are
usually analyzed on the model of Beam on Elastic Bed at which the equivalent linear or nonlinear springs must be considered. However, it is easy to decrease the longitudinal strains by
using structural joints along the tunnel. In order to calculate the structural internal forces due to
the ground shear displacements which cause ovaling in the structure, Seismic Intensity Method
or Rock/Soil-Structure Interaction Method by using time history or displacement methods such
as Response Displacement Method can be employed. The effects of Rock/soil-structure
proportional stiffness around the tunnel must be taken into account anyway.
3.4.2 Design Load Conditions
It is worth mentioning that in underground tunnels which are drilled using NATM method, the
retaining system to control the tunnel stability comprises two stages of primary covering and
final covering. The load distribution assumption between these two parts is highly effective in
the design procedure
13
it must be tried to make the primary covering that bear the erection loads alone as much as
possible and avoid using the final covering capacity for that, otherwise it would be necessary to
construct the final covering with a little distance from the primary covering to make sure that the
primary covering is not supposed to bear the external loads singly for a long time. Thus, the
primary covering will be designed for the erection loads and the final covering will be designed
for the other loads on the tunnel.
3.4.3 Design loads considered in tunnel lining
(i)
Loads due to strength loss of the primary covering after a long term loads due to
the probable saturation of the soil mass in NATM method
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Water pressure
14
15