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Numerical & Statistical Computations V1
1.
Find the negative root of the equation x3
decimal places by Newton Raphson Method.
Ans1f(x) = x^3 - 21x + 3500
f'(x) = 3x^2 - 21

21x + 3500 = 0 correct to two

y_n+1 = y_n - f(x_n)/f'(x_n)

formula for Newton's Method, right.
Let x_0 = -25
x_1 = -25 - f(-25)/f'(-25) -18.74.2...
x_2 = etc.
= -15.64
2.
Solve the following set of linear equations by Gauss Seidal method
1.2x + 2.1y + 4.2z = 9.9
5.3x + 6.1y + 4.7z = 21.6
9.2x + 8.3y +
z = 15.2
Ans21.2x + 2.1y + 4.2z = 9.9
12x+21y+42z= 99;
5.3x + 6.1y + 4.7z = 21.6
53x+61y+47z= 216;
53x=216-61y-47z
9.2x + 8.3y +
92x+83y+z=15.2

z = 15.2

x=-13.229
y= 16.766
z=-2.246
3.
Define Interpolation with the help of suitable example. Derive the relat
ion between divided differences and ordinary differences.
Ans3Filling in unknown values in a sequence by examining known values is known as in
terpolation. So inther words we can say that interpolation is the method of dete
rmining the unknown data from the known once.
For example, suppose we have a table like this, which gives some values of an un
known function f.
Plot of the data points as given in the table.
x f(x)
0 0
1 2.5
2 2.8
3 3.1
4 3.3
5 3.6
6 3.9
Interpolation provides a means of estimating the function at intermediate points

, such as x = 2.5.,3.5,4.5 etc.

There are many different interpolation methods like Polynomial interpolation, Li
near interpolation etc.
there r formulae also like lagranges interpolation formula etc
4.
Integrate the function x + 2x +1 with respect to x from 0 to 1 by using T
rapezoidal. Divide the interval into eight equal intervals.
Ans4f(x)=x^3+2*x+1 and the compute
(1/8)*(f(0)/2+f(1/8)+f(2/8)+f(3/8)+
f(4/8)+f(5/8)+f(6/8)+f(7/8)+f(8/8)/2)
=577/256=2.2539
=2.25
5.
Fit a straight line trend by the method of least square to the followin
g data.

Year
1991
Production

1992
240

1993
255

1994
225

1995
260

280

Estimate the likely product for the year 2000.

Ans5Year
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
N=5

Y
240
255
225
260
280
?Y=1260

Derivation from
-2
-480
-1
-255
0
0
1
260
2
560
?=0
?XY=85

1993
4
1
0
1
4
?.=10

XY

X.X

The equation of least square line Y=a+bX

Since ?=0
a=?Y/N
b=?XY/?X.X
So,
a= 252
b=8.5
So 1260=252+8.5X
6. Solve the following differential equation by using Runga Kutta fourth order
method to find out y(1).
y
Given that y(0) = 1, h =0.5

= x2

y2

Ans6The fourth order RK-method is yi+1 = yi + 1/ 6(k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4),

k 1 = hf ( x i, y i ),
k 2 = hf x i + h 2 , y i + k 1 2 ! ,
k 3 = hf x i + h 2 , y i + k 2 2 ! ,
k 4 = hf ( x i + h, y i + k 3 )
k 1 = hf ( t 0, x 0 ) = f(1, 1) = 2,
k 2 = hf t 0 + h 2 , x 0 + k 1 2 ! = f(1.5, 2) = 2.33,
k 3 = hf t 0 + h 2 , x 0 + k 2 2 ! = 2.44,
k 4 = hf ( t 0 + h, x 0 + k 3 ) = 2.72
y1 = 1 + 1 6(2 + 2 * 2.33 + 2 * 2.44 + 2.72)

= 3.37.
7. Find f
x
y

(3) and f

3
-14

(3) from the following table using Newton s forward formula.

