APUSH Chapter 1

Founding the New Nation

Diverging Paths
Original colonies purpose new nation
- Varying purposes
- Thirteen colonies on east coast (16-1700)
- escaping poverty, religious persecution
-still europeans, under English flag
- America extension of European territory
- Christopher Columbus w/ explorers to explore (1500)
PERSECUTION: hostility and ill treatment esp. in regards to political/religious beliefs
- Colonists much in common led to unite
- Life in New diff. > diff. people
> eventual idea of independence
- colonists unite in New World
- originally alike; english-speaking, agriculture w/ english customs
- environment contributed to bond, believed:
- no official religion, no royal interference, no hierarchal
society
> became tenets of American life
- individual liberty, self-government, religious tolerance,
econ. opportunity
- subjugate outsiders
- Indians; massacred by war/disease
- Africans; slave labor for southern plantations
SUBJUGATE: bring under control esp. with use of force
LIBERTY: the freedom to pursue what one wants w/o interference by authorities
PLANTATIONS: estate on which crops such as sugar or cotton are farmed
-Diversity amongst colonists > small clashes
- thirteen distinctly different colonies
- Puritans; favored small communities
- tight, pious, democratic; homogenous community
- small family farms, New England

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PURITANS: group of the English Protestants who regarded the Church

of England as flawed
PIOUS: devotedly religious
HOMOGENOUS: the same, alike

- Southern colonies; landlords

- Anglicans,
- controlled labor force, black slaves
> looked down on poor farmers
ANGLICANS: members of the Church of England
-Middle colonies (New York to Delaware);
- Diversity,
- merchants in New York City, Quakers in Phil.
- Countryside estates
- Even within colonies small conflicts
- trade, ethnic, religious disagreements
=> difficult for colonists to believe in togetherness
ESTATES: large area of land in usually rural areas owned by a single
person or a particular organization

-Colonist shouldve been satisfied w/ Britain

-colonies had good degree of freedom of governance
-profited in British trade

- British Empire rivalry w/ Francy changed the status quo

- Struggle in N.A > French Indian War (1756-1763)
> catalyst for change in relationship
- colonist militia fought with British -> bonded against common enemies
MILITIA: military force raised from the civilian population esp. in an emergency
used in conjunction with a lacking army

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- afterwards colony dependence on Britain for protection gone

- (After 1763) financially desperate Brit. Govt. > imposing taxes
- colonies used to answering only to internal jurisdiction
- (1770s) taxation, sovereignty, trade problems
> crisis from colonists problem w/ imperial authority
- some hopeful for solution w/o independence
- royal stubbornness brought independence war
- War brought together united peoples > united country
- Bonded in war;
- camaraderie in battle, common struggle in forming a country
> disregarded differences as best as possibl
CAMARADERIE: mutual friendship and trust as a result of time spent with one another
- Not all behind cause
- 1/5 colonists side w/ British = Loyalists
- generation until divides would disappear
- End result, successful revolution and new country
- Help from French
- United front from colony from mutual beliefs in:
- unalienable rights of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness (Thomas
Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence)
- 200 years in new world > prepared for new nation
Section 1 Questions:
#1 : They became different as a product of the reason of which they went to the New World in
the first place. Colonists looked for non interference from royal authority, religious freedoms and
lack of a hierarchal society. These eventually evolved into the tenets of American life, ideals they
shared that were different from their European brethren. These included ideas of liberty, selfgovernance, religious tolerance and economic opportunity.
#2 : Intrinsic diversity was highlighted by the colonist experience, different colonies having
different populations with differing beliefs. For example, the Puritans looking for religious
freedom moved with their beliefs to form small tightly knit communities with family farms, while
the Anglicans created large plantations upon which they had large labor forces. These pressure
points became points of contention that divided them.
#3 : At first colonists had room for self governance, and profited from British trade. This status
quo was broken as a result of the French Indian War, in their desperation for economic stability
after the money drain of a war, they imposed taxes that the colonists up to this point hadnt had.
Their balance in authority and sovereignty had been upset.

