a.

Wind Load
The wind criteria for design should be determined by proper analysis of wind data. As with
wave loads, wind loads are dynamic in nature, but some structures will respond to them in a
nearly static fashion. For conventional fixed steel templates in relatively shallow water, winds
are a minor contributor to global loads (typically less than 10 percent). Sustained wind speeds
should be used to compute global platform wind loads, and gust speeds should be used for the
design of individual structural elements. In deeper water and for compliant designs, wind
loads can be significant and should be studied in detail. A dynamic analysis of the platform is
indicated when the wind field contains energy at frequencies near the natural frequencies of
the platform. Such analyses may require knowledge of the wind turbulence intensity, spectra,
and spatial coherence.
Wind speed and direction vary in space and time. On length scales typical of even large
offshore structures, statistical wind properties (e.g., mean and standard deviation of speed)
taken over durations of the order of an hour do not vary horizontally, but do change with
elevation (profile factor). Within long durations, there will be shorter durations with higher
mean speeds (gusts factor). Therefore, a wind speed value is only meaningful if qualified by
its elevation and duration.
The load of the wind is acting on the structure as a lateral load. The wind force is working on
the structure that is above the water, as well as on the equipment, deck house, etc. The force
of the wind must be calculated because this load will be needed to design section dimension
of the tower. The wind load on the object should be calculated as

Where,
F = wind force,
= mass density of air, (slug/ft3, 0.0023668 slugs/ft3
for standard temperature and pressure),
= wind speed (ft/s),
Cs = shape coefficient,
A = area of object (ft2).

b. Wave Load.

The wave loads on a platform are dynamic in nature. For most design water depths presently
encountered, these loads may be adequately represented by their static equivalents. For
deeper waters or where platforms tend to be more flexible, the static analysis may not
adequately describe the true dynamic loads induced in the platform. Correct analysis of such
platforms requires a load analysis involving the dynamic action of the structure.
The computation of the force exerted by waves on a cylindrical object depends on the ratio of
the wavelength to the member diameter. When this ratio is large (> 5), the member does not
significantly modify the incident wave. The wave force can then be computed as the sum of a
drag force and an inertia force, as follows:

where
F = hydrodynamic force vector per unit length acting normal to the axis of the member, lb/ft
(N/m),
FD = drag force vector per unit length acting to the axis of the member in the plane of the
member axis and U, lb/ft (N/m),
FI = inertia force vector per unit length acting normal to the axis of the member in the plane
of the member axis and U/t, lb/ft (N/m),
Cd = drag coefficient,
w = weight density of water, lb/ft3 (N/m3),
g = gravitational acceleration, ft/sec2 (m/sec2),
A = projected area normal to the cylinder axis per unit length (= D for circular cylinders), ft
(m),
V = displaced volume of the cylinder per unit length (= D2/4 for circular cylinders), ft2
(m2),
D = effective diameter of circular cylindrical member including marine growth, ft (m),
U = component of the velocity vector (due to wave and/or current) of the water normal to the
axis of the member, ft/sec (m/sec),
|U| = absolute value of U, ft/sec (m/sec),
Cm = inertia coefficient,
U =
t
component of the local acceleration vector of the
water normal to the axis of the member, ft/sec2
(m/sec2).
The load of the wave is a major source of environmental force on offshore platform. Because
wave is irregular in the shape, vary with height and period, and The type of the wave must be
determined first to find appropriate wave characteristic in figure 4 below.

Figure 1. relation between wave height and ocean deep

Drag and Inertia Coefficients.

For typical design situations, global platform wave forces can be calculated using the
following values for unshielded circular cylinders:
smooth Cd = 0.65, Cm = 1.6
rough Cd = 1.05, Cm = 1.2
These values are appropriate for the case of a steady current with negligible waves or the case
of large waves with Umo Tapp/D > 30. Here, Umo is the maximum horizontal particle
velocity at storm mean water level under the wave crest from the two-dimensional wave
kinematics theory, Tapp is the apparent wave period, and D is platform leg diameter at storm
mean water level. For wave-dominant cases with Umo Tapp/D < 30, guidance on how Cd and
Cm for nearly vertical members are modified by wake encounter. Such situations may arise
with large-diameter caissons in extreme seas or ordinary platform members in lower sea
states considered in fatigue analyses.

c. Current Load
The total current is the vector sum of the tidal, circulational, and storm-generated currents.
The relative magnitude of these components, and thus their importance for computing loads,
varies with offshore location. Tidal currents are generally weak in deep water past the shelf
break. They are generally stronger on broad continental shelves than on steep shelves, but
rarely exceed 1 ft/s (0.3 m/s) along any open coastline. Tidal currents can be strengthened by
shoreline or bottom configurations such that strong tidal currents can exist in many inlet and
coastal regions; e.g., surface values of about 10 ft/s (3 m/s) can occur in Cook Inlet.
Circulational currents are relatively steady, large scale features of the general oceanic
circulation. Examples include the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic Ocean and the Loop Current in
the Gulf of Mexico where surface velocities can be in the range of about 36 ft/s (12 m/s).
While relatively steady, these circulation features can meander and intermittently break off
from the main circulation feature to become large scale eddies or rings which then drift a few
miles per day.

Velocities in such eddies or rings can approach that of the main circulation feature. These
circulation features and associate eddies occur in deep water beyond the shelf break and
generally do not affect sites with depths less than about 1000 ft (300 m). Storm generated
currents are caused by the wind stress and atmospheric pressure gradient throughout the
storm. Current speeds are a complex function of the storm strength and meteorological
characteristics, bathymetry and shoreline configuration, and water density profile. In deep
water along open coastlines, surface storm current can be roughly estimated to have speeds
up to 23 percent of the one-hour sustained wind speed during tropical storms and hurricanes
and up to 1% of the one-hour sustained wind speed during winter storms or extratropical
cyclones. As the storm approaches shallower water and the coastline, the storm surge and
current can increase.
Current load is a lateral force that is acting with distributed from the surface water to the mud
line. The current load should be determined as
F=1/2 x x D x CD x V
Where,
F
= Current Load
D
= Diamter cylinder
Cd
= drag coefficient
V
= current speed