3.2
3.4
3.6
-10.032 -5.296 0.256

3.8
6.672

4.0
14

Ans7X=3 u=3-3/50=0
F(3)= -14+0.4/1!+(0.4)(0.4-1)/2![-0.39]
+(0.4)(0.4-1)(0.4-2)(-0.07)/4!
+(0.4)(0.4-1)(0.4-2)(0.4-3)(0.4-4)(0.4-5)(0.02)/6!
=11.64
Let x=3 u=3-3.4/50=.008
F(3)=-5.296+.36(1.77)+0.36(-0.64)(-0.16)/2
+0.36(0.64)(-1.64)(0.03)/6
=5.7
8.
Discuss the three available methods (Bi-Section, Regula Falsi and Newton
Raphson Method) and explain the merits and demerits of each method.
Ans8Bisection Method:
This method is used in locating a root of the equation f(x) = 0 between a and b.
If f(x) is continuous between a and b, f(a) and f(b) are opposite in sign then
exists a root between a and b. For simplicity, let f(a) < 0 and f(b) > 0 The fir
st approximation to the root is (a b) 2 1 x1 ? ? If f(x1) = 0 then x1 is the roo
t of f(x)=0 If f(x1) is + ve then root lies between a and x1 and the second appr
oximation to the root is (a x ) 2 1 x2 ? ? 1 Now if f(x2) is - ve then the root
lies between x2 and x1 and the third approximation to the root is (x x ) 2 1 x3
? 2 ? 1 This process is continued until the root is found with desired accuracy
Regula-Falsi Method:
This is a method of finding a real root of an equation f(x) = 0 and is slightly
an improvisation of the bisection method. Let x0 and x1 be two points such that
f(x0) and f(x1) are opposite in sign.
Let f(x0) > 0 and f(x1) < 0 ? The graph of y = f(x) crosses the x-axis between x
0 and x1 ? Root of f(x) = 0 lies between x0 and x1 Now equation of the Chord AB
is (x x ) ...(1) x x f(x ) f(x ) y f(x ) 0 1 0 1 0 0 ? ? ? ? ? When y =0 we get
x = x2 f(x ) ...(2) f(x ) f(x ) x x i.e. x x 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 ? ? ? ? Which is the
first approximation If f(x0) and f(x2) are opposite in sign then second approxim
ation f(x ) f(x ) f(x ) x x x x 0 2 0 2 0 3 0 ? ? ? ? This procedure is continue
d till the root is found with desired accuracy.
Newton Raphson Method
This method is used to find the isolated roots of an equation f(x) = 0, when the
derivative of f(x) is a simple expression. Let m be a root of f(x) = 0 near a.
?
f(m) = 0 We have by Taylor's series f (a) ..... 2! (x a) f(x) f(a) (x a) f (a)
'' 2 ' ? ? ? ? ? ? f(m) f(a) (m a) f (a) ..... ' ? ? ? ? ? Ignoring higher order
terms f(m) = f(a) + (m - a) f' (a) = 0 f (a) f(a) or m a ' ? ? ? f (a) f(a) or
m a ' ? ? Let a = x0, m = x1 is the first approximation f (x ) f(x ) then x x 0
' 0 1 ? 0 ? . . . is the second approximation f (x ) f(x ) x x 1 ' 1 2 ? 1 ? is
the iterative formula for Newton Raphson Method
Assignment B
1.
Compare and contrast Trapezoidal, Simpson's 1/3 and Simpson's 3/8 rule o
f integration.
Ans1- Lets consider an eg:
Integrate the data using Simpson s 1/3 and Simpson s 3/8 Rules.
i
0
1
2
4
5
6
7

Xi
1.5
fi
2.577

1.0
1.6
1.543
2.828

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.7
1.669

1.811

1.971

However, in this problem we can combine the methods by

e interval:
1. We ll use Simpson s 1/3 rule on interval [1.0, 1.4]
2), and
2. We ll use Simpson s 3/8 rule on interval [1.4, 1.7]
3).
This way we obtain consistent accuracy O(h 4 ) on the
]
Use Simpson s 1/3 rule on interval [1.0, 1.4]. h = 0.1

2.151

2.352

appropriately dividing th
(4 subintervals is divisible by
(3 subintervals is divisible by
entire interval [1.0, 1.7