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Peopling the Americas and The Earliest Americans

Geography in Motion
- North America shaped from original large landmass
- Terrain drifted > opened oceans and 7 continents
- Proven by identical fish species of now long separated continents
- Geography came to be over hundreds of million of years
- Crust shifted to make Mt.
- Appalachians 350 mil years before land shift
- West Mt. Ranges; Rockies, Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges
-135 mil to 25 mil years
- born after continent geographically indepedent
- 10 mil years basic shape features
- Northeast Canadian Shield
- anchor corner, first N.A. landmass above sea level
- Dynamic geography
-Eastern coastal plain formed by river valleys
-west -> Appalachians, into Mississippi Valley, further to, Rockies Mt. Range
-Great Basin between Rockies and Sierra, Cascade Mt. Ranges,
Sacramento valleys, San Joaquin Rivers, Willamette-Puget Sound along
present day California, Oregon, Washington
- West Coast borders Pacific Ocean
- Ice Age transformed geography to modern day
- Began 2 million years ago
- Two mile thick ice over parts of Europe, Asia, Americas
- in America covered todays Canada and US from Pennsylvania to Pacific NW
-10k years ago ended, left geography different
- changed Canadian Shield
- lowered elevation
-Moving ice left created water features, drained water
- created Great Lakes; filled depressions in land
- moved through Mississippi River -> Gulf of Mexico
> undrained through Gulf of St.Lawrence into Atlantic
- lowered Great Lakes level
- Misso-Missis-Ohio sys. drained basin <-> Appalachians, Rockies
- created Lake Bonneville, over todays Utah, Nev., Ida.
- drained, evaporated left desert with minerals

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> only remains Great Salt Lake today

- Edges still visible up to 1000 feet in Great Basin
Peopling the Americas
- Ice Age allowed for population of Americas
- 35k yrs ago, Ice Age turned ocean into glaciers > lowered sea level
> land bridge between Eurasia and N.A. revealed
-Between Siberia/Alaska
- Nomadic Asian hunters followed migrating game
- Ancestors of Native Americans
- spread into Americas over 25,0000 years
- Glaciers melted > sea level rose
-Land bridge gone (10k yrs ago)
> crossing to Americas now barred
- hunters isolated in Americas
- Original Americans thrived; created diverse civs/cultures
- Thawed valleys paths for bands going south, east
- reached tip of S.A eventually
- By Euro discovery (1492), 54 mil. inhabitants
- Inhabit. formed different advanced civ.
- tribes w/ 2000 separate languages, religions, culture
- Incas settled in Peru, Mayans in C.A, Aztecs in Mexico
- Technologically advanced
- developed agricultural practices
- able to feed large populations with maize; 20 mil.
- intricate cities, long distance trade
- made accurate astronomical observations
- Aztecs religious practice; sacrificed hearts of live victims
- as many as 5000 for one Aztec chieftain
a
The Earliest Americans
- Agriculture, esp. corn was the driver in ancient American civs growth
- 5000 B.C developed wild grass into corn
- Foundation for Aztec/Incan nation-states
> Made hunter-gatherers settle gradually
-Reached S.W (1200BC); integral to Pueblo Culture

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- constructed irrigation sys. to water cornfields

- Pueblo villages consisted of terraced buildings
IRRIGATION: to supply to crops usually w/ channels
TERRACED: rows of houses connected, with multiple staggered levels
- Arrival of corn affected growth of civ
- North, East of Pueblos, (Native Americans) social life less dev.
- No densely populated areas; complex nation states
lack of dev. > easy to subdue by colonizers
SUBDUE: bring under control
- Mississippians of Midwest, Anasazi of Southwest successful post-corn
- Created large settlements (1000AD)
- Miss. in Cahokia population of 25k
- Anasazis pueblo 600 connected rooms, Chaco Canyon
- Because of drought declined (1300AD)
- Pop. growth w/ advanced farming/corn
- Corn/bean/squash reached Southeast (1000AD)
-Created three-sister farming; beans grow on cornstalks, squash cover
mounds to retain moisture
> high pop. density
- Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee peoples
- Iroquois in N.E woods, largest civ of N.A
- used political skills for military alliance
- even intimidated Europeans
- Native Americans had natural lifestyle; diff. from Euros
-Settlements impermanent, small, scattered
- Some settled w/ agriculture, had organizational structure
- Women tended crops, men hunted, gathered fuel, cleared fields
- Women had authority; often matrilineal cultures
- power passed down female side
MATRILINEAL: based/passed down from mother or female line of family
- Respected the land
- believed nature to have spiritual properties/significance
- sometimes still set forest fires for hunting
- Because of Euros difference w/ tech, surprised once arrived
- No large impact
- Pop. thinly spread, 4 mil.

