IN BUILDING SOLUTIONS (IBS) USING

DISTRIBUTEDANTENNA
SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
With the advent of new technologies, people using their
cellular device Everywhere ,They cannot afford a dead zone
where the calls will be dropped.
The two main factors for poor network or coverage area
1. expanding user base
2. the raw materials used for building construction.
These factors along with few others develop an area where no
coverage is possible.
A Distributed Antenna System (DAS) alleviates both issues and
provide reliable coverage throughout the building.

Communications Technology in Emerging

Internet access differs substantially across and The
world is buzzing with mobile communications.
Smart phone

We have observed huge demands on the available

spectrum as a result of increase in the

1.Smart phone usage

2.mobile application
3.data traffic.

The results

85% data and 70% voice traffic is generated indoor.

Poor reception in
1.Officebuildings
2 parking garages
3.airports
This places can lead to missed calls, opportunities, and
loss of revenue , seamless and robust wireless
coverage.
Low-quality signals, dropped connections, and lack
Of coverage decrease productivity and this lead to
frustrate Users.

Wireless device is becoming prevalent in everyday

life and hence the ability to have vast
service coverage is paramount. When more users
access a network, distributed antenna system works
to increase the network capacity thus allowing the

individuals to continue with their conversation or other

work on the cellular device without any interruption.
Now-a-days due to the increase in the number of green buildings,
DAS has become crucial.
In green building the low-E glass blocks the cell signals from
reaching its occupants.
Thus DAS will enable a flawless cellular coverage transition.

Figure 1

COMPONENTSUSED IN IBS
The components used in IBS are Base Transceiver
Station (BTS), Splitters, Couplers, Cables
and Antennas.
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

A base transceiver station(BTS) is a piece of equipment that

facilitates wireless communication
between user equipment (UE) and a network. BTS contains the
equipment for transmitting and
receiving radio signals (transceivers), antennas, and equipment
for encrypting and decrypting
communications with the base station controller (BSC) [3]. A BTS
is controlled by a parent BSC via
the Base Station Control Function (BCF).

Figure 2: Base Transceiver Station

Splitters

RF Power splitters are required to split the Input RF Power into 2

or 3 or 4 equal parts.
2-Way Splitters operate in the frequency range 698-2700 MHz.
They have a split loss of 3dB and an insertion loss of less than
0.3dB [4].

Figure 3: 2-Way Splitter

3-Way Splitters operate in the frequency range 698-2700
MHz. They have a split loss of 4.8dB and an insertion loss of
less than 0.4dB [4].

Figure 4: 3-Way Splitter

4-Way Splitters operate in the frequency range 698-2700

MHz. They have a split loss of 6dB
and an insertion loss of less than 0.5dB .

Figure 5: 4-Way Splitter

Directional Couplers

A directional coupler provides coupling of the main signal

path to another signal based on the
direction of the signal propagation. These devices are used in IBS
networks to unequally split the
signal flowing in the mainline. Directional couplers operate in the
frequency range 698-2700MHz.

Figure 6: Directional Coupler

Antennas

There are two types of antennas used in IBS Omnidirectional

antennas and Panel antennas.
Omnidirectional antenna is a wireless transmitting or
receiving antenna that radiates or
intercepts radio frequency electromagnetic fields equally well in
all horizontal directions in a flat,
two dimensional (2D) geometric plane. The radiated power
decreases with elevation angle above
or below the plane, dropping to zero on the antennas
axis.Radiation pattern of omnidirectional antenna is donutor
torus shaped. Omnidirectional antenna has a gain of 2dBi.

Figure 7: Omnidirectional Antenna

Panel antennas are high performance directional antennas that
are designed for point to point and point to multipoint directional
wireless applications. Panel antenna has a gain of 7dBi.

Identification of potential buildings for IBS.

Design Distributed Antenna system using passive & active
elements.
Prepare complete diagram with each antennas EIRP (Effective
Isotropic Radiated
Power).
Implementation of IBS solution with best professional way
without disturbing
aesthetic of building.v. LOS & Link Planning to connect site.
. RF parameter planning, RF walk test and call quality testing.

The following are the challenges that may be faced by

the IBS system:
1-Type of environment Open layout, dense layout or mixed use.
2-Buildings construction materials (Sheetrock, block, metal or
concrete.
3-RF design goals (required strength of signal).
4-Special application profiles (hospitals, corporate offices,
hospitality, etc.)

Types of Distributed Antenna System:

There are many different approaches to how you can design an
indoor coverage system with uniformly distributed coverage level
1. passive distribution,
2.active distribution,
3 .hybrid solutions,.
Degrading the power level at the antenna points and increasing
the base station noise figure on
the higher frequencies used for 3G/4G. 3G and 4G can perform
really highspeed data transmission, but only if the radio link
quality is sufficient, and passive systems will to a large systems .

Passive Components
1-Coax Cable

Obviously coax cable is widely used in all types of distributed

antenna systems, especially in
passive systems. Therefore it is important to get the basis right

with regards to cable types, and

losses.
total loss= distance( m)* attenuation per meter
Example

Calculating the total longitudinal loss of 67 m of

1
2

inch coax

on 1800 MHz
total loss= 67m *0. 1 dB/m= 6. 7dB

Splitters:

Splitters and power dividers are the most commonly used passive
components in distributed
antenna systems, Splitters are used for splitting one coax line
into two or more lines, and vice versa.
splitter loss= 10 log( no. of ports)+ insertion loss
Example:

For a 1:3 splitter ,with insertion loss, typically about 0.1 dB , the
attenuation will be:
10 log( 3)+ 0. 1dB = 4. 87 dB
Taps/Uneven Splitters: Tap splitters are used like splitters, used
to divide the signal/power
from one into two lines. The difference from the standard 1:2
splitter is that the power is not
equally divided among the ports.
Attenuators:

attenuate the signal with the value of the attenuator. For example
a 10 dB attenuator will attenuate the signal by 10dB (port 2 1 port
attenuation).
Attenuators are used to bring higher power signals down to a
desired range of operation, typical to avoid overdriving an
amplifier, or to limit the impact of noise power from an active
distributed antenna system

Dummy Loads or Terminators:

Terminators are used as matching loads on the transmission

lines, often on one port of a circulator, or any open or unused
ports on other components.
Circulators:
The circulator splitter is a nonreciprocal component with low
insertion loss in the forward direction (ports 12, 23 and 31) and
high insertion loss in the reverse direction (ports 21, 32 and 1
3).
Examples of Use

The circulator can be used to protect the port of a transmitter

against reverse power from reflections caused by a disconnected
antenna or cable in the antenna system.
A 3dB Coupler (90 Hybrid):
The 3dB coupler are mostly used for combining signals from two
signal sources. At the same time the coupler will split the two
combined signals into two output ports.

Example of Use

If you need to combine two transmitters or two transceivers

(TRXs/TRUs), you can use a 3 dB coupler.
However, if you need to combine the two transmitters and at the
same time distribute the power to a passive distributed antenna
system with several antennas.

Filters:

When designing indoor solutions there are basically two types of

filters that you will encounter,the duplexer and the diplexer or
triplexer

Duplexer:

The duplexer is used to separate a combined TX/RX signal into

separate TX and RX lines.
Diplexer/Triplexer:

The diplexer will separate or combine whole bands from or with

each other, for example, input
combined 2100 and 1800MHz and output separate 2100 and
1800MHz bands.
A three band version that can separate or combine 900, 1800 and
2100 MHz is also available, called a triplexer.