? 1.4 1f(x) dx
h/ 3 h f + 4f1 + 2f2 + 4f3 + f4
1.0
= 0.1 /3 [1.543 + 4(1.669) + 2(1.811) + 4(1.971) + 2.151]
= 0.729200.
Use Simpson s 3/8 rule on interval [1.4, 1.7]. h = 0.1
? 1.7
f(x) dx
3h /8 [ f4 + 3f5 + 3f6 + f7 ]
1.4
= 3(0.1)/ 8 [2.151 + 3(2.352) + 3(2.577) + 2.828]
= 0.741225
2. Find the value of f(x) at 3.1 and 3.9 for the following data by using the app
ropriate formula. x 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 y -14 -10.032 -5.296 0.256 6.672 14
Ans.
The first differences between the successive values of y are 3.968, 4.736, 5.552
, 6.416, and 7.328.
The second differences that is difference between successive differences are 0.7
68, 0.716, 0.864 and 0.916.
As it is not showing a clear trend.
Therefore, Appropriate formula for f(3.1) could be average of -14 and -10.032.
3.
Define Interpolation. Prove that E-?=1, where E is the shift operator. (
b)?4y0=y4-4y3+6y2-4y1+y0
Ans. 3- Interpolation is a method of constructing new data points within the ran
ge of a discrete set of known data points.
a. To estimate a value of (a function or series) between two known values.
b. To create a continuous function that incorporates (a finite set of data), suc
h as creating a curve that passesthrough a fixed set of points or a surface thro
ugh a fixed set of curves.
If the function f( x ) is single valued and continuous and is known as explicitl
y then the values of f( x ) for certain values of x like x0, x1, x2, ......, xn
can be calculated. The problem now is if we are given the set of tabular values
X
x0
x1
x2
....
xn-2
xn-1
xn
Y y0
y1
y2
....
yn-2
yn-1
yn
Satisfying the relation y = f( x ) and the explicit definition of f( x ) is not
known, is it possible to find a simple function say ?( x ) such that f( x ) and
?( x ) agree at the set of tabulated points
Assignment C
1. Which one is a method for getting solution to non-linear algebraic equation?
Options
a)
Runga Kutta Method
b)
Newton Raphson Method

c)
Jacobi Method
d)
Divided Difference Formula
Ans- Runga kutta Method
2. y=mx+c is the equation of a-Options
a)
Polygon
b)
Circle
c)
Line
d)
None
Ans-Line
3. Which one of the following is not a method for finding the root of an algebra
ic equation?
Options
a)
Newton Raphson Method
b)
Bi-Section Method
c)
Gregory s Method
d)
Regula Falsi Method
Ans- Regula Falsi Method
4. The formula for Newton Raphson method is
Options
Ans- None of these
5. For x3
5x +3 =0, the root lies in between
Options
a)
[0, 1]
b)
[4, 5]
c)
[3, 4]
d)
[0, -1]
Ans-[0,1]
6. The value of ? f(x) is
Options
a)
f(x1) + f(x0)
b)
f(x1)
f(x0)
c)
f(x1)
d)
None of these
Ans-None of these
7. Which one is not a method for numerical integration
Options
a)
Trapezoidal Rule
b)
Gauss Method
c)
Simpson s 1/3 Rule
d)
Simpson s 3/8 Rule
Ans-Gauss Method
8. The Formula for Bi-section method is
Options
a)
(x1+x2)/2
b)
(x1-x2)/2
c)
(x1x2)/2
d)
None of these
Ans-(x1+x2)/2
9.