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#4 Central American civilizations were sophisticated because of both their cultural and
technological development. They had diverse and rich culture including ideas of religion and
social structure. One example would be the sacrifices committed by the Aztecs. Their
technology was also advanced, with irrigation systems and large cities, and even accurate
astronomical observations. Corn was the driving force in the sense that it allowed them to settle
down and create the infrastructure that makes them sophisticated as opposed to continuing to
be nomadic.
#5 This statement exemplifies the state of which the Natives were at. They had barely moved on
from being hunter-gatherers, let alone create nation-states. Because of this it was also much
easier for the Europeans to subdue the natives once they had reached the Americas.
#6 At this point, the native people of North America had only some small settlements, many
temporary and the inhabitants still nomadic. They organized themselves to have the women
tend to the crops while the men went hunting, which is the basic extent of their social structure.

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Indirect Discoverers of the New World

Markers for Change
- European neglected discovery of America unknowingly first
- Norse, Scandinavia, explorers
- accidentally found N.E of N.A (1000AD)
- Today Newfoundland
- grapes > named Vinland
- No motivation to expand > abandoned
- discovery forgotten
- Trade set into motion discovery of America
- Euro looked for land to conquest/trade
> entered Asia, Africa, discovered Americas
- Crusaders set off Euro need for trade
- (10-1300) attempted capture of Holy Land
HOLY LAND: todays Israel, Palestine, referred by Christians, Jews and Muslims alike
> resulted in dependence on asian goods
- silk, drugs, perfumes, draperies, spices
DRAPERIES: cloth coverings hung in loose folds over walls
- Expensive trade routes set off attempt to discover alternative
- journey from india/china/indonesia long/hard
- across Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, caravans in Penninsula
- muslim middlemen tolled route
MIDDLEMEN: persons who buys goods from producers, sells to retailers/
consumers
all> profits/those looking to buy limited
- wanted cheaper route to Asia
- Marco Polo returned (1295) w/ tales of China
- further stimulated desires for route

Entrance of Africa
- Portuguese sailing methods; Africa attainable > exploiting area
- Portuguese mariners remedied problem of opposite winds/currents
MARINERS: sailors
- new ship, caravel
- return to Euro NW

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- Previously North known, South now open

- previous only African gold over camelback, stories of kingdom
- Portuguese set up trade posts
- bought gold and slaves
- African slave trade practices; eventually carried over to Portuguese
- charged higher for slaves from far
- could not run away
- Mixed unlike people, diff. tribes
- prevent resistance
> prevented develop. of African cultures
- Port. adopted Arab/African methods
Foundations of Slavery and Foundations of the New World
- Portu. created own slave economy, with Euro
- sugar plantations established by Portugal and later Spain
- African coastal islands; Madeira, Canaries, So Tom, Principe
- huge demand for slaves
> slave trade now big business
- 40k Africans in last half of 1400s
- Americas prompted millions more
- This model foundation for practice in Americas
- modern plantation system
- wholesale exploration of slaves, large-scale commercial agriculture
WHOLESALE: selling of goods in large quantities for others to retail
- Portu. continues to push sea route
- Bartholomeu Das went past south tip of Africa (1488)
- 10yrs past, Vasco de Gama reaches India
- Spanish united > pushed to outdo Portu. rivals
- (1500) united
- Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Castile
- muslims drove out after war
- new strength > motivation to find wealth more than Portu.
- Portu. controlled African Coast, by extension water route to Asia
- Spain looks west
#7 : They set in the motion Europeans necessity for Asian goods, and by extension trade. They
brought back items including silk and sugar that soon many were dependent on. The route itself

