APPENDIX C

ALTERNATE METHODS OF DESIGN

FOR PAVEMENT STRUCTURES

Each of the 50 states have developed methods of

design for new construction and for overlays. Many of
the states have used information and procedures contained in the 1972 version of the AASHTO Interim
Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures. It can be
expected that these states will adapt information from
this revision (1986) to the Guide as the basis for updating design procedures as seems appropriate. The
latest state procedures are available by contacting the
appropriate authorities in each of the states.
In addition to methods adopted by the states, pavement design procedures have been developed by
private industry, often through related associations.
This Appendix includes a representative listing of
such methods.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and U.S. Forest Service (Department of Agriculture) have developed design methods for use on military installations
and Forest Service roads and are referenced herein.
The Federal Highway Administration sponsors research and development related to pavement design
and has recently issued reports indicative of activities
in this area. These methods are considered to be in the
development stage and have not been officially
adopted by FHWA.
This Appendix is divided into five ( 5 ) sections; C. 1
and C.2 for the design of new flexible- and rigid-type
pavements, respectively, C.3 for design of overlays,
C.4 for structural analysis, and C.5 for low-volume
roads.
The reports on structural analysis describe analytical procedures to calculate stress, strain, or deformation in pavement structures.
The design procedures included in this Appendix
are not intended as a complete list; however, they do
provide representative information from a variety of
sources.

Research and Development of The

Asphalt Institutes Thickness Design
Manual (MS-1) Ninth Edition, Research
Report No. 82-2-RR-82-2 August 1982
(c) Computer Program DAMA, Users
Manual CP-1, October 1983
(d) The Asphalt Institute
Asphalt Institute Building
College Park, Maryland 20740
The
National
Crushed Stone Association
2.
(a) Flexible Pavement Design Guide of
Highways, 1972
(b) National Crushed Stone Association
1415 Elliot Place, N.W.
Washington, D .C. 20007
3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Roads, Streets, Walks and Open Storage
Areas, Flexible Pavement Design, U.S.
Army Technical Manual, TM-5-822-5,
May 1980
4. Shell Method
(a) Shell Pavement Design Method, 1978
Shell International Petroleum Company
Limited, London
(b) Koole, R.C. and Visser, W.,The New
Shell Method for Asphalt Pavements and
Overlay Design, Proceedings,
Canadian Technical Asphalt Association,
Volume XXIII, November 1978, p. 2.42
(b)

C.2 RIGID PAVEMF3NT DESIGN

1.

C. 1 FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN

1.

The Asphalt Institute

(a) Thickness Design-Asphalt Pavements
for Highways and Streets, 1981 (MS-1)

2.

Portland Cement Association

(a) Thickness Design for Concrete Highway
and Street Pavements, 1984
(b) Portland Cement Association
5420 Old Orchard Road
Skokie, Illinois 60077-4321
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute
Design of Continuously Reinforced
Concrete for Highways, Concrete

C-1

c-2

Design of Pavement Structures

Reinforcing Steel Institute, 933 North

Plum Grove Road; Schaumburg,
Illinois 60195, 1981

(c)

Majidzadeh, K. and Uves, G.,

Evaluation of Rigid Pavement Overlay
Design Procedure, Development of the
OAR Procedure, FHWA/RD-83/090,
Resource International, Worthington,
Ohio, July 1983

C.3 OVERLAY DESIGN

1.

The Asphalt Institute

(a) Asphalt Overlays for Highways and
Street Rehabilitation, The Asphalt
Institute, Manual Series No. 17, 1983
(1) Deflection Procedure
(2) Effective Thickness Procedure
(b) The Asphalt Institute
Asphalt Institute Building
College Park, Maryland 20740
2. Portland Cement Association
(a) Design of Concrete Overlays for
Pavements, ACI 324,lR-67 Journal
ACI, August 1967
@) Guide to Concrete Resurfacing Design
and Selection Criteria, 1981 PCA,
1981
(c) Portland Cement Association
5240 Old Orchard Road
Skokie, Illinois 60077-4321
3. Shell Method
(a) Claessen, A.I.M. and Ditmarsch, R.,
Pavement Evaluation and Overlay
Design, The Shell Method,
Proceedings, Fourth International
Conference on the Structural Design of
Asphalt Pavements, University of
Michigan, August 1977
(b) Koole, R.C., Overlay Design Based
on Falling Weight Deflectometer
Measurements, Tmsportation
Research Record No. 700,
Transportation Research Board,
Washington, D.C., 1979, pp. 59-72.
4. Federal Highway Administration
(a) Majidzadeh, K. and Ilves, G., Flexible
Pavement Overlay Design Procedures ,
Volume 1, Evaluation and Modification
of the Design Methods,
FHWAIRD-81/032, Resource
International, Worthington, Ohio 1981.
(b) Austin Research Engineers, Inc.,
Asphalt Concrete Overlays of Flexible
Pavements, Volume I, Development of
New Design Criteria, FHWA Report
NO. FHWA-RD-75-75, August 1975

C.4

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
VESYS I1 for flexible pavements
Rauhut, J.B., OQuin, J.C., and
Hudson, W.R., Sensitivity Analysis of
FHWA Structural Model VESYS 11,
Volume 2, Sensitivity Analysis, Report
NO. FHWA-RD-76-24, 1976
ILLIPAVE for flexible pavements
Road, L. and Figueroa, J.L.,Load
Response of Transportation Support
Systems, Journal, ASCE TE-1, 1980
National Cooperative Highway Research
Program, Project 1-10B
The Use of Distress Prediction
Subsystems for the Design of Pavement
Structures, Proceedings, Fourth
International Conference on Structural
Design of Asphalt Pavements,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1977
ILLISLAB for concrete pavements
Tabatabaie, A.M., Barenberg, E. J,,
and Smith, R.E., Longitudinal Joint
Systems in Slip-Formed Rigid
Pavements, Volume 11, Analysis of
Load Transfer Pavements, Report No.
FAA-RD-79-4-11, 1979
SLAB49 for concrete pavements
Hudson, W.R. and Matlock, H.,
Discrete-Element Analysis for
Discontinuous Plates, ASCE, Volume
ST 10, 1968

C.5 LOW-VOLUME ROAD

SURFACE DESIGN
1.

U. S. Department of Agriculture
(a) Surfacing Handbook
FSH 7709.56a
Forest Service
(b) USDA-Forest Service
P.O. Box 2417
Washington, D.C. 20013