Options
a)
b)
c)
d)

y3-3y2+3y1-y0
y3+3y2+3y1+y0
y0-3y1+3y2-y3
None of these

Ans-None of these
10. In forward difference formula 'h' is
Options
a)
The difference between two consecutive y.
b)
The difference between two consecutive x
c)
The difference between first and last x values
d)
The difference between first and last y values
Ans- The difference between two consecutive x
11. In line fitting method, the general equation of a line is
Options
a)
y = a + bx
b)
y2 = a + bx
c)
y = a + bx2
d)
None of these
Ans- y = a + bx
12. For Trapezoidal rule the Generalized Quadrature formula uses
Options
a)
n=1
b)
n=2
c)
n=3
d)
None of these
Ans-n=1
13. Gauss elimination method is used to solve the set of linear algebraic equati
ons
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-true
14. For f(a) and f(b)are of same sign then equation f(x)=0 has at least one root
with in [a,b].
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-true
15. C (n, r) or nCr. = n! / (n+r)! r!
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-False
16. In Gauss Elimination method, coefficient matrix A is reduced to upper triang
le matrix by using the elementary row operations
Options
a)
True
b)
False

Ans-True
17. Modified Euler is a modified version of Euler Method.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-True
18. Gauss Elimination method reduces the system of equations to an equivalent up
per triangular matrix.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-True
19. Regula Falsi Method converges fastest among Bi-section, Regula Falsi and New
ton Raphson Method.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-False
20. The number of distinguishable words that can be formed from the letters of M
ISSISSIPPI is 34650.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-True
21. The set of linear algebraic equations can be arranged in matrix for AX=B, wh
ere A is the coefficient matrix, X is the variable matrix.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans- True
22. Numerical methods give always-exact solutions to the problems
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-False
23. Simpson's method is used to interpolate the value of the function at some gi
ven point.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-False
24. The set of equation 3x+2y = 0 and 2x+7y = 9 can be solved by using Bi-Sectio
n method.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans- False
25. In solving simultaneous equation by Gauss- Jordan method , the coefficient m
atrix is reduced to ------------- matrix

Options
a)
Null
b)
Unit
c)
Skew
d)
Diagonal
Ans-Null
26. The order of convergence in Newton Raphson method is
Options
a)
2
b)
3
c)
0
d)
None of these
Ans-2
27. Which of the following is a step by step method
Options
a)
Taylor`s
b)
Adams-Bashforth
c)
Picard`s
d)
Euler`s
Ans-Euler s
28. In the case of Bisection method , the convergence is
Options
a)
LINEAR
b)
Quadratic
c)
Very slow
d)
None
Ans-Very slow
29. Solutions of simultaneous non- linear equations can be obtained using
Options
a)
Method of iteration
b)
Newton-Raphson method
c)
Bisection method
d)
None
Ans-Newton Raphson method
30. Bessel`s formula is most appropriate when p lies between
Options
a)
-0.25 and 0.25
b)
0.25 and 0.75
c)
0.75 and 1
d)
None of the above
Ans-0.25and0.75
31. The order of the matrix [473] is.
Options
a)
3*1
b)
1*3
c)
3*3
d)
1*1
Ans-3*1
32. If B is square matrix and BT = - B, then B is called
Options
a)
Symmetric
b)
Skew symmetric

c)
Singular
d)
Non Singular
Ans-Skew Symmetric
33. Find the coefficient of x in the Taylor series about x = 0 for f(x) =sin2x ?
Options
a)
-2/3
b)
-4/3
c)
4/3
d)
2/3
Ans- -2/3
34. The bisection method of finding roots of nonlinear equations falls under the
category of a (an) ---------------- method.
Options
a)
Open
b)
Bracketing
c)
Random
d)
Graphical
Ans- Bracketing
35. A unique polynomial of degree -----------------passes through n+1 data point
s.
Options
a)
n+1
b)
n
c)
n or less
d)
n+1 or less
Ans- n
36. Interpolation is the technique to find the value of dependent variable for t
he given value of independent variable
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans- False
37. By increasing the iterations of any Numerical methods, we increase the corre
ctness of the solution.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-True
38. Lagrange s Interpolation method can be used only for equal interval problems.
Options
a)
True
b)
False
Ans-False
39. Trapezoidal Integration Method is derived by putting
Options
a)
n =0
b)
n=1
c)
n=2
d)
n=4
Ans- n=1

40.
If f(x) is a real continuous function in [a,b], and f(a)f(b)<0, then for f(x),th
ere is (are).............in the domain [a,b].
Options
a)
One root
b)
An undeterminable number of roots
c)
No root
d)
At least on root
Ans- One root
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