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to trade in Asia was extremely expensive, so the Europeans attempted to find a cheaper,
alternative route. In this pursuit, they accidentally discovered America.
#8 : The Portuguese slave trade first began after they arrived in Southern Africa. Mirroring many
of the same methods used to control slaves previously in Africa, they extended the slave
economy greatly, using it for their plantations in the African coastal islands. They created the
modern plantation system as well as created huge demand for slaves compared to the preEuropean slave trade.

Columbus Comes upon a New World

- Variety of conditions set world stage for New World
- Europeans looked for cheaper trade from Asia
- Africa source of slave labor
- for plantation agriculture
- Portu. shows feasibility of long-range seafaring
FEASIBILITY: state of being conveniently or easily done
- Spain, strong state forming
- w/ unity/wealth/power to discovery/conquest/colonize
- Renaissance (1300s) developed spirit of exploration
- Technology ready
- Print presses (1450)
- spread scientific knowledge
- mariners compass
- sea travel easier
- Columbus discovery made on accident; product of failure
- Colombus, an Italian, went in search of path to Asia
- Seeked Spanish monarchs
MONARCHS: head of state, usually king, queen or emperor
- Granted him three small ships
- Went West

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- Crew landed in Bahamas (Oct 12. 1492)

- failed to find pathway to Indies
- close to mutiny
MUTINY: rebellion against established authorities, esp. in regards to naval crews
- Ultimately failed but in process discovered Americas
- Had been blocked by land barrier (America)
- explorers still tried decades after to find path through
- finally realized was new continent
- Columbus thought reached borders of Indies
- in his confusion called the natives indians
- Global trade system created w/ Columbian discovery
- Continents each provided
- Europe w/
- markets, capital, technology,
CAPITAL: wealth in the form of money for the purpose of investing
- Africa w/ slave labor
- Americas w/ raw materials
- including precious metals, and land for sugar cane
#9 Each continent had something to provide that worked together. One specific is example is
the slave labor from Africa allowing the plantations farming sugar cane to function, the sugar
cane and land coming from the Americas. Europe provided the technology to do these things,
and funding.

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When Worlds Collide

The Columbian Exchange
- Ecosystems of Old and New World profoundly changed by discovery of Americas
ECOSYSTEMS: networks of relation between organisms in an environment
- Flora/fauna of New changed Old
- Exotic animals discovered in New
- Iguanas, rattlesnakes
- Plants/foodstuffs brought to New, change diets, agriculture
- tobacco, corn, beans, tomatoes and potatoes
- potatoes changed Euro diet
- helped sustain pop. growth
- part of Natives gifts to Euro
- Today 3/5 of crops cultivated from Americas
- helped replenish African pop. after slave losses
- Old exchanged and introduced plants/animals to New
- Columbus returned w/ people to populate + animals (1493)
- landed in present-day Haiti/Dominican Republic
- brought 1200 men, cattle, swine, horses
> horses spread to N.A
- less than 2 centuries got to Canada
- tribes such as Apache, Sioux, Blackfoot adopted horses
- now mobile, hunters
- also brought sugar cane
- easy to grow in climate
> Euro diet now largely sugar
> millions of slaves forced to work New World sugar
fields
- Accidentally carried harmful organisms > widespread disease/death
- Euros harmlessly carried accidentally in dirt/dust
- contained seeds of bluegrass, dandelions, daises,
- Euros also brought deadly germs/diseases
- smallpox, yellow fever, malaria
> devastated Natives
- Old Worlds sickness already disappeared in isolation of
Americas
- no antibodies = no resistance to sickness
> widespread death;
- Taino natives from 1 mil to 200

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- some from aggression but most from

disease
- 90% of natives population died
- in return old world brought STD syphilis
#10:
New World brought >
Raw Materials: Gold, silver
Plants corns, potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, beans

< Old World brought

Animals: Horses, cows, pigs
wheat, sugar, rice, coffee

vanilla chocolate
Disease: Syphillis

smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza,

typhus, diptheria, scarlet fever

The Spanish Conquistadores

The Spanish Explorers
- Spanish exploited New World riches soon after discovery
- First claimed rights to Colombus discovery
- Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
- divided heathen lands of New World w/ Portu.
HEATHEN: does not follow widely held religion; i.e. Christianity
- most went to Spain
- Portu. received parts of Africa, Asia, and todays Brazil
- Spanish began conquest w/ colonizing in earnest (1500)
- Conquistadores (conquerers) were multipurposed
- in service of God

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- Gold and Glory

- Explored across Caribbean
- Vasco Nuez Balboa
- discoverer of Pacific Ocean
- went into waves off Panama (1513)
- declared all the lands washed by the sea to be for King
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Started in Spain (1519) w/ 5 ships
- Went through strait of tip of S.A
STRAIT: narrow passage of water connecting two seas
- slain by Phillippine habitants
- remaining vessel returned (1522) first circumnavigation of globe
- Ventured into N.A mainland
- Juan Ponce de Len (1513-1521)
- Explored Florida, thought island
- looked for gold
- killed by Natives
- Francisco Coronado (1540-1542) in search of golden cities
- cities actually adobe pueblos
ADOBE: clay used as building material
- with cavalcade through Arizona, New Mexico, to Kansas
CAVALCADE: procession of people on horseback
- discovered Grand Canyon Colorado River, herds of
Buffalo
- Hernando de Soto (1539-1542) in search of gold
- discovered Mississippi River
- mistreated Indians w/ iron collars, fierce dogs
- died of fever/wounds
- Conquered S.A successfully
- Francisco Pizarro, ironfisted conquerer
- defeated Incas of Peru (1532)
- added loot to Spanish coffers
COFFERS: strongbox, chest for holding valuables
Spanish Exploits
- Precious metal from New World affected Olds economy
- (1600) Spain rich in silver
- from mines in Potos, todays Bolivia, Mexico
- Flood of precious metals created Euro pricing revolution
- increased consumer costs by 500% (100 yrs post 1550s)

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> Laid foundations for modern day economy; Capitalism

- Transformed global economy
- Spain to Italy banks rich
- origins of modern commercial banking
- France, Holland merchants stimulated spread of commerce/manufacturing
- Paid for trade w/ Asia
- Asian sellers only wanted silver
- Spanish continued to further colonization of Americas
- West Indies, islands of Caribbean staging bases
- readied Spanish invasion of mainland Americas
- supplies stored; men, horses, acclimated before conquest
ACCLIMATED: become accustomed to new environment
- natives of West Indies exploited by Spanish
- used as test subjects to learn subjugation of Mexican/Peruvian civs.
- encomienda, commend/give, technique employed by Spanish govt.
- gave Indians to colonists in return for Christianization
- basically slavery
- Missionary Bartolom de Las Casas appalled by
immorality
- Spanish Conquistadores originated from the end of Christian war w/ Muslims
- Moorish city, Granada, fell, signaling end of war w/ Muslims
MOORISH: of the moors, who are Northwestern African muslims
- Christian Spain tried for 5 centuries to drive off North African Muslims
- Lengthy Reconquista changed Spanish society
- military/religious conflicted created values
- fixated on status/honor
- religious zealotry, intolerance
ZEALOTRY: fanatical, uncompromisingly devoutly religious
- class of men disregarded manual labor and commerce
> turned to New World frontier
- After discovering wealth of Americas, Spanish conquistadores went to America
- First only focused on Caribbean, Asian sea route
- Focus changed after news arrived of rich kingdoms in mainland
- (1519-1540) conquistadores attempted two arcs of conquest
- One through Cuba - Mexico - S.W
- Through Panama - S. to Peru
- Within half a century after Columbus arrival, conquest completed
- defeated Aztec, Incan empires
- claimed territory from Colorado - Argentina

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- Conquistadores achieved w/ relatively little people, a diverse group

- Military component achieved w/ 10k men
- series of private expeditions
- Hernn Corts, Francisco Pizarro, among others
- had contracts with monarch, w/ funding recruited army
- Class make-up very different
- small number were nobles
- half were soldiers, sailors
- rest peasants, artisans, members of middle class
- majority in 20s 30s, all knew sword technique
- Motives also diverse
- some wanted royal titles/favors
- ensure holy favor through spread of Christianity to pagans
PAGANS: someone who doesnt follow the Christian faith
- escape pasts
- seek adventure like heroes
- all wanted gold
- to serve God and king, also to get rich
- Didnt necessarily achieve personal goals within conquistadores
- overpowered indians but no glory
- few received titles
- many indebted to absentee investors
ABSENTEE: someone who doesnt visit or maintain investment
- paid for equipment
- rich booty dividends for many
- unevenly given out
- men from commanders home region received more
- horseback soldiers 2x more than infantryman
- lost power with royals control
- 1530s Mexico, 1550s Peru colonial administrators replaced conquistadores
- Conquistadores still achieved legacy
- Lack of Spanish women > conquistadores married Indians
- soldiers of Paraguay had three women each
- Corts soldiers, Mexico, baptized lovers
- unable to consort with pagans
- Offspring part of their mark
- new race called mestizos
- formed cultural/biological bridge between Euros/Indians

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#11: After discovery of the riches of the New World, the Spanish sought to make good on the
investment they put into Columbus as they were the ones who originally provided him with his
ship.
#12: The encomienda system gave power to the government to give native Indians to colonists
based on the premise that they would Christianize them. However in reality, it was basically
forced labor, slavery, of the Indians for the colonists.

The Conquest of Mexico

- Hernn Corts was behind the military takeover of the Aztec empire
- Began (1519) set sail from Cuba
- had 16 horses, several hundred men, eleven ships
- Got early advantage of language
- picked up Spanish castaway in Cozumel, who was enslaved
- picked up Indian slave, Malinche
- knew Mayan, Nahuatl, language of Aztecs and rulers
- baptized with name of Doa Marina
BAPTIZED: christen someone, make Christian
> knew language of natives
- Gathered early knowledge and prepared his army
- Todays Vera Cruz, landfall
- Learned of unrest amongst peoples who were had to pay tribute
- with knowledge wanted even more to conquer
- learned of gold and wealth in capital Tenochtitln
- quelled unrest amongst troops
- burned his ships = no hope of retreat
- gathered army of 20k indian allies
- Aztecs first welcomed Spaniards but changed after seeing their uncontrollable thirst for gold
- Chieftain Moctezuma sent emissaries with gifts of welcome
EMISSARIES: a person sent as a diplomatic representative
- Corts informed singular want; gold
- Moctezuma believed Corts to be a god Quetzalcoatl
- allowed conquistadores to approach
- Spaniards amazed by capital
- 300k inhabitants over 10sq miles
- island in lake, connected to land by causeways
- supplied with water by aqueducts
AQUEDUCTS: a manmade channel constructed to transport water
- Moctezumas hospitality exhausted by their need for gold/power
> noche triste (sad night) (June 30, 1520) Aztecs attacked

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- drove Spanish away from capital in retreat

- Corts retaliated with siege
- capitulation (August 13, 1521)
CAPITULATION: to surrender to an opponent or demand
- Aztecs gave to Spanish rule, created new civilization
- Smallpox epidemic same time as capitulation of capital
> combined to the felling of Aztec empire
- epidemic decimated pop. from 20 mil to 2 mil
- Spaniards brought things to create new civ.
- crops, animals, languages, laws, custom/religion
- intermarried with Indians creating mestizos
- peoples now of Indian/European heritage
> birth of whole new race of people
#13: With his conquest, the Spanish brought crops such as wheat and coffee, and animals,
especially horses the likes of which they had not seen. They brought Christianity, evident from
the replacement of Aztec temples with Christian churches. They finally brought Spaniards
themselves, who with the Natives created a new intermixture of the Old and New World.

The Spread of Spanish America

Borders
- Spanish empire thrived
- half century post Colombus:
- hundreds of Spanish cities/towns
- silver producing areas of Peru and Mexico
- 160k Spaniards
- cathedrals built
- universities w/ scholars
- in Mexico City, Lima (1551)
- Spanish colonial empire not entirely safe, so moved to protect
- Euro powers looking for share of New World
- John Cabot from England
- explored N.E of N.A (1497-98)
- Giovanni de Verrazano, Italian mariner hired by French king
- explored eastern coast (1524)
- frenchman Jacques Cartier went 100s miles up St. Lawrence 10yrs later
- Spanish move to secure territory, North periphery
PERIPHERY: outer limits of an area

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- Also to convert more natives to Christianity

- Spanish fortress at St. Augustine, Florida (1565)
- block French Ambitions
- protect Caribbean sea lanes
- Spanish continue North in search of land/riches; later subdues natives
- 1540s stories of Colorado River regions > conquistadores north
- Expeditionary column created
- 83 wagons, 100s men
- Through Sonora Desert - Rio Grande (1598)
- Don Juan de Oate led abuse of Pueblo peoples
- Battle of Acoma (1599)
- severed one foot of each of the survivors
- Founded new province after conquest, New Mexico (1609)
- Capital, Santa Fe
- Religious suppression inspired natives revolt
- Spanish didnt find wealth in New Mexico but people
- Natives to be converted
- Roman Catholic mission central institution in colony
MISSION: an organization or institution involved in a long-term assignment in foreign
country
- missionaries attempted to suppress native religious customs
> Indian uprising; Popes Rebellion (1680)
- Drove out settlers
- Destroy churches, killed 100s of settlers
- Built ceremonial chamber on ruins of Santa Fe
- 50 yrs until recaptured

Expansion Across the Country

- The Spanish attempted further barrier of French
- Fr. previously sent Robert de La Salle down Mississippi (1680s)
- Sp. established settlements in Texas (1716)
- missions created there and at San Antonio
- Presence weak still
- Colonized California and in the process Christianized natives
- Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sent to explore coast first (1542)
- failed to find anything of any interest

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- (1769) Spanish missionaries founded first of 21 missions

- led by Father Junipero Serra
- Brought Christianity, settled down natives
- Franciscan friars worked to Christanize 300k native Californians
FRIARS: member of any religious order of men
- Gathered Indians at missions
- taught horticulture, basic crafts
HORTICULTURE: practice of garden management and cultivation
- Natives adopted new religion
> lost native culture,
- Many lost lives due to New World diseases
Lasting Legacy of the Spaniards
- Spanish maltreatment of Indians had effect on Spanish legacy
- helped the false Black Legend concept about conquerers
- said they tortured, killed Indians, stole their gold
- infected them and left them
- They had other achievements; creation of empire, new culture
- Empire from California - Florida - Tierra del Fuego
- Gave culture/laws/religion/language to natives
- Incorporated them rather than shun
- fused cultures through marriage
- took some of native culture
#14 : After colonization of the New Mexico Area, the Catholic Church attempted to Christianize
all the natives, and in the process tried to suppress their religious customs. Angered by this, the
Indians fought back. The settlers were driven out, and the natives reestablished some of their
religious centers. It would be almost half a century before the Spanish would reclaim the area.
#15 : The Black Legend detailed that the Spanish only razed were they conquered, torturing and
killing all the natives. The exploited them for their gold and left them infected, to die. This arose
from Spanish maltreatment of the natives, and while many of the misdeeds are true, it is not the
whole picture. The Spanish not only achieved the creation of an empire, bringing culture and
religion to the natives, they also incorporated them into their new society. They respected the
culture of the Indians enough to mix it together to create something new. In addition, the
Spanish also intermarried with them, showing again their respect to some degree.

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